Caspase-2 activation in the absence of PIDDosome formation.

PIDD (p53-induced protein with a death domain [DD]), together with the bipartite adapter protein RAIDD (receptor-interacting protein-associated ICH-1/CED-3 homologous protein with a DD), is implicated in the activation of pro-caspase-2 in a high molecular weight complex called the PIDDosome during apoptosis induction after DNA damage. To investigate the role of PIDD in cell death initiation, we generated PIDD-deficient mice. Processing of caspase-2 is readily detected in the absence of PIDDosome formation in primary lymphocytes. Although caspase-2 processing is delayed in simian virus 40-immortalized pidd(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, it still depends on loss of mitochondrial integrity and effector caspase activation. Consistently, apoptosis occurs normally in all cell types analyzed, suggesting alternative biological roles for caspase-2 after DNA damage. Because loss of either PIDD or its adapter molecule RAIDD did not affect subcellular localization, nuclear translocation, or caspase-2 activation in high molecular weight complexes, we suggest that at least one alternative PIDDosome-independent mechanism of caspase-2 activation exists in mammals in response to DNA damage.

Cytoskeletal and DNA structure abnormalities result from bypass of requirement for the cdc10 start gene in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

The cdc10 gene of the fission yeast S. pombe is required for traverse of the start control in late G1 and commitment to the mitotic cell cycle. To increase our understanding of the events which occur at start, a pseudoreversion analysis was undertaken to identify genes whose products may interact with cdc10 or bypass the requirement for it. A single gene, sct1+ (suppressor of cdc ten), has been identified, mutation of which suppresses all conditional alleles and a null allele of cdc10. Bypass of the requirement for cdc10+ function by sct1-1 mutations leads to pleiotropic defects, including microtubule, microfilament and nuclear structural abnormalities. Our data suggest that sct1 encodes a protein that is dependent upon cdc10+ either for its normal function or expression, or is a component of a checkpoint that monitors execution of p85cdc10 function.

The caspase-8 inhibitor FLIP promotes activation of NF-kappaB and Erk signaling pathways.

BACKGROUND: Activation of Fas (CD95) by its ligand (FasL) rapidly induces cell death through recruitment and activation of caspase-8 via the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD). However, Fas signals do not always result in apoptosis but can also trigger a pathway that leads to proliferation. We investigated the level at which the two conflicting Fas signals diverge and the protein(s) that are implicated in switching the response. RESULTS: Under conditions in which proliferation of CD3-activated human T lymphocytes is increased by recombinant FasL, there was activation of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 and recruitment of the caspase-8 inhibitor and FADD-interacting protein FLIP (FLICE-like inhibitory protein). Fas-recruited FLIP interacts with TNF-receptor associated factors 1 and 2, as well as with the kinases RIP and Raf-1, resulting in the activation of the NF-kappaB and extracellular signal regulated kinase (Erk) signaling pathways. In T cells these two signal pathways are critical for interleukin-2 production. Increased expression of FLIP in T cells resulted in increased production of interleukin-2. CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence that FLIP is not simply an inhibitor of death-receptor-induced apoptosis but that it also mediates the activation of NF-kappaB and Erk by virtue of its capacity to recruit adaptor proteins involved in these signaling pathways.

Signaling across the synapse: a role for Wnt and Dishevelled in presynaptic assembly and neurotransmitter release

Proper dialogue between presynaptic neurons and their targets is essential for correct synaptic assembly and function. At central synapses, Wnt proteins function as retrograde signals to regulate axon remodeling and the accumulation of presynaptic proteins. Loss of Wnt7a function leads to defects in the localization of presynaptic markers and in the morphology of the presynaptic axons. We show that loss of function of Dishevelled-1 (Dvl1) mimics and enhances the Wnt7a phenotype in the cerebellum. Although active zones appear normal, electrophysiological recordings in cerebellar slices from Wnt7a/Dvl1 double mutant mice reveal a defect in neurotransmitter release at mossy fi ber–granule cell synapses. Deficiency in Dvl1 decreases, whereas exposure to Wnt increases, synaptic vesicle recycling in mossy fi bers. Dvl increases the number of Bassoon clusters, and like other components of the Wnt pathway, it localizes to synaptic sites. These fi ndings demonstrate that Wnts signal across the synapse on Dvl-expressing presynaptic terminals to regulate synaptic assembly and suggest a potential novel function for Wnts in neurotransmitter release.

Impact of early valve surgery on outcome of Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic valve infective endocarditis: analysis in the International Collaboration of Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The impact of early valve surgery (EVS) on the outcome of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) prosthetic valve infective endocarditis (PVIE) is unresolved. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between EVS, performed within the first 60 days of hospitalization, and outcome of SA PVIE within the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. METHODS: Participants were enrolled between June 2000 and December 2006. Cox proportional hazards modeling that included surgery as a time-dependent covariate and propensity adjustment for likelihood to receive cardiac surgery was used to evaluate the impact of EVS and 1-year all-cause mortality on patients with definite left-sided S. aureus PVIE and no history of injection drug use. RESULTS: EVS was performed in 74 of the 168 (44.3%) patients. One-year mortality was significantly higher among patients with S. aureus PVIE than in patients with non-S. aureus PVIE (48.2% vs 32.9%; P = .003). Staphylococcus aureus PVIE patients who underwent EVS had a significantly lower 1-year mortality rate (33.8% vs 59.1%; P = .001). In multivariate, propensity-adjusted models, EVS was not associated with 1-year mortality (risk ratio, 0.67 [95% confidence interval, .39-1.15]; P = .15). CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective, multinational cohort of patients with S. aureus PVIE, EVS was not associated with reduced 1-year mortality. The decision to pursue EVS should be individualized for each patient, based upon infection-specific characteristics rather than solely upon the microbiology of the infection causing PVIE.

Final results of the SAKK 16/00 trial: a randomized phase III trial comparing neoadjuvant chemoradiation to chemotherapy alone in stage IIIA/N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Aim: One standard option in the treatment of stage IIIA/N2 NSCLC is neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery. We investigated in a randomized trial whether the addition of neoadjuvant radiotherapy would improve the outcome. Here we present the final results of this study. Methods: Patients (pts.) with pathologically proven, resectable stage IIIA/N2 NSCLC, performance status 0-1, and adequate organ function were randomized 1:1 to chemoradiation (CRT) with 3 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin 100 mg/m2 and docetaxel 85 mg/m2 d1, q3weeks) followed by accelerated concomitant boost radiotherapy (RT) with 44 Gy in 22 fractions in 3 weeks, or neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone (CT), with subsequent surgery for all pts. The primary endpoint was event-free survival (EFS). Results: 232 pts. were randomized in 23 centers, the median follow-up was 53 months. Two thirds were men, median age was 60 years (range 37-76). Histology was squamous cell in 33%, adenocarcinoma in 43%. Response rate to CRT was 61% vs. 44% with CT. 85% of all pts. underwent surgery, 30-day postoperative mortality was 1%. The rate of complete resection was 91% (CRT) vs. 81% (CT) and the pathological complete remission (pCR) rate was 16% vs. 12%. The median EFS was 13.1 months (95% CI 9.9 - 23.5) for the CRT group vs. 11.8 months (95% CI 8.4 - 15.2) in the CT arm (p 0.665). The median overall survival (OS) with CRT was 37.1 months (95% CI 22.6 -50), with CT 26.1 months ( 95% CI 26.1 - 52.1, p 0.938). The local failure rate was 23% in both arms. In the CT arm 12 pts. were given postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for R1 resection, 6 pts. received PORT in violation of the protocol. Pts. with a pCR, mediastinal downstaging to ypN0/1 and complete resection had a better outcome. Toxicity of chemotherapy was substantial, especially febrile neutropenia was common, whereas RT was well tolerated. Conclusions: This is the first completed phase III trial to evaluate the role of induction chemoradiotherapy and surgery, in comparison to neoadjuvant CT alone followed by surgery. RT was active, it increased response, complete resection and pCR rates. However, this failed to translate into an improvement of local control, EFS or OS. Notably, surgery after induction treatment was safe, including pneumonectomy. The overall survival rates of our neoadjuvant regimen are very encouraging, especially for a multicenter setting. Disclosure: M. Pless: Advisory Board for Sanofi; R. Cathomas: Advisory Board Sanofi D.C. Betticher: Advisory Board Sanofi. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

CD8 engineered cytotoxic T cells reprogram melanoma tumor environment.

NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from CD8β-deficient mice have powerful FasL-mediated cytotoxicity and IFNγ responses, but ablated Ca(2+) and NFAT signaling, which can be restored by transduction with CD8β. Upon infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), these cells yielded GP33-specific CTL (CD8βR) that exhibited high FasL/Fas-mediated cytotoxicity, IFNγ CXCL9 and 10 chemokine responses. Transfer of these cells in B16-GP33 tumor bearing mice resulted in (i) massive T cell tumor infiltration, (ii) strong reduction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Treg) and IL-17-expressing T helper cells, (iii) maturation of tumor-associated antigen-presenting cells and (iv) production of endogenous, B16 melanoma-specific CTL that eradicated the tumor long after the transferred CD8βR CTL perished. Our study demonstrates that the synergistic combination of strong Fas/FasL mediated cytotoxicity, IFNγ and CXCL9 and 10 responses endows adoptively transferred CTL to reprogram the tumor environment and to thus enable the generation of endogenous, tumoricidal immunity.

Neuroprotection by selective neuronal deletion of Atg7 in neonatal brain injury.

Perinatal asphyxia induces neuronal cell death and brain injury, and is often associated with irreversible neurological deficits in children. There is an urgent need to elucidate the neuronal death mechanisms occurring after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). We here investigated the selective neuronal deletion of the Atg7 (autophagy related 7) gene on neuronal cell death and brain injury in a mouse model of severe neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Neuronal deletion of Atg7 prevented HI-induced autophagy, resulted in 42% decrease of tissue loss compared to wild-type mice after the insult, and reduced cell death in multiple brain regions, including apoptosis, as shown by decreased caspase-dependent and -independent cell death. Moreover, we investigated the lentiform nucleus of human newborns who died after severe perinatal asphyxia and found increased neuronal autophagy after severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy compared to control uninjured brains, as indicated by the numbers of MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3)-, LAMP1 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1)-, and CTSD (cathepsin D)-positive cells. These findings reveal that selective neuronal deletion of Atg7 is strongly protective against neuronal death and overall brain injury occurring after HI and suggest that inhibition of HI-enhanced autophagy should be considered as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of human newborns developing severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Análise de ácidos graxos não-esterificados de plasma humano por cromatografia gasosa capilar com injeção sem divisão de fluxo

The aim of the present work was to test the combination of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) isolation using fumed silicon dioxide with capillary gas-chromatography (C-GC) with splitless injection for the analysis of NEFAs in human plasma. Injection volume, solvent re-condensation and split purge flow-rate were the parameters evaluated for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters by C-GC. The use of a solvent re-condensation technique, associated with 1.0 µL injection and a split purge flow rate of 80 mL/min resulted in satisfactory analysis of NEFAs. Fourteen fatty acids were identified in plasma samples, ranging from 2.03 to 184.0 µmol/L. The combination of both techniques proved useful for routine analyses of plasma NEFAs.

Restoration of sensory dysfunction following peripheral nerve injury by the polysaccharide from culinary and medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. through its neuroregenerative action

Abstract Peripheral nerves have the unique capability to regenerate after injury. Insights into regeneration of peripheral nerves after injury may have implications for neurodegenerative diseases of the nervous system. We investigated the ability of polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus mushroom in the treatment of nerve injury following peroneal nerve crush in Sprague-Dawley rats by daily oral administration. In sensory functional recovery test, the time taken for the rats to withdraw its hind limb from contact with the hot plate was measured. The test revealed acceleration of sensory recovery in the polysaccharide group compared to negative controls. Further, peripheral nerve injury leads to changes at the remotely located DRG containing cell bodies of sensory neurons. Immunofluorescence studies showed that Akt and p38 MAPK were expressed in DRG and strongly upregulated in polysaccharide group after peripheral nerve injury. The intensity of endothelial cells antigen-1 that recognized endothelial cells in the blood vessels of distal segments in crushed nerves was significantly higher in the treated groups than in the negative control group. Our findings suggest that H. erinaceus is capable of accelerating sensory functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury and the effect involves the activation of protein kinase signaling pathways and restoration of blood-nerve barrier.

Surpresas com relação à política monetária e o mercado de capitais: evidências do caso brasileiro

This article evaluates the effects that monetary policy actions exert on Brazilian stock market. By the measures defined to estimate the surprise caused by Comitê de Política Monetária do Banco Central do Brasil (COPOM) decisions, it was verified that to a hypothetic unexpected 1% increase in the target rate is associated an 1.3% average fall of Bovespa Index. Additional tests did not show distinct reactions caused by direction decisions, neither evidences from relevant recent economic events or decision contexts having influences on the surprise responses.

Dégradation des membres de la famille du LDLR par la convertase PCSK9 : troisième locus de l'hypercholestérolémie familiale

Les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) sont les principales causes de mortalité et de morbidité à travers le monde. En Amérique du Nord, on estime à 90 millions le nombre d’individus ayant une ou plusieurs MCV, à près de 1 million le nombre de décès reliés par année et à 525 milliards de dollars les coûts directs et indirects en 2010. En collaboration avec l’équipe du Dre. Boileau, notre laboratoire a récemment identifié, le troisième locus impliqué dans l’hypercholestérolémie familiale. Une étude publiée dans le New Engl J Med a révélé que l’absence de la convertase PCSK9 réduit de 88% le risque de MCV, corrélé à une forte réduction du taux de cholestérol plasmatique (LDL-C). Il fut démontré que PCSK9 lie directement le récepteur aux lipoprotéines de faible densité (LDLR) et, par un mécanisme méconnu, favorise sa dégradation dans les endosomes/lysosomes provoquant ainsi une accumulation des particules LDL-C dans le plasma. Dans cet ouvrage, nous nous sommes intéressés à trois aspects bien distincts : [1] Quels sont les cibles de PCSK9 ? [2] Quelle voie du trafic cellulaire est impliquée dans la dégradation du LDLR par PCSK9 ? [3] Comment peut-on inhiber la fonction de PCSK9 ? [1] Nous avons démontré que PCSK9 induit la dégradation du LDLR de même que les récepteurs ApoER2 et VLDLR. Ces deux membres de la famille du LDLR (fortes homologies) sont impliqués notamment dans le métabolisme des lipides et de la mise en place de structures neuronales. De plus, nous avons remarqué que la présence de ces récepteurs favorise l’attachement cellulaire de PCSK9 et ce, indépendamment de la présence du LDLR. Cette étude a ouvert pour la première fois le spectre d’action de PCSK9 sur d’autres protéines membranaires. [2] PCSK9 étant une protéine de la voie sécrétoire, nous avons ensuite évalué l’apport des différentes voies du trafic cellulaire, soit extra- ou intracellulaire, impliquées dans la dégradation du LDLR. À l’aide de milieux conditionnées dérivés d’hépatocytes primaires, nous avons d’abord démontré que le niveau extracellulaire de PCSK9 endogène n’a pas une grande influence sur la dégradation intracellulaire du LDLR, lorsqu’incubés sur des hépatocytes provenant de souris déficientes en PCSK9 (Pcsk9-/-). Par analyses de tri cellulaire (FACS), nous avons ensuite remarqué que la surexpression de PCSK9 diminue localement les niveaux de LDLR avec peu d’effet sur les cellules voisines. Lorsque nous avons bloqué l’endocytose du LDLR dans les cellules HepG2 (lignée de cellules hépatiques pour l’étude endogène de PCSK9), nous n’avons dénoté aucun changement des niveaux protéiques du récepteur. Par contre, nous avons pu démontrer que PCSK9 favorise la dégradation du LDLR par l’intermédiaire d’une voie intracellulaire. En effet l’interruption du trafic vésiculaire entre le réseau trans-Golgien (RTG) et les endosomes (interférence à l’ARN contre les chaînes légères de clathrine ; siCLCs) prévient la dégradation du LDLR de manière PCSK9-dépendante. [3] Par immunobuvardage d’affinité, nous avons identifié que la protéine Annexine A2 (AnxA2) interagit spécifiquement avec le domaine C-terminal de PCSK9, important pour son action sur le LDLR. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons cartographié le domaine R1 (acides aminés 34 à 108) comme étant responsable de l’interaction PCSK9AnxA2 qui, jusqu’à présent, n’avait aucune fonction propre. Finalement, nous avons démontré que l’ajout d’AnxA2 prévient la dégradation du LDLR induite par PCSK9. En somme, nos travaux ont pu identifier que d’autres membres de la famille du LDLR, soit ApoER2 et VLDLR, sont sensibles à la présence de PCSK9. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence que l’intégrité du trafic intracellulaire est critique à l’action de PCSK9 sur le LDLR et ce, de manière endogène. Finalement, nous avons identifié l’Annexine A2 comme unique inhibiteur naturel pouvant interférer avec la dégradation du LDLR par PCSK9. Il est indéniable que PCSK9 soit une cible de premier choix pour contrer l’hypercholestérolémie afin de prévenir le développement de MCV. Cet ouvrage apporte donc des apports considérables dans notre compréhension des voies cellulaires impliquées, des cibles affectées et ouvre directement la porte à une approche thérapeutique à fort potentiel.

Regulation of BAP1 tumor suppressor complex by post-translational modifications

Le régulateur transcriptionnel BAP1 est une déubiquitinase nucléaire (DUB) dont le substrat est l’histone H2A modifiée par monoubiquitination au niveau des residus lysines 118 et 119 (K118/K119). Depuis les dernières années, BAP1 emerge comme un gene suppresseur de tumeur majeur. En effet, BAP1 est inactivé dans un plethore de maladies humaines héréditaires et sporadiques. Cependant, malgré l’accumulation significative des connaissances concernant l’occurrence, la pénétrance et l’impact des défauts de BAP1 sur le développement de cancers, ses mécanismes d’action et de régulation restent très peu compris. Cette étude est dédiée à la caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle du complexe multi-protéique de BAP1 et se présente parmi les premiers travaux décrivant sa régulation par des modifications post-traductionnelles. D’abord, nous avons défini la composition du corps du complexe BAP1 ainsi que ses principaux partenaires d’interaction. Ensuite, nous nous sommes spécifiquement intéressés a investiguer d’avantage deux principaux aspects de la régulation de BAP1. Nous avons d’abord décrit l’inter-régulation entre deux composantes majeures du complexe BAP1, soit HCF-1 et OGT. D’une manière très intéressante, nous avons trouvé que le cofacteur HCF-1 est un important régulateur des niveaux protéiques d’OGT. En retour, OGT est requise pour la maturation protéolytique de HCF-1 en promouvant sa protéolyse par O-GlcNAcylation, un processus de régulation très important pour le bon fonctionnement de HCF-1. D’autre part, nous avons découvert un mécanisme unique de régulation de BAP1 médiée par l’ubiquitine ligase atypique UBE2O. en effet, UBE2O se caractérise par le fait qu’il s’agit aussi bien d’une ubiquitine conjuratrice et d’une ubiquitine ligase. UBE2O, multi-monoubiquitine BAP1 au niveau de son domaine NLS et promeut son exclusion du noyau, le séquestrant ainsi dans le cytoplasme. De façon importante, nos travaux ont permis de mettre de l’emphase sur le rôle de l’activité auto-catalytique de chacune de ces enzymes, soit l’activité d’auto-déubiquitination de BAP1 qui est requise pour la maintenance de sa localisation nucléaire ainsi que l’activité d’auto-ubiquitination d’UBE2O impliquée dans son transport nucléo-cytoplasmique. De manière significative, nous avons trouvé que des défauts au niveau de l’auto-déubiquitination de BAP1 due à des mutations associées à certains cancers indiquent l’importance d’une propre regulation de cette déubiquitinase pour les processus associés à la suppression de tumeurs.

Annotation and characterization of the Plasmodium vivax rhoptry neck protein 4 (PvRON4)

Background: The tight junction (TJ) is one of the most important structures established during merozoite invasion of host cells and a large amount of proteins stored in Toxoplasma and Plasmodium parasites’ apical organelles are involved in forming the TJ. Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) and rhoptry neck proteins (RONs) are the two main TJ components. It has been shown that RON4 plays an essential role during merozoite and sporozoite invasion to target cells. This study has focused on characterizing a novel Plasmodium vivax rhoptry protein, RON4, which is homologous to PfRON4 and PkRON4. Methods: The ron4 gene was re-annotated in the P. vivax genome using various bioinformatics tools and taking PfRON4 and PkRON4 amino acid sequences as templates. Gene synteny, as well as identity and similarity values between open reading frames (ORFs) belonging to the three species were assessed. The gene transcription of pvron4, and the expression and localization of the encoded protein were also determined in the VCG-1 strain by molecular and immunological studies. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences obtained for pvron4 in VCG-1 were compared to those from strains coming from different geographical areas. Results: PvRON4 is a 733 amino acid long protein, which is encoded by three exons, having similar transcription and translation patterns to those reported for its homologue, PfRON4. Sequencing PvRON4 from the VCG-1 strain and comparing it to P. vivax strains from different geographical locations has shown two conserved regions separated by a low complexity variable region, possibly acting as a “smokescreen”. PvRON4 contains a predicted signal sequence, a coiled-coil α-helical motif, two tandem repeats and six conserved cysteines towards the carboxyterminus and is a soluble protein lacking predicted transmembranal domains or a GPI anchor. Indirect immunofluorescence assays have shown that PvRON4 is expressed at the apical end of schizonts and co-localizes at the rhoptry neck with PvRON2.

On the near periodicity of eigenvalues of Toeplitz matrices

Let $A$ be an infinite Toeplitz matrix with a real symbol $f$ defined on $[-\pi, \pi]$. It is well known that the sequence of spectra of finite truncations $A_N$ of $A$ converges to the convex hull of the range of $f$. Recently, Levitin and Shargorodsky, on the basis of some numerical experiments, conjectured, for symbols $f$ with two discontinuities located at rational multiples of $\pi$, that the eigenvalues of $A_N$ located in the gap of $f$ asymptotically exhibit periodicity in $N$, and suggested a formula for the period as a function of the position of discontinuities. In this paper, we quantify and prove the analog of this conjecture for the matrix $A^2$ in a particular case when $f$ is a piecewise constant function taking values $-1$ and $1$.