920 resultados para Linguistic Knowledge Base
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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2015.
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Maintaining accessibility to and understanding of digital information over time is a complex challenge that often requires contributions and interventions from a variety of individuals and organizations. The processes of preservation planning and evaluation are fundamentally implicit and share similar complexity. Both demand comprehensive knowledge and understanding of every aspect of to-be-preserved content and the contexts within which preservation is undertaken. Consequently, means are required for the identification, documentation and association of those properties of data, representation and management mechanisms that in combination lend value, facilitate interaction and influence the preservation process. These properties may be almost limitless in terms of diversity, but are integral to the establishment of classes of risk exposure, and the planning and deployment of appropriate preservation strategies. We explore several research objectives within the course of this thesis. Our main objective is the conception of an ontology for risk management of digital collections. Incorporated within this are our aims to survey the contexts within which preservation has been undertaken successfully, the development of an appropriate methodology for risk management, the evaluation of existing preservation evaluation approaches and metrics, the structuring of best practice knowledge and lastly the demonstration of a range of tools that utilise our findings. We describe a mixed methodology that uses interview and survey, extensive content analysis, practical case study and iterative software and ontology development. We build on a robust foundation, the development of the Digital Repository Audit Method Based on Risk Assessment. We summarise the extent of the challenge facing the digital preservation community (and by extension users and creators of digital materials from many disciplines and operational contexts) and present the case for a comprehensive and extensible knowledge base of best practice. These challenges are manifested in the scale of data growth, the increasing complexity and the increasing onus on communities with no formal training to offer assurances of data management and sustainability. These collectively imply a challenge that demands an intuitive and adaptable means of evaluating digital preservation efforts. The need for individuals and organisations to validate the legitimacy of their own efforts is particularly prioritised. We introduce our approach, based on risk management. Risk is an expression of the likelihood of a negative outcome, and an expression of the impact of such an occurrence. We describe how risk management may be considered synonymous with preservation activity, a persistent effort to negate the dangers posed to information availability, usability and sustainability. Risk can be characterised according to associated goals, activities, responsibilities and policies in terms of both their manifestation and mitigation. They have the capacity to be deconstructed into their atomic units and responsibility for their resolution delegated appropriately. We continue to describe how the manifestation of risks typically spans an entire organisational environment, and as the focus of our analysis risk safeguards against omissions that may occur when pursuing functional, departmental or role-based assessment. We discuss the importance of relating risk-factors, through the risks themselves or associated system elements. To do so will yield the preservation best-practice knowledge base that is conspicuously lacking within the international digital preservation community. We present as research outcomes an encapsulation of preservation practice (and explicitly defined best practice) as a series of case studies, in turn distilled into atomic, related information elements. We conduct our analyses in the formal evaluation of memory institutions in the UK, US and continental Europe. Furthermore we showcase a series of applications that use the fruits of this research as their intellectual foundation. Finally we document our results in a range of technical reports and conference and journal articles. We present evidence of preservation approaches and infrastructures from a series of case studies conducted in a range of international preservation environments. We then aggregate this into a linked data structure entitled PORRO, an ontology relating preservation repository, object and risk characteristics, intended to support preservation decision making and evaluation. The methodology leading to this ontology is outlined, and lessons are exposed by revisiting legacy studies and exposing the resource and associated applications to evaluation by the digital preservation community.
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Various environmental management systems, standards and tools are being created to assist companies to become more environmental friendly. However, not all the enterprises have adopted environmental policies in the same scale and range. Additionally, there is no existing guide to help them determine their level of environmental responsibility and subsequently, provide support to enable them to move forward towards environmental responsibility excellence. This research proposes the use of a Belief Rule-Based approach to assess an enterprise’s level commitment to environmental issues. The Environmental Responsibility BRB assessment system has been developed for this research. Participating companies will have to complete a structured questionnaire. An automated analysis of their responses (using the Belief Rule-Based approach) will determine their environmental responsibility level. This is followed by a recommendation on how to progress to the next level. The recommended best practices will help promote understanding, increase awareness, and make the organization greener. BRB systems consist of two parts: Knowledge Base and Inference Engine. The knowledge base in this research is constructed after an in-depth literature review, critical analyses of existing environmental performance assessment models and primarily guided by the EU Draft Background Report on "Best Environmental Management Practice in the Telecommunications and ICT Services Sector". The reasoning algorithm of a selected Drools JBoss BRB inference engine is forward chaining, where an inference starts iteratively searching for a pattern-match of the input and if-then clause. However, the forward chaining mechanism is not equipped with uncertainty handling. Therefore, a decision is made to deploy an evidential reasoning and forward chaining with a hybrid knowledge representation inference scheme to accommodate imprecision, ambiguity and fuzzy types of uncertainties. It is believed that such a system generates well balanced, sensible and Green ICT readiness adapted results, to help enterprises focus on making improvements on more sustainable business operations.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Línguas Estrangeiras e Tradução, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da Tradução, 2016.
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Humans use their grammatical knowledge in more than one way. On one hand, they use it to understand what others say. On the other hand, they use it to say what they want to convey to others (or to themselves). In either case, they need to assemble the structure of sentences in a systematic fashion, in accordance with the grammar of their language. Despite the fact that the structures that comprehenders and speakers assemble are systematic in an identical fashion (i.e., obey the same grammatical constraints), the two ‘modes’ of assembling sentence structures might or might not be performed by the same cognitive mechanisms. Currently, the field of psycholinguistics implicitly adopts the position that they are supported by different cognitive mechanisms, as evident from the fact that most psycholinguistic models seek to explain either comprehension or production phenomena. The potential existence of two independent cognitive systems underlying linguistic performance doubles the problem of linking the theory of linguistic knowledge and the theory of linguistic performance, making the integration of linguistics and psycholinguistic harder. This thesis thus aims to unify the structure building system in comprehension, i.e., parser, and the structure building system in production, i.e., generator, into one, so that the linking theory between knowledge and performance can also be unified into one. I will discuss and unify both existing and new data pertaining to how structures are assembled in understanding and speaking, and attempt to show that the unification between parsing and generation is at least a plausible research enterprise. In Chapter 1, I will discuss the previous and current views on how parsing and generation are related to each other. I will outline the challenges for the current view that the parser and the generator are the same cognitive mechanism. This single system view is discussed and evaluated in the rest of the chapters. In Chapter 2, I will present new experimental evidence suggesting that the grain size of the pre-compiled structural units (henceforth simply structural units) is rather small, contrary to some models of sentence production. In particular, I will show that the internal structure of the verb phrase in a ditransitive sentence (e.g., The chef is donating the book to the monk) is not specified at the onset of speech, but is specified before the first internal argument (the book) needs to be uttered. I will also show that this timing of structural processes with respect to the verb phrase structure is earlier than the lexical processes of verb internal arguments. These two results in concert show that the size of structure building units in sentence production is rather small, contrary to some models of sentence production, yet structural processes still precede lexical processes. I argue that this view of generation resembles the widely accepted model of parsing that utilizes both top-down and bottom-up structure building procedures. In Chapter 3, I will present new experimental evidence suggesting that the structural representation strongly constrains the subsequent lexical processes. In particular, I will show that conceptually similar lexical items interfere with each other only when they share the same syntactic category in sentence production. The mechanism that I call syntactic gating, will be proposed, and this mechanism characterizes how the structural and lexical processes interact in generation. I will present two Event Related Potential (ERP) experiments that show that the lexical retrieval in (predictive) comprehension is also constrained by syntactic categories. I will argue that the syntactic gating mechanism is operative both in parsing and generation, and that the interaction between structural and lexical processes in both parsing and generation can be characterized in the same fashion. In Chapter 4, I will present a series of experiments examining the timing at which verbs’ lexical representations are planned in sentence production. It will be shown that verbs are planned before the articulation of their internal arguments, regardless of the target language (Japanese or English) and regardless of the sentence type (active object-initial sentence in Japanese, passive sentences in English, and unaccusative sentences in English). I will discuss how this result sheds light on the notion of incrementality in generation. In Chapter 5, I will synthesize the experimental findings presented in this thesis and in previous research to address the challenges to the single system view I outlined in Chapter 1. I will then conclude by presenting a preliminary single system model that can potentially capture both the key sentence comprehension and sentence production data without assuming distinct mechanisms for each.
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Part 4: Transition Towards Product-Service Systems
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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Linguística, Português e Línguas Clássicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, 2015.
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In the last decades, the oil, gas and petrochemical industries have registered a series of huge accidents. Influenced by this context, companies have felt the necessity of engaging themselves in processes to protect the external environment, which can be understood as an ecological concern. In the particular case of the nuclear industry, sustainable education and training, which depend too much on the quality and applicability of the knowledge base, have been considered key points on the safely application of this energy source. As a consequence, this research was motivated by the use of the ontology concept as a tool to improve the knowledge management in a refinery, through the representation of a fuel gas sweetening plant, mixing many pieces of information associated with its normal operation mode. In terms of methodology, this research can be classified as an applied and descriptive research, where many pieces of information were analysed, classified and interpreted to create the ontology of a real plant. The DEA plant modeling was performed according to its process flow diagram, piping and instrumentation diagrams, descriptive documents of its normal operation mode, and the list of all the alarms associated to the instruments, which were complemented by a non-structured interview with a specialist in that plant operation. The ontology was verified by comparing its descriptive diagrams with the original plant documents and discussing with other members of the researchers group. All the concepts applied in this research can be expanded to represent other plants in the same refinery or even in other kind of industry. An ontology can be considered a knowledge base that, because of its formal representation nature, can be applied as one of the elements to develop tools to navigate through the plant, simulate its behavior, diagnose faults, among other possibilities
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Recent perspectives on Pedagogy for Early Childhood Education emphasize children's participation in line with the Children's Rights Convention. The study aimed to analyse how children's rights are dealt with during recess in a school (Early Childhood and Primary Education) in Portugal. The aims were: to characterize the style of the adult (teaching assistants) and the interactions that are established with the children at the playground/recess, and analyse them in terms of children's rights. The qualitative approach was based on the observation during the recess for three weeks. The Adult Style Observation Schedule for Early Childhood Education (ASOS-ECE) was used to register and code the dynamics of six teaching assistants (3 ECE and 3 PE). Critical incidents were also registered. Statistical analysis of the ASOS-ECE levels were complemented with the content analysis of the notes. The playground space was quite limited and affected children's play and well-being. The outdoor playground was never used for the Early Childhood classes, only for Primary Education students but with little supervision. Children were often deprived of playground time by decision of the teaching assistants, as punishment. The results obtained through the Adult Style Observation Schedule for Early Childhood Education (ASOS-ECE) are not satisfactory and are below what would meet the minimum quality value (3,5). For Early Childhood Education, sensibility is the most valued dimension but with very low levels (<2,5). For Primary Education it was autonomy that scored highest (<2,5). The analysis of the notes/critical incidents highlighted articles 12 (expression of own views), 13 (freedom of expression), 19 (protection against violence), 29 (development of personality) and 31 (rest and leisure, play and recreational activities) as being put into question by actions of the adults responsible for the children. Children's rights and well-being need to be put forward in the knowledge base for all adults working with children so that Pedagogy can fulfil its purpose fully.
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Thesis (Master, Environmental Studies) -- Queen's University, 2016-09-09 11:52:31.446
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The aim of this thesis was to describe and explore how the partner relationship of patient–partner dyads isaffected following cardiac disease and, in particular, atrial fibrillation (AF) in one of the spouses. The thesis is based on four individual studies with different designs: descriptive (I), explorative (II, IV), and cross-sectional (III). Applied methods comprised a systematic review (I) and qualitative (II, IV) and quantitative methods (III). Participants in the studies were couples in which one of the spouses was afflicted with AF. Coherent with a systemic perspective, the research focused on the dyad as the unit of analysis. To identify and describe the current research position and knowledge base, the data for the systematic review were analyzed using an integrative approach. To explore couples’ main concern, interview data (n=12 couples) in study II were analyzed using classical grounded theory. Associations between patients and partners (n=91 couples) where analyzed through the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model using structural equation modelling (III). To explore couples’ illness beliefs, interview data (n=9 couples) in study IV were analyzed using Gadamerian hermeneutics. Study I revealed five themes of how the partner relationship is affected following cardiac disease: overprotection, communication deficiency, sexual concerns, changes in domestic roles, and adjustment to illness. Study II showed that couples living with AF experienced uncertainty as the common main concern, rooted in causation of AF and apprehension about AF episodes. The theory of Managing Uncertainty revealed the strategies of explicit sharing (mutual collaboration and finding resemblance) and implicit sharing (keeping distance and tacit understanding). Patients and spouses showed significant differences in terms of self-reported physical and mental health where patients rated themselves lower than spouses did (III). Several actor effects were identified, suggesting that emotional distress affects and is associated with perceived health. Patient partner effects and spouse partner effects were observed for vitality, indicating that higher levels of symptoms of depression in patients and spouses were associated with lower vitality in their partners. In study IV, couples’ core and secondary illness beliefs were revealed. From the core illness belief that “the heart is a representation of life,” two secondary illness beliefs were derived: AF is a threat to life, and AF can and must be explained. From the core illness belief that “change is an integral part of life,” two secondary illness beliefs were derived: AF is a disruption in our lives, and AF will not interfere with our lives. Finally, from the core illness belief that “adaptation is fundamental in life,” two secondary illness beliefs were derived: AF entails adjustment in daily life, and AF entails confidence in and adherence to professional care. In conclusion, the thesis result suggests that illness, in terms of cardiac disease and AF, affected and influenced the couple on aspects such as making sense of AF, responding to AF, and mutually incorporating and dealing with AF in their daily lives. In the light of this, the thesis results suggest that clinicians working with persons with AF and their partners should employ a systemic view with consideration of couple’s reciprocity and interdependence, but also have knowledge regarding AF, in terms of pathophysiology, the nature of AF (i.e., cause, consequences, and trajectory), and treatments. A possible approach to achieve this is a clinical utilization of an FSN based framework, such as the FamHC. Even if a formalized FSN framework is not utilized, partners should not be neglected but, rather, be considered a resource and be a part of clinical caring activities. This could be met by inviting partners to take part in rounds, treatment decisions, discharge calls or follow-up visits or other clinical caring activities. Likewise, interventional studies should include the couple as a unit of analysis as well as the target of interventions.
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In a globalized economy, the use of natural resources is determined by the demand of modern production and consumption systems, and by infrastructure development. Sustainable natural resource use will require good governance and management based on sound scientific information, data and indicators. There is a rich literature on natural resource management, yet the national and global scale and macro-economic policy making has been underrepresented. We provide an overview of the scholarly literature on multi-scale governance of natural resources, focusing on the information required by relevant actors from local to global scale. Global natural resource use is largely determined by national, regional, and local policies. We observe that in recent decades, the development of public policies of natural resource use has been fostered by an “inspiration cycle” between the research, policy and statistics community, fostering social learning. Effective natural resource policies require adequate monitoring tools, in particular indicators for the use of materials, energy, land, and water as well as waste and GHG emissions of national economies. We summarize the state-of-the-art of the application of accounting methods and data sources for national material flow accounts and indicators, including territorial and product-life-cycle based approaches. We show how accounts on natural resource use can inform the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and argue that information on natural resource use, and in particular footprint indicators, will be indispensable for a consistent implementation of the SDGs. We recognize that improving the knowledge base for global natural resource use will require further institutional development including at national and international levels, for which we outline options.
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Abstract: Respiratory therapists must be able to care for their patients safely, efficiently and competently. They manage critically ill patients on life support systems. As a member of the anesthesia team they are responsible for the vulnerable patient undergoing surgery. Within all areas of the hospital they are called upon to make decisions and judgements concerning patient treatment. The environment that is found in the modern clinical setting is often stressful and demanding. The respiratory and anesthesia technology program has the responsibility of preparing competent practioners who graduate not only with a broad knowledge base but with the affective competencies that are required to meet these challenges. Faculty and clinical instructors in the program of Respiratory and Anesthesia Technology have been troubled by rising attrition rates and weak performance of students. It is apparent that this is not a problem unique to Vanier College. The rationale for this study was multi-fold; to establish a definition of student success, to determine whether pre-admission academic abilities can predict success in the program and whether scores on a professional behavioural aptitudes tool can predict success in the clinical year of the program. Predictors were sought that could be used either in the pre-program admission policies or during the course of study in order to ensure success throughout the program and beyond. A qualitative analysis involving clinical instructors and faculty (n=5) was carried out to explore what success signified for a student in the respiratory and anesthesia program. While this process revealed that a student who obtained a grade above 77.5% was considered “successful”, the concept surrounding success was a much more complex issue. Affective as well as cognitive and psychomotor abilities complete the model of the successful student. Appropriate behaviour and certain character traits in a respiratory therapy student are considered to be significant elements leading to success. Assessment of students in their clinical year of the respiratory & anesthesia technology program currently include little measurement of abilities in the affective domain, and the resulting grade becomes primarily a measure of academic and procedural skills. A quantitative study of preadmission records and final program grades was obtained from a single cohort of respiratory and anesthesia technology students who began the program in 2005 and graduated in 2008 (n=16). Data was collected and a descriptive analysis (analysis of variance, Pearson correlation) was used to determine the relationship between preadmission grades and success. The lack of association between the high school grades and grades in the program ran contrary to some of the findings in the literature and it can be cautiously inferred that preadmission grades do not predict success in the program. To ascertain the predictive significance of evaluating professional behavioural skills and success in clinical internship, a behaviour assessment tool was used by clinical instructors and faculty to score each student during a rotation in their third year of the program which was clinical internship. The results of this analysis showed that a moderately strong association could be made between a high score on the behavior assessment tool and final clinical grades. Therefore this tool may be effective in predicting success in the clinical year of the program. Refining the admissions process to meet the challenge and responsibility of turning out graduates who are capable of meeting the needs of the profession is difficult but essential. The capacity to predict which students possess the affective competencies necessary to cope and succeed in their clinical year is conceivably more important than their academic abilities. Although these preliminary findings contribute, to some degree, to the literature that exists concerning methods of predicting success in a respiratory and anesthesia technology program, much data is still unknown. Further quantitative and qualitative research is required using a broader population base to substantiate the findings of this small study.||Résumé: Les inhalothérapeutes doivent être capables de prodiguer des soins à leurs patients d’une manière sécuritaire, efficace et compétente. Ils/elles peuvent être appelé(e)s à gérer les soins aux personnes gravement malades branchées à un respirateur artificiel. En tant que membres de l’équipe d’anesthésie, ils/elles sont responsables des patients qui subissent une chirurgie. Ils/elles sont sollicité(e)s par tous les secteurs de l’hôpital pour décider ou juger des traitements à apporter aux malades. L’environnement dans lequel ils/elles travaillent est souvent stressant et exigeant. Le programme de Techniques d’inhalothérapie et d’anesthésie vise à former des inhalothérapeutes compétent(e)s qui possèdent non seulement les connaissances propres à la discipline mais également les aptitudes affectives nécessaires pour faire face à ces défis. Les enseignant(e)s et instructeur(e)s cliniques en Techniques d’inhalothérapie et d’anesthésie sont préoccupé(e)s par le taux d’abandon croissant et la faible performance des étudiant(e)s dans le programme. Il semble que ce problème ne soit pas unique au Collège Vanier. Le but de cette recherche est multiple : définir ce qu’est «réussir» pour les étudiant(e)s de ce programme; déterminer si les aptitudes scolaires acquises avant l’admission au programme peuvent aider à prévoir le succès des étudiant(e)s dans le programme; et si les résultats obtenus à un test mesurant les aptitudes comportementales professionnelles permettent de prévoir le succès des étudiant(e)s dans le stage clinique du programme. On a essayé d’identifier des facteurs qui pourraient être utilisés dans les politiques d’admission au programme ou celles régissant le cheminement dans le programme qui permettraient d’assurer le succès au cours du programme et par la suite. Une analyse qualitative a été conduite auprès des instructeur(e)s cliniques et des enseignant(e)s (n=5) afin d’étudier la notion de « réussite » des étudiant(e)s dans le programme. Bien qu’un(e) étudiant(e) ayant obtenu une note supérieure à 77.5% soit considéré(e) comme ayant « réussi », la notion de « réussite » est beaucoup plus complexe. Des aptitudes affectives, autant que cognitives et psychomotrices complètent le modèle d’un(e) étudiant(e) ayant réussi. Un comportement approprié et certains traits de caractère sont considérés comme des facteurs importants pour la réussite d’un(e) étudiant(e) en techniques d’inhalothérapie et d’anesthésie. L’évaluation qui se fait actuellement des étudiant(e)s dans le stage clinique du programme ne porte que peu sur les aptitudes affectives, et le résultat obtenu témoigne essentiellement des aptitudes scolaires et procédurales. Une analyse quantitative des dossiers des étudiant(e)s avant leur admission au programme et leurs notes finales a été conduite auprès d’une cohorte d’étudiant(e)s ayant commencé le programme en 2005 et gradué en 2008 (n=16). Des données ont été recueillies et une analyse descriptive (analyse de la variance, corrélation de Pearson) ont été faites afin de déterminer l’existence d’un lien entre les notes obtenues au secondaire et celles obtenues dans le programme. L’absence de corrélation entre les deux catégories de notes va à l’encontre de certaines recherches publiées et on peut déduire avec réserve que les notes obtenues avant l’admission au programme ne permettent pas de prévoir la réussite dans le programme. Afin de vérifier la portée de l’évaluation du comportement professionnel et de la réussite en milieu clinique quant à la prévision de réussite dans le programme, une méthode d’évaluation du comportement a été appliquée par les instructeurs(e) cliniques et les enseignant(e)s pour évaluer chaque étudiant(e) au cours d’une rotation dans leur troisième année de stage clinique. Les résultats de cette analyse ont démontré qu’une corrélation moyennement forte pouvait être faite entre une bonne note à l’évaluation comportementale et les notes finales du stage clinique. Perfectionner le processus d’admission au programme afin d’assumer la responsabilité de former des diplômé(e)s capables de répondre aux besoins de la profession est difficile mais essentiel. Avoir les moyens de prévoir quels/quelles étudiant(e)s ont les compétences affectives nécessaires pour faire face à la réussite de leur année de stage clinique est peut être plus important que d’avoir les aptitudes scolaires. Bien que ces observations préliminaires contribuent, à un certain degré, à la littérature existante sur les méthodes de prévoir la réussite dans le programme d’inhalothérapie et d’anesthésie, plusieurs données restent inconnues. Une recherche quantitative et qualitative plus élaborée, conduite sur un échantillon plus large de la population, est nécessaire afin de corroborer les résultats de cette étude limitée.
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The present paper discusses the problem of the plurality of the text, as a cultural object, and its implications for the textual criticism activity. Starting from the fact that the nature of the textual object, especially in the case of ancient texts and literary texts, requires the editor to call into play very diverse knowledge – among which stands out the linguistic knowledge, but also the knowledge of the work, its characteristics and context – we advocate that a «philological» approach, multi and interdisciplinary, of the text editing is still needed, desirably carried out by teams of experts in different scientific fields. We exemplify, among others,with the case of the editions of the Sermões, by Vieira.
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Question Answering systems that resort to the Semantic Web as a knowledge base can go well beyond the usual matching words in documents and, preferably, find a precise answer, without requiring user help to interpret the documents returned. In this paper, the authors introduce a Dialogue Manager that, through the analysis of the question and the type of expected answer, provides accurate answers to the questions posed in Natural Language. The Dialogue Manager not only represents the semantics of the questions, but also represents the structure of the discourse, including the user intentions and the questions context, adding the ability to deal with multiple answers and providing justified answers. The authors’ system performance is evaluated by comparing with similar question answering systems. Although the test suite is slight dimension, the results obtained are very promising.