TP53 codon 72 polymorphism as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in a Brazilian population

TP53, a tumor suppressor gene, has a critical role in cell cycle, apoptosis and cell senescence and participates in many crucial physiological and pathological processes. Identification of TP53 polymorphism in older people and age-related diseases may provide an understanding of its physiology and pathophysiological role as well as risk factors for complex diseases. TP53 codon 72 (TP53:72) polymorphism was investigated in 383 individuals aged 66 to 97 years in a cohort from a Brazilian Elderly Longitudinal Study. We investigated allele frequency, genotype distribution and allele association with morbidities such as cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, obesity, neoplasia, low cognitive level (dementia), and depression. We also determined the association of this polymorphism with serum lipid fractions and urea, creatinine, albumin, fasting glucose, and glycated hemoglobin levels. DNA was isolated from blood cells, amplified by PCR using sense 5'-TTGCCGTCCCAAGCAATGGATGA-3' and antisense 5'-TCTGGGAAGGGACAGAAGATGAC-3' primers and digested with the BstUI enzyme. This polymorphism is within exon 4 at nucleotide residue 347. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression analysis and Student t-test using the multiple comparison test were used. Allele frequencies, R (Arg) = 0.69 and P (Pro) = 0.31, were similar to other populations. Genotype distributions were within Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This polymorphism did not show significant association with any age-related disease or serum variables. However, R allele carriers showed lower HDL levels and a higher frequency of cardiovascular disease than P allele subjects. These findings may help to elucidate the physiopathological role of TP53:72 polymorphism in Brazilian elderly people.

Association between the -174 G/C promoter polymorphism of the interleukin-6 gene and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Brazilian older women

In worldwide studies, interleukin-6 (IL-6) is implicated in age-related disturbances. The aim of the present report was to determine the possible association of IL-6 -174 C/G promoter polymorphism with the cytokine profile as well as with the presence of selected cardiovascular risk features. This was a cross-sectional study on Brazilian women aged 60 years or older. A sample of 193 subjects was investigated for impaired glucose regulation, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Genotyping was done by direct sequencing of PCR products. IL-6 and C-reactive protein were quantified by high-sensitivity assays. General linear regression models or the Student t-test were used to compare continuous variables among genotypes, followed by adjustments for confounding variables. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. The genotypes were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium proportions. In a recessive model, mean waist-to-hip ratio, serum glycated hemoglobin and serum glucose were markedly lower in C homozygotes (P = 0.001, 0.028, and 0.047, respectively). In a dominant hypothesis, G homozygotes displayed a trend towards higher levels of circulating IL-6 (P = 0.092). Non-parametric analysis revealed that impaired fasting glucose and hypertension were findings approximately 2-fold more frequent among G homozygous subjects (P = 0.042 and 0.043, respectively). Taken together, our results show that the IL-6 -174 G-allele is implicated in a greater cardiovascular risk. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of IL-6 promoter variants and age-related disturbances in the Brazilian elderly population.

Apolipoprotein CIII polymorphism and triglyceride levels of a Japanese population living in Southern Brazil

Apolipoprotein CIII (apo-CIII) participates in the regulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. Several polymorphic sites have been detected within and around the apo-CIII gene. Here, we examined the relationship between apo-CIII SstI polymorphism (CC, CG, GG genotypes) and plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in a group of 159 Japanese individuals living in Southern Brazil. The sample was divided into a group of Japanese descendants (N = 51) with high TG (HTG; >200 mg/dL) and a group of Japanese descendants (N = 108) with normal TG (NTG; <200 mg/dL). TG and total cholesterol levels were analyzed by an enzymatic method using the Labtest-Diagnostic kit and high- and low-density lipoproteins by a direct method using the Labtest-Diagnostic kit and DiaSys Diagnostic System International kit, respectively. A 428-bp sequence of apo-CIII gene was amplified using oligonucleotide primers 5' GGT GAC CGA TGG CTT CAG TTC CCT GA 3' and 5' CAG AAG GTG GAT AGA GCG CTG GCC T 3'. The PCR products were digested with a restriction endonuclease SstI. Rare G allele was highly prevalent in our study population (0.416) compared to Caucasians (0.00-0.11). G allele was almost two times more prevalent in the HTG group compared to the NTG group (P < 0.001). The genotype distribution was consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There was a significant association between rare G allele and HTG in Japanese individuals living in Southern Brazil as indicated by one-way ANOVA, P < 0.05.

Frequency of 8 CFTR gene mutations in cystic fibrosis patients in Minas Gerais, Brazil, diagnosed by neonatal screening

The nature and frequency of cystic fibrosis mutations in Brazil is not uniform due to the highly varied ethnic composition of the population. The average frequency of the F508del mutation has been reported to be 48.6%. Other common mutations in Brazil are G542X, R1162X, and N1303K. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of 8 mutations (F508del, G542X, R1162X, N1303K, W1282X, G85E, 3120+1G>A, and 711+1G>T) in a sample of 111 newborn patients with cystic fibrosis diagnosed by the Cystic Fibrosis Neonatal Screening Program of Minas Gerais State. The mutations were tested by allele-specific oligonucleotide PCR with specially designed primers. An allele frequency of 48.2% was observed for the F508del mutation, and allele frequencies of 5.41, 4.50, 4.05, and 3.60% were found for the R1162X, G542X, 3120+1G>A, and G85E mutations, respectively. The genotypes obtained were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These data demonstrate that the 8-mutation panel studied here has extensive coverage (68%) for the cystic fibrosis mutations in Minas Gerais. These data improve our knowledge of cystic fibrosis in Brazil, particularly in this region. In addition, this investigation contributed to the establishment of a sensitive and population-specific mutation panel, which can be helpful for molecular diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

MTP -493G/T gene polymorphism is associated with steatosis in hepatitis C-infected patients

The reduction of hepatic microsomal transfer protein (MTP) activity results in fatty liver, worsening hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC). The G allele of the MTP gene promoter, -493G/T, has been associated with lower transcriptional activity than the T allele. We investigated this association with metabolic and histological variables in patients with CHC. A total of 174 untreated patients with CHC were genotyped for MTP -493G/T by direct sequencing using PCR. All patients were negative for markers of Wilson’s disease, hemochromatosis and autoimmune diseases and had current and past daily alcohol intake lower than 100 g/week. The sample distribution was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Among subjects with genotype 1, 56.8% of the patients with fibrosis grade 3+4 presented at least one G allele versus 34.3% of the patients with fibrosis grade 1+2 (OR = 1.8; 95%CI = 1.3-2.3). Logistic regression analysis with steatosis as the dependent variable identified genotypes GG+GT as independent protective factors against steatosis (OR = 0.4, 95%CI = 0.2-0.8; P = 0.01). The results suggest that the presence of the G allele of MTP -493G/T associated with lower hepatic MTP expression protects against steatosis in our CHC patients.

CHRNA5 polymorphism and susceptibility to lung cancer in a Chinese population

Polymorphisms in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit CHRNA5 gene have been associated with lung cancer positive susceptibility in European and American populations. In the present hospital-based, case-control study, we determined whether polymorphism in rs503464 of CHRNA5 is associated with lung cancer risk in Chinese individuals. A single nucleotide polymorphism in CHRNA5 rs503464, c.-166T>A (hereafter T>A), was identified using TaqMan-MGB probes with sequencing via PCR in 600 lung cancer cases and 600 healthy individuals. Genotype frequencies for rs503464 (T>A) were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the control population. However, genotype frequencies were significantly different between cases and controls (P < 0.05), while allele frequencies were not significantly different between groups. Compared to homozygous genotypes (TT or AA), the risk of lung cancer in those with the heterozygous genotype (TA) was significantly lower (OR = 0.611, 95%CI = 0.486-0.768, P = 0.001). Using genotype AA as a reference, the risk of lung cancer for those with genotype TA was increased 1.5 times (OR = 1.496, 95%CI = 1.120-1.997, P = 0.006). However, no difference in risk was observed between T allele carriers and A allele carriers (OR = 0.914, 95%CI = 0.779-1.073, P = 0.270). Stratification analysis showed that the protective effect of TA was more pronounced in those younger than 60 years, nonsmokers, or those without a family history of cancer, as well as in patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma in clinical stages III or IV (P < 0.05). Therefore, the heterozygous genotype c.-166T>A at rs503464 of CHRNA5 may be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, thus representing a susceptibility allele in Chinese individuals.

Pesquisa de Salmonella sp., Listeria sp. e microrganismos indicadores higiênico-sanitários em queijos produzidos no estado do Rio Grande do Norte

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a qualidade higiênico-sanitária de amostras de queijo de coalho (11 amostras) e de queijo de manteiga (13 amostras) produzidas no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Todas as amostras de queijo de coalho apresentaram coliformes totais, das quais 36,4% continham coliformes fecais, entre 3 a 7NMP/g , com confirmação de Escherichia coli. Em relação ao queijo de manteiga, 84,6% das amostras também apresentaram coliformes totais, 15,4%, coliformes fecais, com confirmação de E. coli em 7,7%. A contagem de bolores e leveduras variou de 1,9 x 10(4) a 4,8 x 10(8) UFC/g nas amostras queijo de coalho e de 1,5 x 10(4) a 2,8 x 10(8) UFC/g nas amostras de queijo de manteiga. Estafilococos coagulase positiva foi observado em 72,7% das amostras de queijo de coalho e 84,7% das amostras de queijo de manteiga, com contagens variando de 7,0 x 10(4) a 1,3 x 10(8) UFC/g e 2,4 x 10² a 8,6 x 10(6) UFC/g, respectivamente. Salmonella foi detectada em 9% das amostras de queijo de coalho e em 15% das de queijo de manteiga. Listeria sp. foi constatada em 9% e 15% das amostras de queijos coalho e manteiga, respectivamente. A elevada população de bolores e leveduras observada em ambos os queijos indicou deficiência nos procedimentos de higiene e sanitização e os caracterizam como produto em condições higiênicas insatisfatórias. Os queijos de coalho e de manteiga oriundos das seis microrregiões do Rio Grande do Norte envolvidas no estudo não apresentaram segurança alimentar, visto que a maioria continha estafilococos coagulase positiva. A presença de Salmonella classificou os produtos como sendo impróprios ao consumo humano.

Registre de la sénéchaussée de Carcassonne, contenant principalement des lettres de saint Louis et de Philippe le Hardi.

Entré à la Bibliothèque du roi en 1732 parmi les mss. de Jean-Baptiste Colbert; cf. Delisle, Cab. des mss., I, 439-547; Omont, Concordances des mss. latins, 48-77; — n° 5 du "Catalogue des mss. envoyez par M. Boudon & portez dans la bibliotheque de Monseigneur le 10. decembre 1680... Registre de st Louis & de Philippe le Hardy"; cf. latin 9364, f. 53-54; Delisle, Cab. des mss, I, 473

De vitio proprietatis religiosorum.

F. 1-8 De vitio proprietatis religiosorum. « Jhesus, Maria, Franciscus. Sequitur... vicio proprietatis religiosorum » (titre effacé, lisible en partie à la lumière ultra-violette). « Manifestum videtur esse quod persone religiose viri et femine ordinem approbatum professe pro proprietatis vicio alligate nullo modo possint salvari... — ... nec continue. Vide Johannem Andree in regulam Non est obligatorium in novella super librum sextum et sic est finis ». F. 9-279 [BARTHOLOMAEUS DE RINONICO PISANUS] Liber de conformitatibus. « Incipit liber de conformitatibus beati Francisci quamvis plurimum breviatus tres partiales libros complectens... » (éd. dans Analecta franciscana sive chronica, IV-V, Quaracchi, 1906-1912). L. I, Conformitatum I-XII secundae partes : « Prima conformitas. Franciscus declaratur, expositio sequitur. Declarata prima parte primi fructus conformitatis que fuit de Christo (que [sic] ego pro nunc scribere non intendo sed solum que spectant ad beatum Franciscum etc.) manifestat nunc consequenter secundam partem ipsius enodare... — ... lucem Christum perveniamus. Amen. Sic ergo prelibatis apparet declarata secunda pars istius 12mi [sic] conformitatis videlicet Franciscus reserator... tam in isto duodecimo quam in precedentibus et subsequentibus conformitatibus sit laus Deo. Amen » (éd. cit., IV, 33-60, 69-82, 95-100, 108-113, 116-124, 138-149, 156-164, 175-364, 369-457, 464-485, 493-564, 580-632) (9-177v) ; — L. II, Conformitates I-XII, incomplet : « Incipit secundus liber et sequitur secunda pars prime conformitatis secundi libri videlicet Franciscus divulgatur. Expositio. Magister summus et verax... — ... patet ad fratres » (177v-224v), avec variantes et lacunes : Conformitas I, pars 2, incomplète de la fin par lacune matérielle (ibid., V, 10-13) (177v-178v) ; II et III, manquent par lacune matérielle ; IV, pars 2 (ibid., 100-123) (179-189) ; pars 1, fragm. (ibid., 97-100) (189-190v) ; V, texte abrégé (ibid., 123-144) (190v-199v) ; VI, pars 2, texte abrégé (ibid., 159-182) (199v-206) ; VII, pars 2, texte abrégé (ibid., 189-198) (206-208v) ; VIII, pars 2, texte abrégé (ibid., 208-211) (208v-209v) ; IX, texte abrégé (ibid., 211-226) (209v-213) ; X, pars 2 (ibid., 232-233) (213-214) ; XI, texte abrégé (ibid., 233-259) (214-224) ; XII, pars 2, texte abrégé (ibid., 275-277) (224-224v) ; — L. III, Conformitates I-IX, incomplet de la fin : « Incipit liber tercius de conformitate vite beati Francisci ad vitam Jhesu Christi. Fructus primus et conformitas et 2us in ordine Jhesus cum suis comedens, Franciscus emulatur. Expositio prime partis... Virtus illa et sapientia divina qua omnia a Deo fiunt... — ... ad orandum. Lc. XI in quo fuit captus... » (ibid., 333-459) (225-279). Ce texte a été aussi publié sous le nom de BARTHOLOMAEUS ALBISIUS PISANUS ; cf. Sbaralea, Supplementum, I, 114-117. Au contreplat supérieur, cote : « 87 » de l'inventaire après décès de Claude Hardy ; cf. ms. Latin 9363, f. 139. Acheté par Baluze pour la bibliothèque de Colbert ; cf. ibid., f. 145v et add. du ms. Latin 3114A.

Chronique de Normandie, jusqu'en 1217.

Contient : « Cy ensuivent les croniques de Normandie. Pour ce que ceulx de bonne voulenté qui tendent venir à honneur selon Dieu par vaillance et par hardement... » ; « ... cel an s'esmeurent les Chrestiens de toutes terres de Chrestienté à eulx croisier pour aler en Jherusalem conquerre [la Sainte Terre] »

Recueil de copies de pièces.

Contient : 1 « Processus summarius, cum arresto deffuncti domini ducis Alenconii. Anno 1458 ». En latin ; 2 « La Proposition des ambassadeurs de Philippes, duc de Bourgongne, pour monsieur d'Alençon, devant le roy » ; 3 « La Responce du roy [CHARLES VII] aux ambassadeurs de monsieur de Bourgongne, rendue par monseigneur de Constances, le quatorziesme septembre 1458, au chasteau de Vendosme » ; 4 « L'Arrest donné contre monsieur d'Allençon par l'advis du roy et de tous les princes, pairs et seigneurs de son conseil. assistans à ce jugement » ; 5 « Lettre de [FRANÇOIS, duc D']ANJOU, au Sr de Villeroy, secretaire d'Estat. 1579 » ; 6 Lettre de FRANÇOIS, duc D'ANJOU, à Henri III ; 7 « Lettre de [LOUIS DE BOURBON, duc] DE MONTPENSIER », au roi Henri III. « De Rennes, le douziesme jour de mars 1578 » ; 8 « Harangue prononcée à Londres, au conseil privé d'Angleterre, par messire BARNABE BRISSON, president au parlement de Paris, le neufviesme jour d'avril 1581 », sur le fait du mariage de la reine E???lizabeth d'Angleterre avec François, duc d'Anjou ; 9 « Articles de mariage d'entre la roine d'Angleterre et [François], duc d'Anjou » ; 10 « Advertissement sur la reception et publication du concille de Trente, par monseigneur DESPESSES, advocat du roy, 1583 » ; 11 « Littera missa ad [Sixtum Quintum pontificem] et data in collegio Sorbonae, anno 1590, die 29 aprilis ». En latin ; 12 « Arrest du conseil privé du roy du vingt quatriesme jour de septembre mil cinq cens soixante et trois, touchant le biffement de certain arrest du parlement de Paris » ; 13 « Extraict des registres de parlement, touchant le duc de Lorraine, demandeur en grace, l'an 1597 » ; 14 « Arrest contre ceux d'Orleans, aux premiers troubles. 1562 » ; 15 « Arrest de la cour de parlement contre Poltrot. 1562 » ; 16 « Arrest de la cour de parlement contre l'admiral, autre que celuy de l'an 1572, et plusieurs autres. 1562 » ; 17 « Arrest de la cour de parlement contre Robert de La Haye, Anthoine Fumée, Nicolle Compaing et autres, aux premiers troubles, 1562 » ; 18 « Autre Arrest de ladicte cour contre Geoffroy Vallée. 1574 » ; 19 « Arrest de la cour de parlement contre Nicollas Salcede, escuier, sieur d'Auvilliers en Normandie. 1582 » ; 20 « Arrest de ladicte cour de parlement contre deux sorciers de Berry. 1583 » ; 21 « Arrest de ladicte cour contre Anthoine Oudouart, dit le capitaine Michery. 1584 » ; 22 « Arrest de la cour de parlement contre Pierre Desquests, escuier, Sr de Belleville. 1584 » ; 23 « Autre Arrest de ladite cour contre un nommé Rangue Miraille, Italien, nigromant. 1587 » ; 24 « Arrest à l'encontre de Joseph Chasteau, dit Pierre Gillot, serviteur des Bianques. 1586 » ; 25 « Arrest des Bianques. 1586 » ; 26 « Arrest de la cour de parlement » contre « Me Nicolas Dadou, sodomite... 1586 » ; 27 « Arrest du prevost HARDY contre Marie Le Maire, meurtriere de la dame de L'Orme, pres St Gervais, sa maistresse. 1587 » ; 28 « Arrest de la cour de parlement contre Jehanne Jacquemain », accusée de « blasphemes... contre l'honneur du saint sacrement et de l'Eglise.... 1586 » ; 29 « Arrest de la cour de parlement contre Radegonde et Claude Foucault, heretiques. 1588 » ; 30 « Arrest de ladicte cour de parlement contre Pierre Guitet, trinitaire et anabaptiste. 1588 » ; 31 « Arrest donné en la chambre des monnoyes contre un faux monnoyeur condamné à estre bouilly. 1587 » ; 32 « Arrest notable, par lequel de vingt et deux editz que le roy avoit envoyez à la cour pour les publier, elle en a rebutté vingtz pour les causes y declarées. 1578 » ; 33 « Arrest prononcé le [29] juillet 1535 sur lettres patentes contre les accusez d'erreurs heretiques et sectes nouvelles, avec le plaidoyé de Me JACQUES CAPPEL, advocat du roy » ; 34 « Fait qualiffié pour un couppe bourse condamné à estre pendu. 1549 » ; 35 « Priere qui se faisoit tous les jours en la chambre de monsieur le prince » de Condé « par Me THEODORE DE BELZE, lorsque ledict prince tenoit la ville de Paris assiegée et qu'il estoit malade, en decembre 1562 » ; 36 « Priere des medecins de mons. le prince » de Condé « malade, qu'ilz faisoient en sa chambre avant que l'approcher » ; 37 « Lettre de monseigneur VIRET à madame la princesse de Condé, malade. 1564 » ; 38 « Arrest contre les Tarquetz et autres. 1554 » ; 39 « Arrest de la cour de parlement contre François Le Breton. 1586 » ; 40 « Arrest de la cour de parlement contre Jehan d'Alençon. Du [18] juillet 1474 » ; 41 « Arrest de la cour de parlement contre le connestable de Saint Paul. 1475 » ; 42 « Arrest de la cour de parlement contre messire Philippes de Commines. 1488 » ; 43 « Arrest de la cour de parlement contre Me Claude de Chauvreux, conseiller en ladicte cour, accusé de fausseté. 1496 » ; 44 « Arrest donné contre messire Jacques de Beaulne, general des finances. 1527 » ; 45 « Arrest de la cour de parlement, donné contre un escollier qui se faisoit appeller le cappitaine des Bouttefeux. 1557 » ; 46 « Arrest de declaration d'innocence de monsieur le prince de Condé. 1567 » ; 47 « Doleance que a faicte messire GILLES BOURDIN, procureur general du roy, sur la cruauté commise en la personne de Me Baptiste Sapin, en son vivant conseiller du roy en sa cour de parlement, le XII novembre 1562 » ; 48 « Arrest du parlement de Bordeaux contre le cardinal de Sourdis. Du [30] decembre 1606 » ; 49 « Dicton prononcé à la condemnation du comte Sebastiano de Montecucul[l]o, empoisonneur de feu monsieur le dauphin de France. 1536 » ; 50 « Arrest de la cour de parlement, donné contre le chancellier Poyet. 1545 » ; 51 « Coppie de la sentence prononcée contre Jacques Spifame, evesque de Nevers, à Geneve, et executé audit lieu, le 25 mars 1566 » ; 52 « Extrait d'un arrest de la cour de parlement de Paris, donné en l'année 1568 contre les regens et docteurs qui se trouverroient estre de la religion nouvelle. 1568 » ; 53 « Extraict des choses notables contenues en un registre de la cour de parlement, jugées et arrestées, depuis le mardy IXe aoust 1401 jusques au [21] decembre 1431 » ; 54 « Extraits de la chronique que l'on appelle scandaleuse » ; 55 « Extrait de la chronique de Saint Denis » ; 56 « Quelques Dattes d'années pour memoires » ; 57 « Les Ages des enfans du roy Henry second et de Catherine de Medicis, sa femme » ; 58 « Abjuration de Me Claude d'Espence, faite publiquement par luy dans l'eglise Saint Mederic, à Paris, le dimanche [22] juillet 1543 » ; 59 « Discours des raisons et persuasions de la paix. 1568 » ; 60 « Dialogue de Mercure et Proserpine, à l'imitation de ceux de Lucian, publié l'an 1591 » ; 61 « Lettre du roy HENRY [III] au comte de Montbeliart, peu apres sa blessure. 1589 » ; 62 « Discours de la mort et derniers propos du feu roy [Henri] troisiesme, en l'année 1589 » ; 63 « Coppie de la declaration envoyée à monseigneur le premier president de Harlay pour jurer et signer la Ligue » ; 64 « Response dudit sieur premier president au Sr de Brannivelli, qui luy avoit apporté ou envoyé la dite declaration » ; 65 « Extraict des registres du conseil general de l'union des catholiques ». 31 août 1589 ; 66 « Advis sur la bulle du pape Sixte [Quint], touchant la fulmination du roy de Navarre et du prince de Condé... 1585 » ; 67 « Discours sur la preseance debatue entre les roys d'Espagne et de France, faict par messire AUGUSTIN CRAVALLER, à Rome. 1586 » ; 68 « Response à ce que les François alleguent au contraire de ce que cy dessus a esté desduit » ; 69 « La derniere Demande des princes de la Ligue au roy. 1585 » ; 70 « Lettre de monseigneur le duc DE MAYENNE au roy. 1587 » ; 71 « Autre Lettre du duc DE MAYENNE au roy, pour excuse du rapt de la fille de La Vaugion, enlevée par luy, au retour de son voyage de Guyenne » ; 72 « Advis au roy de Navarre, sur l'estat de ce temps. [10] febvrier 1587 » ; 73 « Lettre de monseigneur DE LA GUESLE, procureur general, à monsieur de La Guesle, president, son pere, escrite de Paris à Chartres, le [25] juin 1587 » ; 74 « Testament de la roine mere CATHERINE DE MEDICIS. 1589 » ; 75 « Lettre du roy DE NAVARRE aux Suisses. 1585 » ; 76 « Discours de monseigneur TH. SIBILET, advocat en parlement, sur les affaires de l'année 1589 » ; 77 « Lettre escritte en Angleterre par un François, huguenot, à un autre François, huguenot, sur la conspiration faicte contre la roine [Élisabeth]. 1586 » ; 78 Mémoire sur « le combat des sieurs de Jarnac et de La Chastigneraye. 1547 » ; 79 « Coppie de la lettre escritte à monseigneur d'Espernon par monseigneur DE BELLIEVRE, en l'année 1595 » ; 80 « Lettre escritte de Lion par un serviteur du roy à un sien amy à Tours, du [11] febvrier 1594, contenant au vray ce qui s'est passé en la reduction de la ville en l'obeissance de Sa Majesté, les 7, 8 et 9 jour de febvrier 1594 » ; 81 « Extraict des principaux chefs d'accusation qui ont faict soulever le peuple de Lion contre le duc de Nemours et causé son emprisonnement » ; 82 « Discours envoyé de Brignolles, en Provence, sur un estrange accident advenu au mesme temps à monseigneur d'Espernon, et comme il en a esté garanty miraculeusement. 1595 »

The exercise leader's gender and physique salience : effects on self-presentational concerns in an exercise context

Self-presentation is the process by which individuals attempt to monitor and control how others perceive and evaluate them (Leary, 1992; Leary & Kowalski, 1990). Self-presentational concerns have been shown to influence a number of exercise-related behaviours, cognitions, and affective responses to exercise (e.g., social anxiety). Social anxiety occurs when an individual wants to create a specific impression on others, but is unsure (s)he will be successful (Leary & Kowalski, 1995). Social physique anxiety (SPA) is a specific form of social anxiety related the evaluation of one's body (Hart, Leary, & Rejeski, 1989). Both social anxiety and SPA may act as deterrents to exercise (Lantz, Hardy, & Ainsworth, 1997; Leary, 1992), so it is important to examine factors that may influence social anxiety and SPA; one such factor is self-presentational efficacy (SPE). SPE is one's confidence in successfully making desired impressions on others (Leary & Atherton, 1986) and has been associated with social anxiety and SPA (Leary & Kowalski, 1995; Gammage, Martin Ginis, & Hall, 2004). Several aspects of the exercise environment, such as the presence of mirrors, clothing, and the exercise leader or other participant characteristics, may be manipulated to influence self-presentational concerns (e.g., Gammage, Martin Ginis et aI., 2004; Martin & Fox, 2001; Martin Ginis, Prapavessis, & Haase, 2005). Given that the exercise leader has been recognized as one of the most important influences in the group exercise context (Franklin, 1988), it is important to further examine how the leader may impact self-presentational concerns. The present study examined the impact of the exercise leader's gender and physique salience (i.e., the extent to which the body was emphasized) on SPE, state social anxiety (SSA), and state social physique anxiety (SPA-S) of women in a live exercise class. Eighty-seven college-aged female non- or infrequent exercisers (i.e., exercised 2 or fewer times per week) participated in a group exercise class led by one of four leaders: a female whose physique was salient; a female whose physique was non-salient; a male whose physique was salient; or a male whose physique was non-salient. Participants completed measures of SPE, SSA, and SPA-S prior to and following completion of a 30- minute group exercise class. In addition, a measure of social comparison to the exercise leader and other participants with respect to attractiveness, skill, and fitness was completed by participants following the exercise class. A MANOV A was conducted to examine differences between groups on postexercise variables. Results indicated that there were no significant differences between groups on measures ofSPE, SSA, or SPA-S (allp's > .05). However, when all participants were collapsed into one group, a MANOV A showed a significant time effect (F(3, 81) = 19.45,p < .05, 1')2= .419). Follow-up ANOVAs indicated that post-exercise SPE increased significantly, while SSA and SPA-S decreased significantly (SPE: F(I, 83) = 30.87,p < .001,1')2 = .27; SSA: F(I,83) = 11.09,p < .001, 1')2 = .12; SPA-S: F (1,83) = 42.79,p < .001, 1')2 = .34). Further, results of a MANOVA revealed that participants who believed they were less fit than other group members (i.e., made negative social comparisons) reported significantly more post-exercise SSA and SP A-S than those who believed they were more fit than the other participants (i.e., made positive comparisons; SSA: F(2, 84) = 3.46, p < .05, 1')2 = .08; SPA-S: F(2, 84) = 5.69, p < .05, 1')2 = .12). These results may indicate that successfully completing an exercise class may serve as a source of SPE and lead to reduced social anxiety and SPA-S in this population. Alternatively, characteristics of the exercise leader may be less important than characteristics of the other participants. These results also suggest that the types of social comparisons made may influence self-presentational concerns in this sample. Future research should examine how the type of social comparison (i.e., negative or positive) made to the other group members may either generate or reduce anxiety. Also, factors that contribute to the types of social comparisons made with other exercisers should be examined. Implications for practice and research are discussed.