Inserción de Colombia en el mercado de China, hacia un tratado de libre comercio Colombia – China.

El presente trabajo busca evaluar las oportunidades y amenazas que se pueden generar a causa de la creación de un Tratado de Libre Comercio con China, identificando así el impacto que tendrían dichas alianzas sobre el desarrollo económico del país y sobre la competitividad en la región. A partir del análisis de las relaciones comerciales y particularidades de las dos economías, se tendrá en cuenta variables como la reducción del crecimiento económico de China que ha venido experimentando en los últimos años respecto al crecimiento que ha venido ganando poco a poco Colombia. Para ello, se realizó una investigación con base en información relevante de los últimos 5 años, obtenida de diferentes fuentes. Entre estas se destaca el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (2014- 2018), estadísticas del DANE, portales de análisis económico, entrevistas, revistas indexadas, entre otras. Este compendio de fuentes permitirá evaluar el comportamiento actual de la economía en Colombia y China, así como de las perspectivas económicas de cada país para los próximos años en relación al comercio exterior. Con esto se logrará evaluar la factibilidad, así como las ventajas y desventajas que debería asumir Colombia al firmar un Tratado de Libre Comercio con su segundo socio comercial más importante.

China : from Empire to People's Republic 1940-49.

Su contenido se adapta a los temas de las especificaciones AS y A. Examina el período histórico de cincuenta años que se inicia en 1900 cuando China es un país políticamente subdesarrollado, explotado económicamente por las potencias coloniales occidentales y gobernado por una dinastía imperial y finaliza tras sobrevivir a la ocupación japonesa, pasar por una guerra civil y abrazar una revolución marxista.

The people's Republic of China, 1949-76.

Permite a los alumnos el acceso a los contenidos y habilidades de estudio necesarios para las especificaciones AS de 2008 para Edexcel y AQA. Examina el desarrollo de China desde la creación de la República Popular en 1949 hasta la muerte de Mao en 1976, es decir, el cambio social y económico surgido de la revolución comunista que incluye la reforma agraria, los planes quinquenales y la Campaña de las Cien Flores. También, analiza los motivos de la Revolución Cultural y su legado, la figura de Mao como líder político y su importancia en la evolución interna de China entre 1949 y 1976. Incluye fechas clave, términos y temas, perfiles biográficos sobre figuras importantes, resúmenes esquemáticos, fuentes literarias y síntesis de los principales debates historiográficos.

Urbanisation and its impact on building energy consumption and efficiency in China

The People's Republic of China and its 1.3 billion people have experienced a rapid economic growth in the past two decades. China's urbanisation ratio rose from around 20% in the early 1980s to 45% in 2007 [China Urban Research Committee. Green building. Beijing: Chinese Construction Industrial Publish House; 2008. ISBN 978-7-112-09925-2.]. The large volume and rapid speed of building construction rarely have been seen in global development and cause substantial pressure on resources and the environment. Government policy makers and building professionals, including architects, building engineers, project managers and property developers, should play an important role in enhancing the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of the building energy efficiency process in forming the sustainable urban development. This paper addresses the emerging issues relating to building energy consumption and building energy efficiency due to the fast urbanisation development in China.

Leader characteristics and styles in the SMEs of the People's Republic of China during the global financial crisis

This empirical study explores successful views and characteristics of leaders and employees in the SMEs of the People's Republic of China during the global financial crisis.

A grounded investigation of Chinese employees' psychological capital

Purpose – This paper explores the “Western” concept of psychological capital in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and highlights critical areas of divergence and notable dimensions of similarity. Design/methodology/approach – This is an empirical study conducted in a wide range of Chinese organisational forms, employing an inductive approach based on critical incident technique. Findings – This research showed that the concept of psychological capital appears to have a degree of applicability and salience in China. A series of dimensions common in Western organisations were found in our research, including Optimism, Creativity, Resiliency, Self-confidence, Forgiveness and Gratitude, Courage and Ambition (Hope). These were found to be common types of psychological capital both in China and in the West. However, the dimensions of Courtesy and Humility (Qian-gong-you-li in Chinese), Self-possession and Sincerity fell into the “different” category. Originality/value – This paper is a first attempt to examine psychological capital in a range of organisational forms and industrial sectors in China using a grounded theory approach. It not only reports various dimensions of Chinese psychological capital, some unique to this research, but also compares and contrasts these dimensions between China and the West, highlighting further research opportunities.

An introduction to the Chinese Evaluation Standard for the indoor thermal environment

Designing for indoor thermal environmental conditions is one of the key elements in the energy efficient building design process. This paper introduces a development of the Chinese national Evaluation Standard for indoor thermal environments (Evaluation Standard). International standards including the ASHRAE55, ISO7730, DIN EN, and CIBSE Guide-A have been reviewed and referenced for the development of the Evaluation Standard. In addition, over 28,000 subjects participated in the field study from different climate zones in China and over 500 subjects have been involved in laboratory studies. The research findings reveal that there is a need to update the Chinese thermal comfort standard based on local climates and people's habitats. This paper introduces in detail the requirements for the thermal environment for heated and cooled buildings and free-running buildings in China.

Collective financing among Chinese entrepreneurs and department store retailing in China

Chinese entrepreneurship in department store retailing differed from that seen in other emerging economies before 1940. Rather than the leading examples of the format being owned by advanced economy firms, in China a small group of Cantonese entrepreneurs established what became known as the ‘Big Four’ department stores in Shanghai. By 1940 the ‘Big Four’ department stores were among the most famous stores in China, and among the biggest businesses in China. None of these Chinese entrepreneurs had any prior experience in department store retailing. Rather this article explains how their success in department store retailing was dependent on a business model that enabled these Chinese entrepreneurs to act as informal investment bankers (or ‘shadow’ banks) for the thousands of overseas Chinese wanting to invest surplus savings in mainland China, so creating large indigenous business groups.

Obstacles for chinese and brazilian companies in the bilateral trade between China and Brazil

Brasil e a República Popular da China iniciaram a sua relação diplomática em 1974, na época, o comércio entre Brasil e China foi de apenas 17,42 milhões de dólares, 5 anos depois, em 1979, a escala deste comércio bilateral aumentou 12 pastas. Hoje em dia, o comércio bilateral entre a China e o Brasil já contava mais de 57,000 milhões de dólares USD. China tornou-se já o primeiro parceiro comercial do Brasil, e do Brasil em troca torna-se o primeiro parceiro comercial na América Latina. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo compreender os obstáculos para as PME brasileiras e chinesas no comércio entre os dois países e dar recomendações às autoridades públicas e empresas privadas sobre como superá-los. Com uma análise qualitativa, baseada em entrevistas com as empresas chinesas e brasileiras para identificar quais são os obstáculos mais graves para as empresas brasileiras e chinesas para beneficiar mais o comércio bilateral. O estudo feito pela OCDE-APEC em barreiras de internacionalização das PME é usado como um quadro para melhor identificar quais são os obstáculos mais graves no caso das PME brasileiras e chinesas.

Recent economic trends in China and their implications for trade with Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Recent economic trends in People's Republic of China: implications for sino-latinoamerican trade

Includes bibliography

Chinese foreign direct investment in Latin America and the Caribbean: China-Latin America cross-council taskforce. Working document

Although Chinese corporations were relatively unknown in Latin America until a few years ago, their direct investments in the region have averaged about US$10 billion per year since 2010. Their presence and economic leverage have become very significant in many industries and countries of the region, but their motivation, strategy and procedures are not always well understood by Latin America’s governments, businesses and civil society. Similarly, Chinese companies still need to gain a better understanding of Latin America’s business environment and opportunities. This working document is an input for discussing the future of Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) in Latin America at the China - Latin America cross-council taskforce at the Summit on the Global Agenda, to be held under the auspices of the World Economic Forum (WEF), in Abu Dhabi on 18-20 November 2013. It was prepared jointly by Taotao Chen, Professor of Finance of the School of Economics and Management of Tsinghua University in China and member of the WEF Global Agenda Council on China, and by Miguel Pérez Ludeña, Economic Affairs Officer at the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), under the supervision of Alicia Bárcena, Executive Secretary of ECLAC and Vice-Chair of the WEF Global Agenda Council on Latin America.

The People’s Republic of China and Latin America: the impact of Chinese economic growth on Latin American exports

The role of the People’s Republic of China in the world economy has grown substantially in recent decades, turning it into a strategic foreign trading partner for much of Latin America. Bilateral trade between the region and China totalled US$ 120 billion in 2009. This study analyses the income elasticity of the region’s exports to the country. The findings show that, assuming real gross domestic product (gdp) growth in China of about 7% a year, the value of Latin American exports to China (at 2005 prices) can be expected to increase by an average of about 10% a year between 2014 and 2019. In a more conservative scenario of 4.5% average annual growth in the Chinese economy over the period, exports would rise by about 7% a year.