Verdaguer a Folgueroles: un recurs local ben aprofitat estudi d'un sistema local territorial

És més que evident la relació de Jacint Verdaguer amb el poble de Folgueroles. Tanmateix, aquest estudi mostra llur relació des d’una nova perspectiva, en la qual el desenvolupament territorial n’és la base. Folgueroles percep quelcom d’identitari en el poeta i el fa esdevenir recurs clau per tirar endavant un projecte de poble. Mitjançant la descripció del Sistema Local Territorial sorgit a Folgueroles al voltant de la figura del poeta, es defineix aquest projecte, els seus actors principals i les seves relacions, i, finalment, se’n farà una valoració

Local model predictive control for navigation of a wheeled mobile robot using monocular information

Aquesta tesi està inspirada en els agents naturals per tal de planificar de manera dinàmica la navegació d'un robot diferencial de dues rodes. Les dades dels sistemes de percepció són integrades dins una graella d'ocupació de l'entorn local del robot. La planificació de les trajectòries es fa considerant la configuració desitjada del robot, així com els vértexs més significatius dels obstacles més propers. En el seguiment de les trajectòries s'utilitzen tècniques locals de control predictiu basades en el model, amb horitzons de predicció inferiors a un segon. La metodologia emprada és validada mitjançant nombrosos experiments.

La gestió turística local en el litoral català: una lectura des de la dialèctica socioespacial

L'aportació principal d'aquesta tesi és l'anàlisi de la gestió turística i les estratègies que els municipis del litoral català han desenvolupat per fer front a la crisi (o a la sensació de crisi) del model turístic tradicional que es va manifestar a principis dels anys noranta del segle passat. També proposa una nova visió de l'estructura territorial del litoral i aporta noves dades sobre l'evolució de l'oferta d'allotjament turístic a nivell municipal de tota la costa mediterrània espanyola entre els anys 1981 i 2001. El cos de la tesi s'estructura en tres parts: un marc teòric on es fa una anàlisi sistemàtica de les principals interpretacions sobre l'evolució de les destinacions madures, un capítol dedicat al models territorials litorals que, a més de l'anàlisi estadística descriptiva de les dades fa una anàlisi de conglomerats jeràrquics per definir els clusters territorials turístics, i finalment, una classificació de les estratègies que han desenvolupat els municipis litorals per adaptar-se a les noves formes de la demanda turística. Per a aquest darrer capítol s'ha entrevistat a 150 persones relacionades amb la gestió turística local i territorial dels municipis litorals catalans, a més d'estudiar els plans urbanístics i els documents d'estratègia turística. Això ha permès constatar que és principalment de l'àmbit local d'on parteixen les estratègies per adaptar-se a les noves formes de la demanda, i que aquestes respostes són diverses per què depenen del context (l'habitus habermasià) de cada municipi. Malgrat la diversitat, s'han pogut classificar les estratègies en cinc grups: les que intenten recrear l'espai turístic per convertir-lo en una autèntica ciutat per viure-hi tot l'any, les que es basen en la sostenibilitat, les que aposten per la hiperealitat, les que desenvolupen esdeveniments efímers i les que impulsen la millora de la qualitat del producte turístic tradicional. Generalment aquests canvis es desenvolupen per assaig-error, per intuïció, sense que responguin a un model preestablert. Una de les principals conclusions d'aquest apartat ens indica que hi ha pocs municipis que puguin explicitar el fons i la forma de la seva política turística. Per això es desenvolupen estratègies que es superposen, es barregen i, a vegades es contradiuen, fent que la política turística del municipi es reinventi contínuament. De fet, com dedueix una altra de les altres conclusions, el model turístic actual es basa en la innovació constant. Pel que fa al capítol teòric s'identifiquen les principals interpretacions sobre el canvi de model turístic i es classifiquen en cinc grups: les teories evolucionistes (Butler, Doxey, Miossec, Gormsen, Holder) que estableixen que les destinacions turístiques han de passar necessàriament per determinades fases, les teories que pronostiquen el col·lapse del sistema per superació de la capacitat de càrrega, les interpretacions que es basen en el canvi de l'escala, que parteixen de la idea que el turisme ha deixat de ser una activitat regional a un fenomen global, les que atribueixen als avenços tecnològics el canvi en el model i les que emmarquen els canvis turístics en un canvi més ampli que afecta a una societat que passa a ser postmoderna. De l'estudi teòric es desprèn que hi ha consens sobre la idea de crisi del model turístic però no hi ha unanimitat sobre les causes d'aquesta crisi ni sobre el nou model turístic que ha de sorgir. L'estudi empíric de les variables de l'oferta turística litoral, que és l'aportació principal del capítol dos, ha permès treure moltes conclusions, tant per l'estudi descriptiu de les dades com per l'anàlisi de conglomerats jeràrquics. En aquest breu resum només destacarem dues idees. La primera d'elles contempla que el litoral no és homogeni sinó que està constituït per cinc tipus diferents de municipis que formen unitats orgàniques que es repeteixen per tota la costa. Entre aquests tipus de municipis hi ha el que hem anomenat ociurbs, que concentren gran part de l'oferta turística, els nuclis turístics que tenen un nombre important de població resident i aporten mà d'obra i serveis, i les ciutats perifèriques que tot i estar a la costa viuen al marge del negoci turístic. L'altra idea a destacar és que en vint anys la distribució de l'oferta turística en el territori ha canviat poc: als lloc on hi havia una gran concentració de places al 1981, l'any 2001 encara són els llocs que ofereixen més serveis d'allotjament. S'observa però un important canvi en la tipologia dels allotjaments: en els 20 anys estudiats els habitatges turístics s'han consolidat com la modalitat d'allotjament emergent, a molta distància dels càmpings i l'oferta hotelera.

Local development companies and the regeneration of Britain's cities

Efforts to decentralise the pursuit of economic and social development have increased in recent years. The authors examine the rationale for establishing local development companies in areas of high unemployment and deprivation. The broad purpose is to establish a new style of organisation that combines attributes of the public and private sectors-to adapt and integrate economic and social services to meet local needs, to champion local interests in external arenas, and to act as enabling agents to promote local investment and development. These arguments are elaborated and illustrated with reference to one of Britain's most successful local development companies, Govan Initiative. The analysis reveals important strengths of the Initiative, including its action orientation, commitment to quality, and a local leadership role, but also certain weaknesses including its limited leverage over wider policies and resource flows. Local development companies need meaningful commitment from regional and national public organisations to fulfil their potential.

A review of climate risk information for adaptation and development planning

Although the use of climate scenarios for impact assessment has grown steadily since the 1990s, uptake of such information for adaptation is lagging by nearly a decade in terms of scientific output. Nonetheless, integration of climate risk information in development planning is now a priority for donor agencies because of the need to prepare for climate change impacts across different sectors and countries. This urgency stems from concerns that progress made against Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) could be threatened by anthropogenic climate change beyond 2015. Up to this time the human signal, though detectable and growing, will be a relatively small component of climate variability and change. This implies the need for a twin-track approach: on the one hand, vulnerability assessments of social and economic strategies for coping with present climate extremes and variability, and, on the other hand, development of climate forecast tools and scenarios to evaluate sector-specific, incremental changes in risk over the next few decades. This review starts by describing the climate outlook for the next couple of decades and the implications for adaptation assessments. We then review ways in which climate risk information is already being used in adaptation assessments and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of three groups of techniques. Next we identify knowledge gaps and opportunities for improving the production and uptake of climate risk information for the 2020s. We assert that climate change scenarios can meet some, but not all, of the needs of adaptation planning. Even then, the choice of scenario technique must be matched to the intended application, taking into account local constraints of time, resources, human capacity and supporting infrastructure. We also show that much greater attention should be given to improving and critiquing models used for climate impact assessment, as standard practice. Finally, we highlight the over-arching need for the scientific community to provide more information and guidance on adapting to the risks of climate variability and change over nearer time horizons (i.e. the 2020s). Although the focus of the review is on information provision and uptake in developing regions, it is clear that many developed countries are facing the same challenges. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society

Local environmental action in Japan: the transfer of the groundwork approach

This paper is the basis for a report on the transfer of the UK Groundwork approach to Japan. It details the background and history of Groundwork in the UK and sets out some of the relevant context in Japan. A Japanese case study (plus two further secondary cases) is detailed and conclusions and recommendations are drawn from the work to help suggest future directions for GW and environmental action in Japan in the future.

Community strategies in England: reshaping spaces of governance?

The preparation of Community Strategies (CS) has been required of LSPs and Local Authorities in England since the passing of the Local Government Act 2000. This paper examines the process and content of two Community Strategies in southern England as part of an ongoing project to understand their impact and explore ways that CSs may be carried through in a meaningful and effective manner. The paper concludes that the two CSs studied illustrate the challenge faced by LSPs in producing Strategies that are meaningful, inclusive and which follow the spirit of the government CS guidance. LAs and LSPs are also posed with a difficult challenge of seeing through an implicitly required transition from a traditional representative democratic structure/process with a more fluid participatory model. Thus we detect that at least two forms of conflict may arise – firstly with elected councillors threatened by a loss of power and secondly between communities and the LAs who are encouraged to problematise local policy and service delivery in the context of limited resource availability.

Governing the clean development mechanism: global rhetoric versus local realities in carbon sequestration projects

Global agreements have proliferated in the past ten years. One of these is the Kyoto Protocol, which contains provisions for emissions reductions by trading carbon through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The CDM is a market-based instrument that allows companies in Annex I countries to offset their greenhouse gas emissions through energy and tree offset projects in the global South. I set out to examine the governance challenges posed by the institutional design of carbon sequestration projects under the CDM. I examine three global narratives associated with the design of CDM forest projects, specifically North – South knowledge politics, green developmentalism, and community participation, and subsequently assess how these narratives match with local practices in two projects in Latin America. Findings suggest that governance problems are operating at multiple levels and that the rhetoric of global carbon actors often asserts these schemes in one light, while the rhetoric of those who are immediately involved locally may be different. I also stress the alarmist’s discourse that blames local people for the problems of environmental change. The case studies illustrate the need for vertical communication and interaction and nested governance arrangements as well as horizontal arrangements. I conclude that the global framing of forests as offsets requires better integration of local relationships to forests and their management and more effective institutions at multiple levels to link the very local to the very large scale when dealing with carbon sequestration in the CDM.

Land administration in a micro-state: the role of land use planning

Land policy in micro-states and the land administration that underpins it is often devised within a legacy framework inherited from a colonial past. Independence has allowed self-determination of the future political direction yet the range, legal framework, institutional structure and administration systems tend to mirror those of ex-colonial powers. Do land policies, administration systems and processes developed to serve large heavily populated countries scale down to serve the requirements of micro-states? The evidence suggests not: many land administration systems in the Caribbean face difficulties due to poor records, unclear title, exploitation of state lands, incomplete or ongoing land reform programmes, irregular or illegal settlement and non-enforced planning regulations. Land matters are typically the responsibility of several government departments and agencies responsible for land titling and registration, cadastral surveying of property interests, physical planning, taxation and financial regulation. Although planning is regarded as a land administration function, organisational responsibility usually rests with local rather than central government in large countries, but in microstates local government may be politically weak, under-resourced or even non-existent. Using a case study approach this paper explores how planning functions are organised in the Caribbean state of St Vincent & the Grenadines in relation to land administration as a whole and compares the arrangement with other independent micro-states in the region.

The impact on housing supply in England of planning delay and uncertainty

The time taken to consider development proposals within the English planning system continues to provoke great policy concern despite a decade of inquiry and policy change. The results of an extensive site-based survey and hedonic modelling exercise across 45 local authorities are reported here. The analysis reveals a slow, uncertain system. It identifies planning delay as a serious problem for housing supply and its ability to respond to increases in demand. Only a relatively limited set of factors seem relevant in explaining differences in times and the results suggest that 80% of councils’ performances are statistically indistinguishable from each other. These findings question the policy emphasis put on rankings of local authorities, though some influence from local politics is apparent. Development control is consistently a lengthy and uncertain process due to its complexity. Therefore, success in lowering planning delay is only likely through radical simplification.

UK planning controls and the market responsiveness of housing supply

There is growing international interest in the impact of regulatory controls on the supply of housing The UK has a particularly restrictive planning regime and a detailed and uncertain process of development control linked to it. This paper presents the findings of empirical research on the time taken to gain planning permission for selected recent major housing projects from a sample of local authorities in southern England. The scale of delay found was far greater than is indicated by average official data measuring the extent to which local authorities meet planning delay targets. Hedonic analysis indicated that there is considerable variation in time it takes local authorities to process planning applications, with the worst being four times slower than the best. Smaller builders and housing association developments are processed more quickly than those of large developers and small sites appear to be particularly time intensive. These results suggest that delays in development control may be a significant contributory factor to the low responsiveness of UK housing supply to upturns in market activity.

Are local economic development incentives promoting job growth? An empirical case study

At a time when cities are competing with one another to attract or retain jobs within a globalizing economy, city governments are providing an array of financial incentives to stimulate job growth and retain existing jobs, particularly in high cost locations. This paper provides the first systematic and comprehensive analysis of datasets on economic development incentives in New York City over the last fifteen years. The evidence on job retention and creation is mixed. Although many companies do not meet their agreed-upon job targets in absolute terms, the evidence suggests that companies receiving subsidies outperform their respective industries in terms of employment growth, that is, the grow more, or decline less. We emphasize that this finding is difficult to interpret, since firms receiving incentives may not be representative of the industry as a whole. In other words, their above-average performance may simply reflect the fact that the Economic Development Corporation (EDC) selects economically promising companies within manufacturing (or other industries) when granting incentives. At the same time, it is also possible that receiving incentives helps these companies to become stronger.