Tackling Health Inequalities

This briefing paper provides an introduction to health inequalities. It is part of a series produced using learning gleaned from health action zones across the East and West Midlands. ISBN: 1842794337

The Healthier Communities Shared Priority Project: Learning from the pathfinder authorities

This report presents the findings of an evaluation of how the 12 pathfinder local authorities in the LGA/DH sponsored Shared Priority Project began engaging with new requirements to promote healthier communities and narrow health inequalities. The purpose of the report is to capture the learning from the pathfinder authorities' experience of this initial planning phase and share it more widely now that all local authorities have to focus on the shared priorities.

Practical lessons for dealing with inequalities in health impact assessment

This publication is a companion to Addressing inequalities through health impact assessment (Taylor et al., 2003a), which described what a focus on inequalities could achieve, offered case study examples, and outlined promising practice. This bulletin discusses recent publications and presents a further two case studies that attempt to address health inequalities through the use of HIA. .

Measuring impact: Improving the health and wellbeing of people in mid-life and beyond

Measuring impact is the third in a series of publications commissioned by the Health Development Agency from the mid-life programme of work, which seeks to improve the health and wellbeing of people in the mid-life age group and reduce inequalities. The publications Making the case (HDA, 2003) and Taking action (HDA, 2004), and now Measuring impact, aim to support practitioners and policy makers at a local level in implementing and using the evidence of what works to develop mainstream practice and influence policy formulation in this population group.

Health equity audit - learning from practice briefing

This briefing provides a summary of learning from three workshops on HEA, and examples of completed or near-completed HEAs to illustrate these learning points. It is recognised that this experience is evolving.

Health and social inequalities in English adolescents: Exploring the importance of school, family and neighbourhood

The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study was established 22 years ago. It is cross-national research conducted by an international network of teams in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe. Its aim is to gain new insight into young people۪s health, wellbeing and health behaviour, including links with their social context. Researchers from three countries started the HBSC study in 1982 and since then, a growing number of countries and regions have joined the study. This report presents findings from the 2001/2 English part of the study, which was carried out on behalf of the Health Development Agency by BMRB Social Research. This is the third time the survey has been carried out in England; previous surveys took place in 1995 and 1997.

Services in disadvantaged areas: Statins report

NICE report: Proactive case finding and retention and improving access to services in disadvantaged areas (Health Inequalities). The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence was asked by the Department of Health to produce guidance for the NHS on public health interventions aimed at reducing the rate of premature death (defined by ONS as death

Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and high rate of response to hepatitis B virus Butang®vaccine in adolescents from low income families in Central Brazil

In order to evaluate the seroepidemiology and response to Butang® vaccine in adolescents from low income families in Central Brazil, blood samples of 664 adolescents were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc), and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) markers, and multiple logistical regression analysis was carried out to determine variables associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection markers. further, three 20 µg butang® vaccine doses were offered to all susceptible individuals (n = 304). Among those who accepted them (n = 182), the seroresponse was evaluated in 170 individuals by quantitative anti-HBs. an overall hbv prevalence of 5.9% was found: four adolescents were HBsAg positive, 24 were anti-HBc, anti-HBs-reactive, and 11 were anti-HBc only. The analyse of risk factors showed that age 16-19 years, place of birth outside Goiás, school B and body piercing were statistically associated with HBV infection markers (p < 0.05). All 170 adolescents responded to butang®, and a geometric mean titer (gmt) of 4344 mui/ml was obtained. these results reinforce the importance of hepatitis b vaccine in adolescents despite of the hbv regional endemicity, and suggest that three doses of 20 µg of the butang® should guarantee protective anti-hbs levels to individuals at a critical time for hepatitis b acquiring such as latter adolescence and adulthood.

Diabetes in pregnancy: are we providing the best care?

This third and final report of the CEMACH national diabetes programme comes at an important time in the national drive to improve services for women with diabetes in pregnancy. The National Service Framework (NSF) for Diabetes requires the NHS to develop, implement and monitor policies that seek to empower and support women with diabetes to optimise the outcomes of their pregnancy. The CEMACH report shows that, whilst progress has been made in improving services for women with diabetes and their babies, there is much still to be done to meet the standards recommended by the NSF. Too many women continue to be poorly prepared for pregnancy in the critical areas of glycaemic control and folic acid supplementation. The report underlines the need for an increased focus on diabetes preconception care services and the development of strategies to educate women with diabetes of childbearing age. The growing proportion of women with type 2 diabetes during pregnancy, many of whom are from minority ethnic groups, presents an additional challenge for health services in developing responsive and accessible services.This CEMACH report has identifi ed several areas of good clinical practice during pregnancy in women with pre-existing diabetes. However, there continue to be areas where there is room for improvement, including antenatal fetal surveillance, glycaemic control during labour and delivery and postnatal diabetes care. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) is currently in the fi nal stages of development of its new guideline for the management of diabetes in pregnancy. This guideline, when taken together with the CEMACH report, will provide local health services with an unprecedented wealth of material on which to base their development of improved services for women with diabetes in pregnancy.��

A survey on the enlistment of pharmacists in a hospital battalion of the Swiss Armed Forces

Background: Pharmacists, mainly militiamen, are incorporated in the Swiss Armed Forces, for instance in hospital battalions to supply drugs and medical devices, as well as to coordinate hygiene service. Presently, their duties are only very globally defined. Aims: The objective of this survey was to investigate the tasks that were actually assumed by the military pharmacy of the 2nd Hospital Battalion. Methods: Two types of commitments, offering military and civilian interest's convergence, were considered between 2005 and 2011: (1) army camps for the disabled and (2) operations and supports provided to two nursing homes. While relieving the civil caregiver usually involved with disabled or elderly people, such missions offer indeed the possibility to the army medical service to train its care and logistical processes with real patients, even in the absence of any sanitary crisis or war in the country. Results: Two basis activities have been assumed: (1) centralized supply of drugs and medical devices and (2) coordination of hygiene monitoring and disinfection operations. New tasks were also performed: (3) support to the management of ward-based pharmacies, (4) pillboxes preparation, (5) medication review and (6) selective participation in clinical rounds. The last two were integrated in an interdisciplinary education process. Conclusions: Results shows that, apart from traditional duties, new clinical-oriented activities have been evenly developed and assumed by militia pharmacists. They call thus for a possible renewed definition of the tasks of military hospital pharmacists and of their related military education. A wider study in all hospital battalions is yet mandatory.

Concentrations of resveratrol and derivatives in foods and estimation of dietary intake in a Spanish population: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Spain cohort

Resveratrol has been shown to have beneficial effects on diseases related to oxidant and/or inflammatory processes and extends the lifespan of simple organisms including rodents. The objective of the present study was to estimate the dietary intake of resveratrol and piceid (R&P) present in foods, and to identify the principal dietary sources of these compounds in the Spanish adult population. For this purpose, a food composition database (FCDB) of R&P in Spanish foods was compiled. The study included 40 685 subjects aged 35–64 years from northern and southern regions of Spain who were included in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Spain cohort. Usual food intake was assessed by personal interviews using a computerised version of a validated diet history method. An FCDB with 160 items was compiled. The estimated median and mean of R&P intake were 100 and 933 μg/d respectively. Approximately, 32 % of the population did not consume R&P. The most abundant of the four stilbenes studied was trans-piceid (53·6 %), followed by trans-resveratrol (20·9 %), cis-piceid (19·3 %) and cis-resveratrol (6·2 %). The most important source of R&P was wines (98·4 %) and grape and grape juices (1·6 %), whereas peanuts, pistachios and berries contributed to less than 0·01 %. For this reason the pattern of intake of R&P was similar to the wine pattern. This is the first time that R&P intake has been estimated in a Mediterranean country.

Functionalized nanostructures with application in regenerative medicine

In the last decade, both regenerative medicine and nanotechnology have been broadly developed leading important advances in biomedical research as well as in clinical practice. The manipulation on the molecular level and the use of several functionalized nanoscaled materials has application in various fields of regenerative medicine including tissue engineering, cell therapy, diagnosis and drug and gene delivery. The themes covered in this review include nanoparticle systems for tracking transplanted stem cells, self-assembling peptides, nanoparticles for gene delivery into stem cells and biomimetic scaffolds useful for 2D and 3D tissue cell cultures, transplantation and clinical application.

Sources of pre-analytical variations in yield of DNA extracted from blood samples: analysis of 50,000 DNA samples in EPIC.

The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC) is a long-term, multi-centric prospective study in Europe investigating the relationships between cancer and nutrition. This study has served as a basis for a number of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and other types of genetic analyses. Over a period of 5 years, 52,256 EPIC DNA samples have been extracted using an automated DNA extraction platform. Here we have evaluated the pre-analytical factors affecting DNA yield, including anthropometric, epidemiological and technical factors such as center of subject recruitment, age, gender, body-mass index, disease case or control status, tobacco consumption, number of aliquots of buffy coat used for DNA extraction, extraction machine or procedure, DNA quantification method, degree of haemolysis and variations in the timing of sample processing. We show that the largest significant variations in DNA yield were observed with degree of haemolysis and with center of subject recruitment. Age, gender, body-mass index, cancer case or control status and tobacco consumption also significantly impacted DNA yield. Feedback from laboratories which have analyzed DNA with different SNP genotyping technologies demonstrate that the vast majority of samples (approximately 88%) performed adequately in different types of assays. To our knowledge this study is the largest to date to evaluate the sources of pre-analytical variations in DNA extracted from peripheral leucocytes. The results provide a strong evidence-based rationale for standardized recommendations on blood collection and processing protocols for large-scale genetic studies.

Dietary fibre intake and risks of cancers of the colon and rectum in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC).

BACKGROUND Earlier analyses within the EPIC study showed that dietary fibre intake was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk, but results from some large cohort studies do not support this finding. We explored whether the association remained after longer follow-up with a near threefold increase in colorectal cancer cases, and if the association varied by gender and tumour location. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS After a mean follow-up of 11.0 years, 4,517 incident cases of colorectal cancer were documented. Total, cereal, fruit, and vegetable fibre intakes were estimated from dietary questionnaires at baseline. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models stratified by age, sex, and centre, and adjusted for total energy intake, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, education, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptive use, and intakes of alcohol, folate, red and processed meats, and calcium. After multivariable adjustments, total dietary fibre was inversely associated with colorectal cancer (HR per 10 g/day increase in fibre 0.87, 95% CI: 0.79-0.96). Similar linear associations were observed for colon and rectal cancers. The association between total dietary fibre and risk of colorectal cancer risk did not differ by age, sex, or anthropometric, lifestyle, and dietary variables. Fibre from cereals and fibre from fruit and vegetables were similarly associated with colon cancer; but for rectal cancer, the inverse association was only evident for fibre from cereals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results strengthen the evidence for the role of high dietary fibre intake in colorectal cancer prevention.

La recherche biomédicale en Suisse : espace social, discours et pratiques

Cette étude porte sur la recherche biomédicale en Suisse dans une perspective interprétative. Elle s'intéresse à l'usage que font les acteurs scientifiques et institutionnels de la catégorie «biomédical», à la signification qu'ils en donnent et aux processus de structuration de la recherche biomédicale autour de ces enjeux de catégorisation. Nous avons formulé l'hypothèse que le «biomédical» pouvait être considéré comme un label, à savoir une stratégie discursive de positionnement des acteurs, ou pouvait constituer un champ, à savoir un espace social de recherche fortement structuré. Pour pouvoir vérifier la validité de ces hypothèses, trois perspectives analytiques ont été retenues: topographie, discours et pratiques. Dans un premier temps, nous avons établi une topographie de la recherche biomédicale en repérant les acteurs (et leur appartenance disciplinaire) et les institutions qui s'associent au terme «biomédical», que ce soit pour décrire des institutions ou des projets de recherche. Les résultats de cette analyse offrent une première approximation d'un espace de la recherche en donnant une image d'un domaine peu unifié. Ainsi, l'usage de la catégorie «biomédical» dans les projets des chercheurs n'est pas le fait des seuls médecins et biologistes, mais également de représentants d'autres disciplines. La physique, la chimie et les sciences de l'ingénieur occupent ainsi également une place très importante dans cet espace de recherche. Puis, dans une perspective discursive, nous avons analysé le «biomédical» non seulement comme un label, mais également comme un objet-frontière permettant d'articuler différentes significations, de produire du sens là où des univers de recherche pourraient s'opposer, ou à coordonner des politiques qui ne l'étaient pas. L'analyse des différentes définitions du «biomédical» nous a confirmé l'existence d'un espace social marqué par une grande diversité disciplinaire, toutefois articulé autour d'un coeur médical et, plus particulièrement, d'une application médicale (potentielle ou actuelle). De plus, il ne semble pas y avoir de profondes luttes pour l'établissement de limites claires au «biomédical». Finalement, nous avons étudié les différentes activités de la production des savoirs (carrières, financement, collaboration, publication, etc.). Cette analyse a permis de comprendre que la diversité des définitions et des significations que les acteurs attribuent à la catégorie «biomédical» a aussi un ancrage dans la matérialité des réseaux sociotechniques dans lesquels les chercheurs s'inscrivent. Ces éléments confirment l'idée d'une fragmentation et d'une hétérogénéité de l'espace de la recherche biomédicale. En dépit de cette fragmentation, nous avons également montré que différentes mesures et instruments d'action publique visant à organiser et réguler les pratiques des chercheurs sont mis en oeuvre. Néanmoins et paradoxalement, la recherche biomédicale ne constitue pas pour autant un objet de politique scientifique abordé par les autorités politiques, en tous les cas pas sous l'angle de la catégorie «biomédical». Ces différents niveaux d'analyse ont permis d'arriver à la conclusion que la catégorie «biomédical» n'est pas suffisamment institutionnalisée et que le degré d'interaction entre l'ensemble des chercheurs qui en font usage est trop faible pour que l'on puisse considérer le «biomédical» comme un espace social fortement organisé et structuré, à savoir un champ de la recherche biomédicale. Cela est principalement lié au fait que les acteurs ne partagent pas les mêmes définitions de ce qu'est (ou devrait être) le «biomédical», que leurs pratiques de recherche s'inscrivent dans des univers relativement séparés, et que cette diversité ne donne pas lieu à de fortes luttes pour l'imposition d'une définition légitime ou de normes d'excellence scientifiques dominantes. Par contre, les analyses ont permis de confirmer la validité du «biomédical» comme label, puisque les acteurs se servent de cette catégorie pour valoriser leurs pratiques de recherche et se positionner, même si d'autres notions ont émergé ces dernières années («translationnel», «biotech», «medtech», médecine personnalisée, etc.). On peut, in fine, considérer le «biomédical» comme un probable langage commun («objet-frontière») reposant tant sur la scientificisation du médical que sur la médicalisation des sciences («de base» et «techniques »), visant à améliorer les conditions de possibilité d'un dialogue fructueux entre chercheurs fondamentaux et cliniciens.