Élaboration d'un corpus étalon pour l'évaluation d'extracteurs de termes

Ce travail porte sur la construction d’un corpus étalon pour l’évaluation automatisée des extracteurs de termes. Ces programmes informatiques, conçus pour extraire automatiquement les termes contenus dans un corpus, sont utilisés dans différentes applications, telles que la terminographie, la traduction, la recherche d’information, l’indexation, etc. Ainsi, leur évaluation doit être faite en fonction d’une application précise. Une façon d’évaluer les extracteurs consiste à annoter toutes les occurrences des termes dans un corpus, ce qui nécessite un protocole de repérage et de découpage des unités terminologiques. À notre connaissance, il n’existe pas de corpus annoté bien documenté pour l’évaluation des extracteurs. Ce travail vise à construire un tel corpus et à décrire les problèmes qui doivent être abordés pour y parvenir. Le corpus étalon que nous proposons est un corpus entièrement annoté, construit en fonction d’une application précise, à savoir la compilation d’un dictionnaire spécialisé de la mécanique automobile. Ce corpus rend compte de la variété des réalisations des termes en contexte. Les termes sont sélectionnés en fonction de critères précis liés à l’application, ainsi qu’à certaines propriétés formelles, linguistiques et conceptuelles des termes et des variantes terminologiques. Pour évaluer un extracteur au moyen de ce corpus, il suffit d’extraire toutes les unités terminologiques du corpus et de comparer, au moyen de métriques, cette liste à la sortie de l’extracteur. On peut aussi créer une liste de référence sur mesure en extrayant des sous-ensembles de termes en fonction de différents critères. Ce travail permet une évaluation automatique des extracteurs qui tient compte du rôle de l’application. Cette évaluation étant reproductible, elle peut servir non seulement à mesurer la qualité d’un extracteur, mais à comparer différents extracteurs et à améliorer les techniques d’extraction.

Analyse comparative de l'équivalence terminologique en corpus parallèle et en corpus comparable : application au domaine du changement climatique

Les travaux entrepris dans le cadre de la présente thèse portent sur l’analyse de l’équivalence terminologique en corpus parallèle et en corpus comparable. Plus spécifiquement, nous nous intéressons aux corpus de textes spécialisés appartenant au domaine du changement climatique. Une des originalités de cette étude réside dans l’analyse des équivalents de termes simples. Les bases théoriques sur lesquelles nous nous appuyons sont la terminologie textuelle (Bourigault et Slodzian 1999) et l’approche lexico-sémantique (L’Homme 2005). Cette étude poursuit deux objectifs. Le premier est d’effectuer une analyse comparative de l’équivalence dans les deux types de corpus afin de vérifier si l’équivalence terminologique observable dans les corpus parallèles se distingue de celle que l’on trouve dans les corpus comparables. Le deuxième consiste à comparer dans le détail les équivalents associés à un même terme anglais, afin de les décrire et de les répertorier pour en dégager une typologie. L’analyse détaillée des équivalents français de 343 termes anglais est menée à bien grâce à l’exploitation d’outils informatiques (extracteur de termes, aligneur de textes, etc.) et à la mise en place d’une méthodologie rigoureuse divisée en trois parties. La première partie qui est commune aux deux objectifs de la recherche concerne l’élaboration des corpus, la validation des termes anglais et le repérage des équivalents français dans les deux corpus. La deuxième partie décrit les critères sur lesquels nous nous appuyons pour comparer les équivalents des deux types de corpus. La troisième partie met en place la typologie des équivalents associés à un même terme anglais. Les résultats pour le premier objectif montrent que sur les 343 termes anglais analysés, les termes présentant des équivalents critiquables dans les deux corpus sont relativement peu élevés (12), tandis que le nombre de termes présentant des similitudes d’équivalence entre les corpus est très élevé (272 équivalents identiques et 55 équivalents non critiquables). L’analyse comparative décrite dans ce chapitre confirme notre hypothèse selon laquelle la terminologie employée dans les corpus parallèles ne se démarque pas de celle des corpus comparables. Les résultats pour le deuxième objectif montrent que de nombreux termes anglais sont rendus par plusieurs équivalents (70 % des termes analysés). Il est aussi constaté que ce ne sont pas les synonymes qui forment le groupe le plus important des équivalents, mais les quasi-synonymes. En outre, les équivalents appartenant à une autre partie du discours constituent une part importante des équivalents. Ainsi, la typologie élaborée dans cette thèse présente des mécanismes de l’équivalence terminologique peu décrits aussi systématiquement dans les travaux antérieurs.

Crisi contemporània de la filosofia. Dimensió educativa. ' Crisis contemporánea de la filosofía. Dimensión educativa'.

Estudiar la crisis contemporánea de la filosofía y evaluar sus consecuencias en el valor epistemológico de dicha disciplina y su idoneidad para ser incluída en el currículum de la escuela obligatoria. Examinar si la filosofía actual reúne las condiciones para ser incluída en esta etapa educativa.. La crisis de la filosofía en el ámbito educativo.. Expone la situación de crisis que sufre la filosofía. Analiza la estructura epistemológica de esta disciplina para llegar a un método eficaz de estudio de dicha crisis. Estudia la historia de la filosofía y expone unos criterios a favor de su escolarización.. Documentación bibliográfica.. La filosofía postcrítica es más sólida epistemológicamente y más óptima para su adecuación al currículum escolar que la que se utilizaba anteriormente a nivel educativo. La perspectiva arqueológica es la más idónea para esta tarea. Se considera conveniente la introducción de la filosofía postcrítica en el currículum escolar ya que es una dimensión humana que todos debemos conrear..

Jaume Serra Hunter i la teoria de la cultura en el Noucentisme

Catalan modern and contemporary philosophy has traditionally been little studied so strictly to historical and political reasons for more or less the same conviction that is compared with literature and even in historiography, it is a minor contribution. Some of the characters in the world of philosophy has been the Catalan Jaume Serra Hunter charismatic and versatile, whom history has done justice. Like many others, was persecuted in the Franco regime, declared outlawed and persecuted and exiled, first to France and then Mexico. This research aims to discover him and his huge role as a politician. But above all, I want to convey their deep love for culture and fierce defense that he did, especially Catalan, is following in philosophical discourse of his work. I figure Serra Hunter claim their struggle for cultural cohesion through its philosophy, making it reach everyone. I want to show how he worked in a time of crisis in society, culture and education, to overcome the crisis of philosophy as a guide. Serra Hunter lived a very difficult time for philosophy. But he wanted to bring all cultures. It is a philosophy that dealing with the issues may be even a sort of advanced in the world and some of the problems it has today. According to him, philosophy should be more human and more alive and present in all the different curriculum of any educational plan.

Getting the measure of derivational morphology in adult speech a corpus analysis using MorphoQuantics

This paper describes the methodology used to compile a corpus called MorphoQuantics that contains a comprehensive set of 17,943 complex word types extracted from the spoken component of the British National Corpus (BNC). The categorisation of these complex words was derived primarily from the classification of Prefixes, Suffixes and Combining Forms proposed by Stein (2007). The MorphoQuantics corpus has been made available on a website of the same name; it lists 554 word-initial and 281 word-final morphemes in English, their etymology and meaning, and records the type and token frequencies of all the associated complex words containing these morphemes from the spoken element of the BNC, together with their Part of Speech. The results show that, although the number of word-initial affixes is nearly double that of word-final affixes, the relative number of each observed in the BNC is very similar; however, word-final affixes are more productive in that, on average, the frequency with which they attach to different bases is three times that of word-initial affixes. Finally, this paper considers how linguists, psycholinguists and psychologists may use MorphoQuantics to support their empirical work in first and second language acquisition, and clinical and educational research.

O professor e sua formação linguística: uma interlocução teoria-prática

The work in screen constitutes a study of entitled doutoramento THE teacher and your linguistic formation: a dialogue teoria-prática. In him, the researcher, discoursing on subjects that involve the teaching-learning of the verbal language, it focalizes the importance of the linguistic formation for professionals that act in the years you begin of the Fundamental Education. In that perspective, lens to analyze the interrelações among them you know about the teachers, referring to the language (verbal), mobilized in the process teaching-learning of the production of texts written by the students, enrolled in the years you begin of the fundamental teaching. For so much, it developed a research Colaborativa, of qualitative nature, with four partícipes, being three of them teachers of the empiric field, EETB (pointed school for the " Prova Brasil " (2005) as among the ten Brazilian schools with the worst index of revenue discente in the abilities to read, to write and to interpret) and the other (researcher) educational of UERN. The research made use of several methodological procedures, among which stand out: questionnaire, glimpses, reflexive sessions and cycles of reflexive studies, among others. These specific of the Methodology of the Elaboration Conceptual Ferreiriana, adopted in the process of (re)elaboration, for the partícipes of the language concepts, text, textual gender, spoken language and written language. With relationship to the analytic procedures, those were based in contributions of the theory of the formation of concepts, of the Applied Linguistics and of the archaeology of the elect concepts. The results appear that the process of linguistic formation, established through the research colaborativa and of the methodology of the elaboration conceptual ferreiriana, uniting knowledge of the areas of the Education and of the Language, it was productive and he/she reveals a narrow relationship among the acquired knowledge for the partícipes, the (re)organization of the process teachinglearning of the language and the improvement of the productions written by the students of those educational ones

Slogans políticos em campanhas eleitorais no Rio Grande do Norte: a mídia na disputa ideológica.

To the observe the periods of electoral campaigns, we can realize sharply the abundance of political propaganda that announces the candidates, their campaign record, their proposed and everything that can carry them to the victory in the urns. The propaganda is today an essential tool in the votes dispute, in consequence of this, there is, in Brazil, the increasing participation of the Politics Parties in seminars of electoral marketing. They are varied strategies of the media used in the divulging of the candidacies, among them the slogan. Instigated by the explicit relation media/political, this work intends to investigate the ideologies (values) announced by the slogans of political propaganda that circulated in electoral periods. Thus, we base on the theory of the Circle of Bakhtin, who considers the statement as unit of the verbal communication, and that conceives the language as phenomenon dialogical, and, too, in the conceptions of alien words, social voices and dialogical relations formulated by the referred theory. We use, for better to comprehend, the slogan as strategy mediatic, of the classical study done by Olivier Reboul concerning the slogan; and, like starting point of a conception about ideology, studied John Thompson to comprehends the ideological phenomenon. Our corpus it constitutes of 14 political slogans announced in the campaigns for mayor of the cities in Natal and Mossoró, both located in Rio Grande do Norte s state, Brazil, in 1996, 2000 and 2004. For the analysis of these slogans, we consider the social-historical context in which were announced, being contemplated the linguistic and discursive aspect, according to the following methodological order: the identification of alien words (interdiscours); the social voices and the kinds dialogical relations established; and, finally, the ideology announced by the statement. This way, we can arrive to the conclusion that in the electoral context occurs a true ideologies war , in other words, in the political game of an electoral campaign, the slogans announces different values, which vary in several factors function, for example, the historicity, the subject that enunciates, the discursive positionings.

Ideologia e poder no agendamento do discurso polifônico da imprensa em relação à seca no nordeste

This dissertation work is an effort to understand how the ideology and the power interferes in the signification of the speeches immersed in the context of the printed media concerning the drought in the Northeast of Brazil, weather occurrence that punishes 23 million of Brazilians, with all sort of problems. It also has specific concern about the everyday usage of the language and with the routines of the information production, without losing of sight the role of History in the formation of the identity of individuals and people. The research work is also developed in an interdisciplinary environment, applying to the formed corpus five articles from Folha de São Paulo , collected from January to July of 2005, the French Analysis method of the Speech and the theory of the polyphony of Bakhtin, in the Applied Linguistics area, accomplished with Communication beddings as the agenda-setting. The results ended to a good understanding about the ideology and power´s influence and chaining in the speeches formations as well as to comprehend peoples concept in an environment of almost-mediated interaction, bringing a media look about polyphony in the bakhtinian mold, besides showing how all these questions interferes with the half-barren the Northeast media´s vision on the subject

A relação gramatical objeto direto : implicações para o ensino de língua materna

This paper attempts to investigate the discourse manifestations of the grammatical relation direct object with respect to the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties that underlie this element. The research adopts theoretical orientation of the functionalism from North American and Brazilian schools inspired in Givón (1995, 2001), Hopper and Thompson (1980), Chafe (1979), Furtado da Cunha, Oliveira, Martelotta (2003) inter alia. From functionalism, the research uses principles of iconicity, markedness and informativity and it analize categories of transitivity, grounding and animacy. This research is anchored in prototype model (TAYLOR 1995); construction grammar model (GOLDBERG 1996, 2002). Both theoretical orientations share the view that language is a malleable living organism subject to socio-cultural context. Grammar is then the result of created, maintained, and systematized linguistic patterns developed from and used for language use. According to a functional linguistics and cognitivist linguistics verbs are stored in the speakers lexicon in syntactic-semantic frames which are more frequent. These frames carry information concerning obligatory and optional arguments and the semantic roles these arguments take in the clause. The analysis focuses on the semantic type of the verbs and its relationship with the argument encoded as a direct object observing the aspectual nature of verbs. Direct objects are classified according to their morphology (lexical or pronominal noun phrase), semantic role, informational content and animacy. This study discusses pedagogical implications with relation to how the grammatical concepts touched on this paper are treated in school textbooks. The empirical data come from Corpus Discurso & Gramática: a língua falada e escrita na cidade do Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 1998). This corpus is composed of texts that contain spoken and written modalities. These modalities are in turn organized according to different types: personal narratives, retold narrative, description of preferred place, procedural place, procedural description and report on argumentation. The sample data totals 40 texts produced by four language consultants of the last graduation date. The paper shows that the same syntactic structures (formed through Subject-Verb-Object) correspond to different semantic-pragmatic structures in relation to specific communicative purposes even verb is an event, process or state. The argument structure are not aleatory but are related to experience; that is the way humans conceptualize the world and talk about it

Cartas oficiais norte-riograndenses dos séculos XVIII, XIX e XX : constituição e caracterização de um corpus diacrônico

The diachronic studies marked the first decades of the 20th century in Brazilian linguistics, passing by an ostracism period after the 50s. Mainly from the 90s especially with the project, created in 1997, Para a história do português brasileiro (PHPB), which has systemized, in national ambit, the programme related to the area of diachrony the historical studies retake forces and have gradually increased since then. Our work is set in the new scene of Brazilian historical linguistics and it is associated to two research programmes: i) the constitution of a diachronic corpus; ii) the diachrony of text and discourse. As regards the first programme, we made effort to constitute a diachronic corpus of official letters about Rio Grande do Norte, we called cartas oficiais norte-rio-grandenses, written in 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. The chosen for bureaucrat letters occurred for they represent a textual category very productive in historical contexts, mostly 18th and 19th centuries, in which the command of writing was the least and also because they bring, almost always explicitly, the information of where, when, for whom and from whom, as remembers Fonseca (2003). The rules for constituting the corpus were based, although not strictly, on the orientation from PHPB. In respect to the second programme, we set up on the ideas of coserian base came from the studies on discourse traditions (TD) (Koch, 1997; Kabatek, 2006) amongst which that the texts are shaped so as to follow their own tradition (Coseriu, 2007), and we turned to Diplomatics (Belloto, 2002) in order to do the characterization of this corpus by the application of concepts from Diplomatics and TD as well as by the presentation of the structures that form those official letters: their textual genres, a kind of TD, with their macrostructures; and some of their formulaic expressions (microstructures), another sort of TD. This stage of characterizing will pay attention, as far as possible, to the dynamic between tradition and innovation that happen in the actualization of those textual structures along the centuries. This work intends to contribute with the researches connected to Historical Linguistics in Rio Grande do Norte, more specifically the ones related to the constitution of diachronic corpora and to TD; and with the study of official documents, textual category about which there are almost no studies (cf. Silveira, 2007)

Vozes sociais e dimensão ética da lingüística aplicada: a construção discursiva da área nos CBLAs

This research deals with Applied Linguistics and its structure as a scientific field, in compliance with knowledge produced within the range of the Brazilian Congresses of Applied Linguistics (CBLA). The purpose of this research is to understand the meanings disclosed by the voices that make up the scientific discourse on this field, pointing toward its course of development, the ethical position that is peculiar to it and how this position is represented in its scientific practice. The scientific discourse typical of the production of knowledge of Applied Linguistics is now construed as leading to practices that define the production of this field of learning whose object is to study man and man s relationship to language. Theoretical groundwork is anchored on the work the Social Sciences have developed on the paradigmatic crises of science and the social changes resulting from modern and post-modern times, on Applied Linguistics researches on the identity of the field of study, its courses and ethics, and on the bakhtinian theory that supports a view of language as a social practice built under the aegis of the subject s ethics and responsibility. The corpus of this work comprises qualitative and quantitative data made into articles presented at the CBLA. The research methodology conforms to the interpretive paradigm and has the concept of social voices as its category of analysis. Results point towards the progress of Applied Linguistics that, from its role as a mediator discipline between linguistic theory and practical applications, is assuming a position in a field of study of its own, independent, with transdisciplinary characteristics, pursuing through its quests and redefinitions to get closer to the dimension of life and assuming the ethical position of taking on responsibility for its doings and sayings

Em cantos de reis: a tradição discursiva em Autos de Natal

This study incorporates many areas of knowledge to the Linguistics field, as it centers the social historicity of Brazilian and autos potiguares on two analytical proposes: the presence of linguistic formulas - in its macrostructure - into the paradigm of discursive traditions, following Kabatek (2006), Koch and Oesterreicher (2007), besides the theory of Speech Acts, in its microstructure, proposed by Austin (1990) and Searle (1995). Under Zumthor (1993; 1997; 2000; 2005; 2010), the idea of textual variability (mouvance) was alluded, highlighting that the text is always modifying, according to the performance and reception of the language uses. Considering this theoretical framework, we focus on the trinomial linguistic formulas, orality and performance, in order to describe the dynamics of stability, variation and change, emphasizing yet how extra-linguistic social-historic cultural relations influence its composition. Such discuss is inherent more precisely to Textual Analysis in enhancing the orality tradition as a linguistic support. The text, in its turn, becomes effective as an evocation, motivated by the transmission, reception and variability from its conservation and reiteration. Naturally, a methodological support based on quali-quantitative research was chosen, based on Flick (2009), who justifies the corpus composed by Brazilian Folias de Reis chants and Bois de Reis potiguares . Thereby Language dynamics, subjacent to tradition which takes effect by the use of a common social memory, are observed from two dimensions: on the first, it evocates the sacralization (religious) in which they stand their devotion to biblical History; secondly, a dissacralization with identified and ideological values, inherent to a people culture. The chant shows, in this ludic impulse, a contextualized activity which results in the following conclusion: the changing and stability processes in textual macro and microstructures occur, at the same time, by the adjustment to the use of the text accomplishing a social-political function and an ethical-pedagogic one; supposedly, social relationships arise the tradition and it, on its turn, evocates the variability and the nomadism in the text