La física de los gases : experiencias con una bomba de vacio.

Resumen tomado de la revista

Las leyes de los gases y la teoría cinético-molecular en educación secundaria.

Resumen basado en el de la publicaciòn

Gases, liquids and solids.

Este título se ha desarrollado específicamente para la enseñanza de la Química en el nuevo Nivel Avanzado (A2) de septiembre del año dos mil y aprobado por el OCR (uno de los tres órganos que ofrece la gama completa de las cualificaciones académicas y profesionales del Reino Unido). Está dividido en cuatro secciones:estados de la materia ; diagramas de fases ; distribución entre las fases ; ley de Raoult y destilación. El módulo se basa en el material del libro de texto Química 1, sin embargo, el material de apoyo se puede encontrar en la publicación Química 2. Al final de cada capítulo hay ejercicios con preguntas de autoevaluación para el estudio independiente. Tiene las respuestas a las preguntas de auto-evaluación, glosario, e índice .

Nos acercamos a los gases.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Regenerative capabilities of the rat seventh nerve using suture and collagen splint techniques: a comparative study

This paper discusses the effectiveness of repair procedures on the rat facial nerve using the current clinical surgical procedure of suturing nerve ends and a proposed technique utilizing splints made of collagen.

Density of myelinated nerve fibers in the chinchilla cochlea

This paper reviews a study to obtain baseline values for the density of myelinated nerve fibers of the chinchilla cochlea.

Comparison of methods for enhancement of regeneration of the VII th nerve

This paper discusses a study to investigate the effectiveness of collagen splints for the enhancement of regeneration of the peripheral portion of the eighth nerve.

Eighth nerve degeneration in the deafness mouse

This paper discusses a study done to examine regeneration of spiral ganglion cells in the deafness mouse.

Mejoramiento de procesos e incidencia en los costos de producción de gases líquidos aplicado en la empresa "British Oxigen Company - Boc Gases - Venezuela"

La presente investigación basó su estudio y aplicación al proceso de “control de costos” de gases líquidos, realizados por la empresa British Oxigen Company - BOC Gases Venezuela, y determinó como la eficiencia propuesta como una alternativa en la gestión, se basa en el control de los procesos productivos, enfocándose en la reducción de costos y la generación de valor en el producto. En cuanto al objetivo de la investigación es “Contribuir en la gestión más eficaz de los procesos en una empresa privada”, mediante la aplicación de la herramienta gerencial de administración de costos, para optimizar los recursos en el cumplimiento de las necesidades del mercado y evaluar la incidencia del cambio de los procesos sobre los resultados de la empresa. En el 2006, British Oxigen Company - BOC Gases Venezuela participa en un proceso de fusión, que generó oportunidades de mejoras y cambios a sus procesos internos y externos, y a su vez las disposiciones gerenciales se enfocaron en la optimización de los procesos de producción, logística, administración y ventas, mediante la optimización por el uso adecuado de sus recursos. Al aplicarse el mejoramiento del proceso de “Control de Costos” mediante la aplicación de la herramienta de costeo y gestión gerencial, la cual sirvió de apoyo en la identificación de oportunidades y en la toma de decisiones gerenciales. Los resultados de la investigación demostraron un mejoramiento del proceso a través del cambio de las actividades del proceso de “Control de Costos” para generar valor en el resultado final del proceso

Nerve terminal GABAA receptors activate Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent signaling to inhibit voltage-gated Ca2+ influx and glutamate release

-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors, a family of Cl-permeable ion channels, mediate fast synaptic inhibition as postsynaptically enriched receptors for -aminobutyric acid at GABAergic synapses. Here we describe an alternative type of inhibition mediated byGABAA receptors present on neocortical glutamatergic nerve terminals and examine the underlying signaling mechanism(s). By monitoring the activity of the presynaptic CaM kinase II/synapsin I signaling pathway in isolated nerve terminals, we demonstrate that GABAA receptor activation correlated with an increase in basal intraterminal [Ca2]i. Interestingly, this activation of GABAA receptors resulted in a reduction of subsequent depolarization-evoked Ca2 influx, which thereby led to an inhibition of glutamate release. To investigate how the observed GABAA receptor-mediated modulation operates, we determined the sensitivity of this process to the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 1 antagonist bumetanide, as well as substitution of Ca2 with Ba2, or Ca2/calmodulin inhibition by W7. All of these treatments abolished the modulation by GABAA receptors. Application of selective antagonists of voltage-gated Ca2 channels (VGCCs) revealed that the GABAA receptor-mediated modulation of glutamate release required the specific activity of L- and R-type VGCCs. Crucially, the inhibition of release by these receptors was abolished in terminals isolated from R-type VGCC knock-out mice. Together, our results indicate that a functional coupling between nerve terminal GABAA receptors and L- or R-type VGCCs is mediated by Ca2/calmodulin-dependent signaling. This mechanism provides a GABA-mediated control of glutamatergic synaptic activity by a direct inhibition of glutamate release.

Understanding land-sea warming contrast in response to increasing greenhouse gases. Part I: Transient adjustment

Climate model simulations consistently show that surface temperature over land increases more rapidly than over sea in response to greenhouse gas forcing. The enhanced warming over land is not simply a transient effect caused by the land–sea contrast in heat capacities, since it is also present in equilibrium conditions. This paper elucidates the transient adjustment processes over time scales of days to weeks of the surface and tropospheric climate in response to a doubling of CO2 and to changes in sea surface temperature (SST), imposed separately and together, using ensembles of experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model. These adjustment processes can be grouped into three stages: immediate response of the troposphere and surface processes (day 1), fast adjustment of surface processes (days 2–5), and adjustment of the whole troposphere (days 6–20). Some land surface warming in response to doubled CO2 (with unchanged SSTs) occurs immediately because of increased downward longwave radiation. Increased CO2 also leads to reduced plant stomatal resistance and hence restricted evaporation, which increases land surface warming in the first day. Rapid reductions in cloud amount lead in the next few days to increased downward shortwave radiation and further warming, which spreads upward from the surface, and by day 5 the surface and tropospheric response is statistically consistent with the equilibrium value. Land surface warming in response to imposed SST change (with unchanged CO2) is slower. Tropospheric warming is advected inland from the sea, and over land it occurs at all levels together rather than spreading upward from the surface. The atmospheric response to prescribed SST change in about 20 days is statistically consistent with the equilibrium value, and the warming is largest in the upper troposphere over both land and sea. The land surface warming involves reduction of cloud cover and increased downward shortwave radiation, as in the experiment with CO2 change, but in this case it is due to the restriction of moisture supply to the land (indicated by reduced soil moisture), whereas in the CO2 forcing experiment it is due to restricted evaporation despite increased moisture supply (indicated by increased soil moisture). The warming over land in response to SST change is greater than over the sea and is the dominant contribution to the land–sea warming contrast under enhanced CO2 forcing.