Nano-mechanical transduction of polymer micro-cantilevers to detect bio-molecular interactions

Using variothermal polymer micro-injection molding, disposable arrays of eight polymer micro-cantilevers each 500 μm long, 100 μm wide and 25 μm thick were fabricated. The present study took advantage of an easy flow grade polypropylene. After gold coating for optical read-out and asymmetrical sensitization, the arrays were introduced into the Cantisens(®) Research system to perform mechanical and functional testing. We demonstrate that polypropylene cantilevers can be used as biosensors for medical purposes in the same manner as the established silicon ones to detect single-stranded DNA sequences and metal ions in real-time. A differential signal of 7 nm was detected for the hybridization of 1 μM complementary DNA sequences. For 100 nM copper ions the differential signal was found to be (36 ± 5) nm. Nano-mechanical sensing of medically relevant, nanometer-size species is essential for fast and efficient diagnosis.

Aggravation of cardiac myofibroblast arrhythmogeneicity by mechanical stress

Aims Myofibroblasts (MFBs) as appearing in the myocardium during fibrotic remodelling induce slow conduction following heterocellular gap junctional coupling with cardiomyocytes (CMCs) in bioengineered tissue preparations kept under isometric conditions. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that strain as developed during diastolic filling of the heart chambers may modulate MFB-dependent slow conduction. Methods and results Effects of defined levels of strain on single-cell electrophysiology (patch clamp) and impulse conduction in patterned growth cell strands (optical mapping) were investigated in neonatal rat ventricular cell cultures (Wistar) grown on flexible substrates. While 10.5% strain only minimally affected conduction times in control CMC strands (+3.2%, n.s.), it caused a significant slowing of conduction in the fibrosis model consisting of CMC strands coated with MFBs (conduction times +26.3%). Increased sensitivity to strain of the fibrosis model was due to activation of mechanosensitive channels (MSCs) in both CMCs and MFBs that aggravated the MFB-dependent baseline depolarization of CMCs. As found in non-strained preparations, baseline depolarization of CMCs was partly due to the presence of constitutively active MSCs in coupled MFBs. Constitutive activity of MSCs was not dependent on the contractile state of MFBs, because neither stimulation (thrombin) nor suppression (blebbistatin) thereof significantly affected conduction velocities in the non-strained fibrosis model. Conclusions The findings demonstrate that both constitutive and strain-induced activity of MSCs in MFBs significantly enhance their depolarizing effect on electrotonically coupled CMCs. Ensuing aggravation of slow conduction may contribute to the precipitation of strain-related arrhythmias in fibrotically remodelled hearts.

Optical Tolerance Analysis of the Multi-Beam Limb Viewing Instrument STEAMR

In this paper, we report on an optical tolerance analysis of the submillimeter atmospheric multi-beam limb sounder, STEAMR. Physical optics and ray-tracing methods were used to quantify and separate errors in beam pointing and distortion due to reflector misalignment and primary reflector surface deformations. Simulations were performed concurrently with the manufacturing of a multi-beam demonstrator of the relay optical system which shapes and images the beams to their corresponding receiver feed horns. Results from Monte Carlo simulations show that the inserts used for reflector mounting should be positioned with an overall accuracy better than 100 μm (~ 1/10 wavelength). Analyses of primary reflector surface deformations show that a deviation of magnitude 100 μm can be tolerable before deployment, whereas the corresponding variations should be less than 30 μm during operation. The most sensitive optical elements in terms of misalignments are found near the focal plane. This localized sensitivity is attributed to the off-axis nature of the beams at this location. Post-assembly mechanical measurements of the reflectors in the demonstrator show that alignment better than 50 μm could be obtained.

Tunable mechanical resonator with aluminum nitride piezoelectric

The electromechanical response of piezoelectrically-actuated AlN micromachined bridge resonators has been characterized using laser interferometry and electrical admittance measurements. We compare the response of microbridges with different dimensions and buckling (induced by the initial residual stress of the layers). The resonance frequencies are in good agreement with numerical simulations of the electromechanical behavior of the structures. We show that it is possible to perform a rough tuning of the resonance frequencies by allowing a determined amount of builtin stress in the microbridge during its fabrication. Once the resonator is made, a DC bias added to the AC excitation signal allows to fine-tune the frequency. Our microbridges yield a tuning factor of around 88 Hz/V for a 500 ?m-long microbridge.

Curing, defects and mechanical performance of fiber-reinforced composites

Tradicionalmente, la fabricación de materiales compuestos de altas prestaciones se lleva a cabo en autoclave mediante la consolidación de preimpregnados a través de la aplicación simultánea de altas presiones y temperatura. Las elevadas presiones empleadas en autoclave reducen la porosidad de los componentes garantizando unas buenas propiedades mecánicas. Sin embargo, este sistema de fabricación conlleva tiempos de producción largos y grandes inversiones en equipamiento lo que restringe su aplicación a otros sectores alejados del sector aeronáutico. Este hecho ha generado una creciente demanda de sistemas de fabricación alternativos al autoclave. Aunque estos sistemas son capaces de reducir los tiempos de producción y el gasto energético, por lo general, dan lugar a materiales con menores prestaciones mecánicas debido a que se reduce la compactación del material al aplicar presiones mas bajas y, por tanto, la fracción volumétrica de fibras, y disminuye el control de la porosidad durante el proceso. Los modelos numéricos existentes permiten conocer los fundamentos de los mecanismos de crecimiento de poros durante la fabricación de materiales compuestos de matriz polimérica mediante autoclave. Dichos modelos analizan el comportamiento de pequeños poros esféricos embebidos en una resina viscosa. Su validez no ha sido probada, sin embargo, para la morfología típica observada en materiales compuestos fabricados fuera de autoclave, consistente en poros cilíndricos y alargados embebidos en resina y rodeados de fibras continuas. Por otro lado, aunque existe una clara evidencia experimental del efecto pernicioso de la porosidad en las prestaciones mecánicas de los materiales compuestos, no existe información detallada sobre la influencia de las condiciones de procesado en la forma, fracción volumétrica y distribución espacial de los poros en los materiales compuestos. Las técnicas de análisis convencionales para la caracterización microestructural de los materiales compuestos proporcionan información en dos dimensiones (2D) (microscopía óptica y electrónica, radiografía de rayos X, ultrasonidos, emisión acústica) y sólo algunas son adecuadas para el análisis de la porosidad. En esta tesis, se ha analizado el efecto de ciclo de curado en el desarrollo de los poros durante la consolidación de preimpregnados Hexply AS4/8552 a bajas presiones mediante moldeo por compresión, en paneles unidireccionales y multiaxiales utilizando tres ciclos de curado diferentes. Dichos ciclos fueron cuidadosamente diseñados de acuerdo a la caracterización térmica y reológica de los preimpregnados. La fracción volumétrica de poros, su forma y distribución espacial se analizaron en detalle mediante tomografía de rayos X. Esta técnica no destructiva ha demostrado su capacidad para analizar la microestructura de materiales compuestos. Se observó, que la porosidad depende en gran medida de la evolución de la viscosidad dinámica a lo largo del ciclo y que la mayoría de la porosidad inicial procedía del aire atrapado durante el apilamiento de las láminas de preimpregnado. En el caso de los laminados multiaxiales, la porosidad también se vio afectada por la secuencia de apilamiento. En general, los poros tenían forma cilíndrica y se estaban orientados en la dirección de las fibras. Además, la proyección de la población de poros a lo largo de la dirección de la fibra reveló la existencia de una estructura celular de un diámetro aproximado de 1 mm. Las paredes de las celdas correspondían con regiones con mayor densidad de fibra mientras que los poros se concentraban en el interior de las celdas. Esta distribución de la porosidad es el resultado de una consolidación no homogenea. Toda esta información es crítica a la hora de optimizar las condiciones de procesado y proporcionar datos de partida para desarrollar herramientas de simulación de los procesos de fabricación de materiales compuestos fuera de autoclave. Adicionalmente, se determinaron ciertas propiedades mecánicas dependientes de la matriz termoestable con objeto de establecer la relación entre condiciones de procesado y las prestaciones mecánicas. En el caso de los laminados unidireccionales, la resistencia interlaminar depende de la porosidad para fracciones volumétricas de poros superiores 1%. Las mismas tendencias se observaron en el caso de GIIc mientras GIc no se vio afectada por la porosidad. En el caso de los laminados multiaxiales se evaluó la influencia de la porosidad en la resistencia a compresión, la resistencia a impacto a baja velocidad y la resistencia a copresión después de impacto. La resistencia a compresión se redujo con el contenido en poros, pero éste no influyó significativamente en la resistencia a compresión despues de impacto ya que quedó enmascarada por otros factores como la secuencia de apilamiento o la magnitud del daño generado tras el impacto. Finalmente, el efecto de las condiciones de fabricación en el proceso de compactación mediante moldeo por compresión en laminados unidireccionales fue simulado mediante el método de los elementos finitos en una primera aproximación para simular la fabricación de materiales compuestos fuera de autoclave. Los parámetros del modelo se obtuvieron mediante experimentos térmicos y reológicos del preimpregnado Hexply AS4/8552. Los resultados obtenidos en la predicción de la reducción de espesor durante el proceso de consolidación concordaron razonablemente con los resultados experimentales. Manufacturing of high performance polymer-matrix composites is normally carried out by means of autoclave using prepreg tapes stacked and consolidated under the simultaneous application of pressure and temperature. High autoclave pressures reduce the porosity in the laminate and ensure excellent mechanical properties. However, this manufacturing route is expensive in terms of capital investment and processing time, hindering its application in many industrial sectors. This fact has driven the demand of alternative out-of-autoclave processing routes. These techniques claim to produce composite parts faster and at lower cost but the mechanical performance is also reduced due to the lower fiber content and to the higher porosity. Corrient numerical models are able to simulate the mechanisms of void growth in polymer-matrix composites processed in autoclave. However these models are restricted to small spherical voids surrounded by a viscous resin. Their validity is not proved for long cylindrical voids in a viscous matrix surrounded by aligned fibers, the standard morphology observed in out-of-autoclave composites. In addition, there is an experimental evidence of the detrimental effect of voids on the mechanical performance of composites but, there is detailed information regarding the influence of curing conditions on the actual volume fraction, shape and spatial distribution of voids within the laminate. The standard techniques of microstructural characterization of composites (optical or electron microscopy, X-ray radiography, ultrasonics) provide information in two dimensions and are not always suitable to determine the porosity or void population. Moreover, they can not provide 3D information. The effect of curing cycle on the development of voids during consolidation of AS4/8552 prepregs at low pressure by compression molding was studied in unidirectional and multiaxial panels. They were manufactured using three different curing cycles carefully designed following the rheological and thermal analysis of the raw prepregs. The void volume fraction, shape and spatial distribution were analyzed in detail by means of X-ray computed microtomography, which has demonstrated its potential for analyzing the microstructural features of composites. It was demonstrated that the final void volume fraction depended on the evolution of the dynamic viscosity throughout the cycle. Most of the initial voids were the result of air entrapment and wrinkles created during lay-up. Differences in the final void volume fraction depended on the processing conditions for unidirectional and multiaxial panels. Voids were rod-like shaped and were oriented parallel to the fibers and concentrated in channels along the fiber orientation. X-ray computer tomography analysis of voids along the fiber direction showed a cellular structure with an approximate cell diameter of 1 mm. The cell walls were fiber-rich regions and porosity was localized at the center of the cells. This porosity distribution within the laminate was the result of inhomogeneous consolidation. This information is critical to optimize processing parameters and to provide inputs for virtual testing and virtual processing tools. In addition, the matrix-controlled mechanical properties of the panels were measured in order to establish the relationship between processing conditions and mechanical performance. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and the interlaminar toughness (GIc and GIIc) were selected to evaluate the effect of porosity on the mechanical performance of unidirectional panels. The ILSS was strongly affected by the porosity when the void contents was higher than 1%. The same trends were observed in the case of GIIc while GIc was insensitive to the void volume fraction. Additionally, the mechanical performance of multiaxial panels in compression, low velocity impact and compression after impact (CAI) was measured to address the effect of processing conditions. The compressive strength decreased with porosity and ply-clustering. However, the porosity did not influence the impact resistance and the coompression after impact strength because the effect of porosity was masked by other factors as the damage due to impact or the laminate lay-up. Finally, the effect of the processing conditions on the compaction behavior of unidirectional AS4/8552 panels manufactured by compression moulding was simulated using the finite element method, as a first approximation to more complex and accurate models for out-of autoclave curing and consolidation of composite laminates. The model parameters were obtained from rheological and thermo-mechanical experiments carried out in raw prepreg samples. The predictions of the thickness change during consolidation were in reasonable agreement with the experimental results.

Laser shock peening without absorbent coating (LSPwC) effect on 3D surface topography and mechanical properties of 6082-T651 Al alloy

The influence of nanosecond laser pulses applied by laser shock peening without absorbent coating (LSPwC) with a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at a wavelength of λ = 1064 nm on 6082-T651 Al alloy has been investigated. The first portion of the present study assesses laser shock peening effect at two pulse densities on three-dimensional (3D) surface topography characteristics. In the second part of the study, the peening effect on surface texture orientation and micro-structure modification, i.e. the effect of surface craters due to plasma and shock waves, were investigated in both longitudinal (L) and transverse (T) directions of the laser-beam movement. In the final portion of the study, the changes of mechanical properties were evaluated with a residual stress profile and Vickers micro-hardness through depth variation in the near surface layer, whereas factorial design with a response surface methodology (RSM) was applied. The surface topographic and micro-structural effect of laser shock peening were characterised with optical microscopy, InfiniteFocus® microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Residual stress evaluation based on a hole-drilling integral method confirmed higher compression at the near surface layer (33 μm) in the transverse direction (σmin) of laser-beam movement, i.e. − 407 ± 81 MPa and − 346 ± 124 MPa, after 900 and 2500 pulses/cm2, respectively. Moreover, RSM analysis of micro-hardness through depth distribution confirmed an increase at both pulse densities, whereas LSPwC-generated shock waves showed the impact effect of up to 800 μm below the surface. Furthermore, ANOVA results confirmed the insignificant influence of LSPwC treatment direction on micro-hardness distribution indicating essentially homogeneous conditions, in both L and T directions.

Crack mechanical failure in lithium niobate crystal under ion irradiation; novel simulation by extended finite elements

Swift heavy ion irradiation (ions with mass heavier than 15 and energy exceeding MeV/amu) transfer their energy mainly to the electronic system with small momentum transfer per collision. Therefore, they produce linear regions (columnar nano-tracks) around the straight ion trajectory, with marked modifications with respect to the virgin material, e.g., phase transition, amorphization, compaction, changes in physical or chemical properties. In the case of crystalline materials the most distinctive feature of swift heavy ion irradiation is the production of amorphous tracks embedded in the crystal. Lithium niobate is a relevant optical material that presents birefringence due to its anysotropic trigonal structure. The amorphous phase is certainly isotropic. In addition, its refractive index exhibits high contrast with those of the crystalline phase. This allows one to fabricate waveguides by swift ion irradiation with important technological relevance. From the mechanical point of view, the inclusion of an amorphous nano-track (with a density 15% lower than that of the crystal) leads to the generation of important stress/strain fields around the track. Eventually these fields are the origin of crack formation with fatal consequences for the integrity of the samples and the viability of the method for nano-track formation. For certain crystal cuts (X and Y), these fields are clearly anisotropic due to the crystal anisotropy. We have used finite element methods to calculate the stress/strain fields that appear around the ion-generated amorphous nano-tracks for a variety of ion energies and doses. A very remarkable feature for X cut-samples is that the maximum shear stress appears on preferential planes that form +/-45º with respect to the crystallographic planes. This leads to the generation of oriented surface cracks when the dose increases. The growth of the cracks along the anisotropic crystal has been studied by means of novel extended finite element methods, which include cracks as discontinuities. In this way we can study how the length and depth of a crack evolves as function of the ion dose. In this work we will show how the simulations compare with experiments and their application in materials modification by ion irradiation.

Crack mechanical failure in ceramic materials under ion irradiation: case of lithium niobate crystal

Swift heavy ion irradiation (ions with mass heavier than 15 and energy exceeding MeV/amu) transfer their energy mainly to the electronic system with small momentum transfer per collision. Therefore, they produce linear regions (columnar nano-tracks) around the straight ion trajectory, with marked modifications with respect to the virgin material, e.g., phase transition, amorphization, compaction, changes in physical or chemical properties. In the case of crystalline materials the most distinctive feature of swift heavy ion irradiation is the production of amorphous tracks embedded in the crystal. Lithium niobate is a relevant optical material that presents birefringence due to its anysotropic trigonal structure. The amorphous phase is certainly isotropic. In addition, its refractive index exhibits high contrast with those of the crystalline phase. This allows one to fabricate waveguides by swift ion irradiation with important technological relevance. From the mechanical point of view, the inclusion of an amorphous nano-track (with a density 15% lower than that of the crystal) leads to the generation of important stress/strain fields around the track. Eventually these fields are the origin of crack formation with fatal consequences for the integrity of the samples and the viability of the method for nano-track formation. For certain crystal cuts (X and Y), these fields are clearly anisotropic due to the crystal anisotropy. We have used finite element methods to calculate the stress/strain fields that appear around the ion- generated amorphous nano-tracks for a variety of ion energies and doses. A very remarkable feature for X cut-samples is that the maximum shear stress appears on preferential planes that form +/-45º with respect to the crystallographic planes. This leads to the generation of oriented surface cracks when the dose increases. The growth of the cracks along the anisotropic crystal has been studied by means of novel extended finite element methods, which include cracks as discontinuities. In this way we can study how the length and depth of a crack evolves as function of the ion dose. In this work we will show how the simulations compare with experiments and their application in materials modification by ion irradiation.

Tailoring the Optical Properties of Silica Irradiated with Swift Heavy Ions

Irradiation with swift heavy ions (SHI), roughly defined as those having atomic masses larger than 15 and energies exceeding 1 MeV/amu, may lead to significant modification of the irradiated material in a nanometric region around the (straight) ion trajectory (i.e., latent tracks). In the case of amorphous silica it has been reported that SHI irradiation originates nano-tracks of either higher density than the virgin material (for low electronic stopping powers, Se < 7 keV/nm) [1] or having a low-density core and a dense shell (Se > 12 keV/nm) [2]. The intermediate region has not been studied in detail but we will show in this work that essentially no changes in density occur in this zone. An interesting effect of the compaction is that the refractive index is increased with respect to that of the surroundings. In the first Se region it is clear that track overlapping leads to continuous amorphous layers that present a significant contrast with respect to the pristine substrate and this has been used to produce optical waveguides. The optical effects of intermediate and high stopping powers, on the other hand, are largely unknown so far. In this work we have studied theoretically (molecular dynamics and optical simulations) and experimentally (irradiation with SHI and optical characterization) the dependence of the macroscopic optical properties (i.e., the refractive index of the effective medium, n_EMA) on the electronic stopping power of the incoming ions. Our results show that the refractive index of the irradiated silica is not increased in the intermediate region, as expected; however, the core-shell tracks of the high-Se region produce a quite effective enhancement of n_EMA that could prove attractive for the fabrication of optical waveguides at ultralow fluences (as low as 1E11 cm^-2). 1. J. Manzano, J. Olivares, F. Agulló-López, M. L. Crespillo, A. Moroño, and E. Hodgson, "Optical waveguides obtained by swift-ion irradiation on silica (a-SiO2)," Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 268, 3147-3150 (2010). 2. P. Kluth, C. S. Schnohr, O. H. Pakarinen, F. Djurabekova, D. J. Sprouster, R. Giulian, M. C. Ridgway, A. P. Byrne, C. Trautmann, D. J. Cookson, K. Nordlund, and M. Toulemonde, "Fine structure in swift heavy ion tracks in amorphous SiO2," Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 175503 (2008).

Sensing and modelling mechanical properties of fruits for quality.

Nondestructive techniques are extensively researched for the measurement of physical properties of fruits related to quality. Optical properties can be applied mainly in the detection of those quality features which are related to the chemical composition of the fruit, color (in the VIS region) or chemical constituents (sugar, in the MR region) being the most important. The most relevant mechanical property of fruits is consistency, generally called firmness, and to date only techniques which are able to measure the mechanical properties of the fruit bulk tissue are used for its prediction. Fruits can be modelled as elastic bodies, or at least as partially elastic. Therefore, the measurement of some elastic constants of the fruit can be used for the evaluation of its firmness. The differences in the response to loading are relevant in studying a) fruit firmness and b) bruising susceptibility. Both have been modelled for selected fruit species and varieties.

Mechanical Characterization of Tungsten-Titanium-Lanthana alloy: Influence of Temperature and Atmosphere

The target is to evaluate the mechanical behavior of Ti and La2O3 dispersed W alloy, processed by HIP and compare it with a reference pure-W. Tests were performed in both oxidant (air) and inert (vacuum) atmosphere in a temperature range from -196 to 1200 °C.

High isolation series-shunt photoconductive microwave switch

This article presents a wide band compact high isolation photoconductive switch, which is based on the series-shunt switch design with three photoconductive switches made of diced high-resistivity silicon wafer placed over a microstrip gap and activated by 808-nm near-infrared laser diodes. The switch shows an insertion loss of 1.2 dB and an isolation of 44.8 dB at 2 GHz. It is easy to operate and control by light, high-speed, electromagnetically transparent and it does not require any biasing circuits.

Microstructure-based numerical modeling of the mechanical behavior of Mg alloys

Dentro de los materiales estructurales, el magnesio y sus aleaciones están siendo el foco de una de profunda investigación. Esta investigación está dirigida a comprender la relación existente entre la microestructura de las aleaciones de Mg y su comportamiento mecánico. El objetivo es optimizar las aleaciones actuales de magnesio a partir de su microestructura y diseñar nuevas aleaciones. Sin embargo, el efecto de los factores microestructurales (como la forma, el tamaño, la orientación de los precipitados y la morfología de los granos) en el comportamiento mecánico de estas aleaciones está todavía por descubrir. Para conocer mejor de la relación entre la microestructura y el comportamiento mecánico, es necesaria la combinación de técnicas avanzadas de caracterización experimental como de simulación numérica, a diferentes longitudes de escala. En lo que respecta a las técnicas de simulación numérica, la homogeneización policristalina es una herramienta muy útil para predecir la respuesta macroscópica a partir de la microestructura de un policristal (caracterizada por el tamaño, la forma y la distribución de orientaciones de los granos) y el comportamiento del monocristal. La descripción de la microestructura se lleva a cabo mediante modernas técnicas de caracterización (difracción de rayos X, difracción de electrones retrodispersados, así como con microscopia óptica y electrónica). Sin embargo, el comportamiento del cristal sigue siendo difícil de medir, especialmente en aleaciones de Mg, donde es muy complicado conocer el valor de los parámetros que controlan el comportamiento mecánico de los diferentes modos de deslizamiento y maclado. En la presente tesis se ha desarrollado una estrategia de homogeneización computacional para predecir el comportamiento de aleaciones de magnesio. El comportamiento de los policristales ha sido obtenido mediante la simulación por elementos finitos de un volumen representativo (RVE) de la microestructura, considerando la distribución real de formas y orientaciones de los granos. El comportamiento del cristal se ha simulado mediante un modelo de plasticidad cristalina que tiene en cuenta los diferentes mecanismos físicos de deformación, como el deslizamiento y el maclado. Finalmente, la obtención de los parámetros que controlan el comportamiento del cristal (tensiones críticas resueltas (CRSS) así como las tasas de endurecimiento para todos los modos de maclado y deslizamiento) se ha resuelto mediante la implementación de una metodología de optimización inversa, una de las principales aportaciones originales de este trabajo. La metodología inversa pretende, por medio del algoritmo de optimización de Levenberg-Marquardt, obtener el conjunto de parámetros que definen el comportamiento del monocristal y que mejor ajustan a un conjunto de ensayos macroscópicos independientes. Además de la implementación de la técnica, se han estudiado tanto la objetividad del metodología como la unicidad de la solución en función de la información experimental. La estrategia de optimización inversa se usó inicialmente para obtener el comportamiento cristalino de la aleación AZ31 de Mg, obtenida por laminado. Esta aleación tiene una marcada textura basal y una gran anisotropía plástica. El comportamiento de cada grano incluyó cuatro mecanismos de deformación diferentes: deslizamiento en los planos basal, prismático, piramidal hc+ai, junto con el maclado en tracción. La validez de los parámetros resultantes se validó mediante la capacidad del modelo policristalino para predecir ensayos macroscópicos independientes en diferentes direcciones. En segundo lugar se estudió mediante la misma estrategia, la influencia del contenido de Neodimio (Nd) en las propiedades de una aleación de Mg-Mn-Nd, obtenida por extrusión. Se encontró que la adición de Nd produce una progresiva isotropización del comportamiento macroscópico. El modelo mostró que este incremento de la isotropía macroscópica era debido tanto a la aleatoriedad de la textura inicial como al incremento de la isotropía del comportamiento del cristal, con valores similares de las CRSSs de los diferentes modos de deformación. Finalmente, el modelo se empleó para analizar el efecto de la temperatura en el comportamiento del cristal de la aleación de Mg-Mn-Nd. La introducción en el modelo de los efectos non-Schmid sobre el modo de deslizamiento piramidal hc+ai permitió capturar el comportamiento mecánico a temperaturas superiores a 150_C. Esta es la primera vez, de acuerdo con el conocimiento del autor, que los efectos non-Schmid han sido observados en una aleación de Magnesio. The study of Magnesium and its alloys is a hot research topic in structural materials. In particular, special attention is being paid in understanding the relationship between microstructure and mechanical behavior in order to optimize the current alloy microstructures and guide the design of new alloys. However, the particular effect of several microstructural factors (precipitate shape, size and orientation, grain morphology distribution, etc.) in the mechanical performance of a Mg alloy is still under study. The combination of advanced characterization techniques and modeling at several length scales is necessary to improve the understanding of the relation microstructure and mechanical behavior. Respect to the simulation techniques, polycrystalline homogenization is a very useful tool to predict the macroscopic response from polycrystalline microstructure (grain size, shape and orientation distributions) and crystal behavior. The microstructure description is fully covered with modern characterization techniques (X-ray diffraction, EBSD, optical and electronic microscopy). However, the mechanical behaviour of single crystals is not well-known, especially in Mg alloys where the correct parameterization of the mechanical behavior of the different slip/twin modes is a very difficult task. A computational homogenization framework for predicting the behavior of Magnesium alloys has been developed in this thesis. The polycrystalline behavior was obtained by means of the finite element simulation of a representative volume element (RVE) of the microstructure including the actual grain shape and orientation distributions. The crystal behavior for the grains was accounted for a crystal plasticity model which took into account the physical deformation mechanisms, e.g. slip and twinning. Finally, the problem of the parametrization of the crystal behavior (critical resolved shear stresses (CRSS) and strain hardening rates of all the slip and twinning modes) was obtained by the development of an inverse optimization methodology, one of the main original contributions of this thesis. The inverse methodology aims at finding, by means of the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm, the set of parameters defining crystal behavior that best fit a set of independent macroscopic tests. The objectivity of the method and the uniqueness of solution as function of the input information has been numerically studied. The inverse optimization strategy was first used to obtain the crystal behavior of a rolled polycrystalline AZ31 Mg alloy that showed a marked basal texture and a strong plastic anisotropy. Four different deformation mechanisms: basal, prismatic and pyramidal hc+ai slip, together with tensile twinning were included to characterize the single crystal behavior. The validity of the resulting parameters was proved by the ability of the polycrystalline model to predict independent macroscopic tests on different directions. Secondly, the influence of Neodymium (Nd) content on an extruded polycrystalline Mg-Mn-Nd alloy was studied using the same homogenization and optimization framework. The effect of Nd addition was a progressive isotropization of the macroscopic behavior. The model showed that this increase in the macroscopic isotropy was due to a randomization of the initial texture and also to an increase of the crystal behavior isotropy (similar values of the CRSSs of the different modes). Finally, the model was used to analyze the effect of temperature on the crystal behaviour of a Mg-Mn-Nd alloy. The introduction in the model of non-Schmid effects on the pyramidal hc+ai slip allowed to capture the inverse strength differential that appeared, between the tension and compression, above 150_C. This is the first time, to the author's knowledge, that non-Schmid effects have been reported for Mg alloys.

Microstructural and mechanical characterization of annealed tungsten (W) and potassium-doped tungsten foils

Here we show that potassium-doped tungsten foil should be preferred to pure tungsten foil when considering tungsten laminate pipes for structural divertor applications. Potassium-doped tungsten materials are well known from the bulb industry and show an enhanced creep and recrystallization behaviour that can be explained by the formation of potassium-filled bubbles that are surrounding the elongated grains, leading to an interlocking of the microstructure. In this way, the ultra-fine grained (UFG) microstructure of tungsten foil can be stabilized and with it the extraordinary mechanical properties of the foil in terms of ductility, toughness, brittle-to-ductile transition, and radiation resistance. In this paper we show the results of three-point bending tests performed at room temperature on annealed pure tungsten and potassium-doped tungsten foils (800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2200, and 2400 °C for 1 h in vacuum). The microstructural assessment covers the measurement of the hardness and analyses of fractured surfaces as well as a comparison of the microstructure by optical microscopy. The results show that there is a positive effect of potassium-doped tungsten foils compared to pure tungsten foil and demonstrate the potential of the doped foil

Mechanical characterization of GdBCO/Ag and YBCO single grains fabricated by top-seeded melt growth at 77 and 300 K

YBaCuO and GdBaCuO + 15 wt% Ag large, single-grain, bulk superconductors have been fabricated via the top-seeded, melt-growth (TSMG) process using a generic NdBCO seed. The mechanical behavior of both materials has been investigated by means of three-point bending (TPB) and transversal tensile tests at 77 and 300 K. The strength, fracture toughness and hardness of the samples were studied for two directions of applied load to obtain comprehensive information about the effect of microstructural anisotropy on the macroscopic and microscopic mechanical properties of these technologically important materials. Splitting (Brazilian) tests were carried out on as-melt-processed cylindrical samples following a standard oxygenation process and with the load applied parallel to the growth-facet lines characteristic of the TSMG process. In addition, the elastic modulus of each material was measured by three different techniques and related to the microstructure of each sample using optical microscopy. The results show that both the mechanical properties and the elastic modulus of both YBCO and GdBCP/Ag are improved at 77 K. However, the GdBCO/Ag samples are less anisotropic and exhibit better mechanical behavior due to the presence of silver particles in the bulk, superconducting matrix. The splitting tensile strength was determined at 77 K and both materials were found to exhibit similar behavior, independently of their differences in microstructure.