The deep mycoses in HIV infection

The deep mycoses are uncommon infections, usually acquired from the inhalation or ingestion of fungal spores, sometimes from the soil in areas of endemicity, such as in the Americas and south-east Asia, or from decaying vegetable matter. They are also seen in immunocompromised persons and, increasingly, in HIV-infected persons. Respiratory involvement is frequent, with granuloma formation, and mucocutaneous involvement may be seen. Oral lesions of the deep mycoses are typically chronic but non-specific, though nodular or ulcerative appearances are common. Person-to-person transmission is rare. In HIV disease, the most common orofacial involvement of deep mycoses has been in histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis and zygomycosis. Diagnosis is usually confirmed by lesional biopsy although culture may also be valuable. Treatment is with amphotericin or an azole.

A comparative evaluation of open loop and closed loop drug administration strategies in the treatment of AIDS.

In recent years, many researchers in the field of biomedical sciences have made successful use of mathematical models to study, in a quantitative way, a multitude of phenomena such as those found in disease dynamics, control of physiological systems, optimization of drug therapy, economics of the preventive medicine and many other applications. The availability of good dynamic models have been providing means for simulation and design of novel control strategies in the context of biological events. This work concerns a particular model related to HIV infection dynamics which is used to allow a comparative evaluation of schemes for treatment of AIDS patients. The mathematical model adopted in this work was proposed by Nowak & Bangham, 1996 and describes the dynamics of viral concentration in terms of interaction with CD4 cells and the cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which are responsible for the defense of the organism. Two conceptually distinct techniques for drug therapy are analyzed: Open Loop Treatment, where a priori fixed dosage is prescribed and Closed Loop Treatment, where the doses are adjusted according to results obtained by laboratory analysis. Simulation results show that the Closed Loop Scheme can achieve improved quality of the treatment in terms of reduction in the viral load and quantity of administered drugs, but with the inconvenience related to the necessity of frequent and periodic laboratory analysis.

Naso-orbicular tissue necrosis by Streptococcus parasanguis in a patient with Fanconi anemia: Clinical and laboratory aspects

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by pancytopenia and progressive hypoplasia of the bone marrow. A 23-year-old woman with FA showed severe pancytopenia and developed an abscess on the infraorbicular region on the right side of the face that progressed to phlegmon and caused tissue necrosis of the nostrils, nasal septum, nasal fossa, and posterior orbital region. Laboratory examination showed Streptococcus parasanguis as the etiologic agent of the phlegmon. Supportive treatment was recommended due to donor incompatibility for bone marrow transplant. The intraoral examination showed spontaneous gingival bleeding, edema of the interdental papillae, hematomas on the superior and inferior lips, bacterial and fungal infections, and adequate oral hygiene. The patient was treated with the administration of an antibiotic (imipenem), an antifungal (amphotericin B), and mouth washing with antiseptic solutions. Periodontal prophylaxis and orientation to and control of oral hygiene and diet were also used during the remission period. For functional and esthetic rehabilitation of the alar regions and nasal dorsum, an acrylic resin nasal prosthesis was made, supported by a spectacle frame.

A comparison of mycolic acid analysis for nontuberculous mycobacteria identification by thin-layer chromatography and molecular methods

The development of fast, inexpensive, and reliable tests to identify nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is needed. Studies have indicated that the conventional identification procedures, including biochemical assays, are imprecise. This study evaluated a proposed alternative identification method in which 83 NTM isolates, previously identified by conventional biochemical testing and in-house M. avium IS1245-PCR amplification, were submitted to the following tests: thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of mycolic acids and PCR-restriction enzyme analysis of hsp65 (PRA). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of mycolic acids and Southern blot analysis for M. avium IS1245 were performed on the strains that evidenced discrepancies on either of the above tests. Sixty-eight out of 83 (82%) isolates were concordantly identified by the presence of IS1245 and PRA and by TLC mycolic acid analysis. Discrepant results were found between the phenotypic and molecular tests in 12/83 (14.4%) isolates. Most of these strains were isolated from non-sterile body sites and were most probably colonizing in the host tissue. While TLC patterns suggested the presence of polymycobacterial infection in 3/83 (3.6%) cultures, this was the case in only one HPLC-tested culture and in none of those tested by PRA. The results of this study indicated that, as a phenotypic identification procedure, TLC mycolic acid determination could be considered a relatively simple and cost-effective method for routine screening of NTM isolates in mycobacteriology laboratory practice with a potential for use in developing countries. Further positive evidence was that this method demonstrated general agreement on MAC and M. simiae identification, including in the mixed cultures that predominated in the isolates of the disseminated infections in the AIDS patients under study. In view of the fact that the same treatment regimen is recommended for infections caused by these two species, TLC mycolic acid analysis may be a useful identification tool wherever molecular methods are unaffordable.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and Kaposi's sarcoma in Brazil

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) became a critical health issue with the emergence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the 1980s. Four clinical-epidemiological forms of KS have been described: classical KS, endemic KS,iatrogenic KS, and AIDS-associated KS. In 1994, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus type 8 was identified by Chang and colleagues, and has been detected worldwide at frequencies ranging from 80 to 100%. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of KSHV infection in KS lesions from HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in Brazil, as well as to review the current knowledge about KS transmission and detection. For these purposes, DNA from 51 cases of KS was assessed by PCR: 20 (39.2%) cases of classical KS, 29 (56.9%) of AIDS-associated KS and 2 (3.9%) of iatrogenic KS. Most patients were males (7.5:1, M/F), and mean age was 47.9 years (SD = ± 18.7 years). As expected, HIV-positive KS patients were younger than patients with classical KS. On the other hand, patients with AIDS-associated KS have early lesions (patch and plaque) compared to classical KS patients (predominantly nodular lesions). This is assumed to be the result of the early diagnose of KS in the HIV-positive setting. KSHV infection was detected by PCR in almost all cases (48/51; 94.1%), irrespectively of the clinical-epidemiological form of KS. These results show that KSHV is associated with all forms of KS in Brazilian patients, a fact that supports the role of this virus in KS pathogenesis. © 2006 Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research.

Feline cholangitis/ chonlangiohepatitis complex secondary to Platynosomum fastosum infection in a cat.

Platynosomiasis has been associated with cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis complex in domestic cats. Despite being typically asymptomatic, some individuals may develop severe disease resulting in hepatic cirrhosis. Definitive diagnosis by means of parasite eggs direct visualization is not always possible and complementary tests should be associated. This paper reports a case of a three-year-old female cat with anorexia and jaundice. Ultrasound and biochemistry laboratory findings as well as liver biopsy were not conclusive. Definitive diagnosis of intense Platynosomum fastosum infestation was only possible through direct examination of biliary fluid at necropsy, stressing the importance of including platynosomiasis, commonly an underdiagnosed disease, among differential diagnoses of feline liver diseases.

Histoplasmose cutânea reveladora de infecção pelo HIV

Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis endemic in extensive areas of the Americas. The authors report on an urban adult male patient with uncommon oral-cutaneous lesions proven to be histoplasmosis. Additional investigation revealed unnoticed HIV infection with CD4+ cell count of 7/mm3. The treatment was performed with amphotericin B, a 2065 mg total dose followed by itraconazole 200mg/daily plus antiretroviral therapy with apparent cure. Histoplasmosis is an AIDS-defining opportunistic disease process; therefore, its clinical diagnosis must drive full laboratory investigation looking for unnoted HIV-infection. © 2013 by Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia.

Incidence of Leptospirosis infection in the East Zone of Sao Paulo City, Brazil

Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis which is spread through contamined running water. This contaminations is seriously affected by the flooding which occurs in the area surrounding the Aricanduva river. The transmission of the disease results mainly from the contact of water with soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals. We aimed to conduct an epidemiological survey on Leptospirosis cases in Sao Paulo East Zone area. Method. The analysis conducted in this study was based on data collected from the health authorities of that region close the Aricanduva river between 2007 and 2008 years, which give the rates of confirmed cases, mortality and death from human Leptospirosis. Other information concerned with the relationships among rainfall index, points of flooding and incidence of Leptospirosis. Results: We observed a direct and important water contamination. Records of flooding points and dates of the reported cases in the region showed a direct relationship from which the period of higher rainfall also recorded an increase in cases. The annual record of the city and the region and rainfall regions also presented correlation. Conclusion: The association between the indices of flooding and Leptospirosis cases indicates that preventive measures are necessary to avoid exposing the community. © 2013 Miyazato et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Identification of Candida species in the clinical laboratory: A review of conventional, commercial, and molecular techniques

In healthy individuals, Candida species are considered commensal yeasts of the oral cavity. However, these microorganisms can also act as opportunist pathogens, particularly the so-called non-albicans Candida species that are increasingly recognized as important agents of human infection. Several surveys have documented increased rates of C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. dubliniensis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei in local and systemic fungal infections. Some of these species are resistant to antifungal agents. Consequently, rapid and correct identification of species can play an important role in the management of candidiasis. Conventional methods for identification of Candida species are based on morphological and physiological attributes. However, accurate identification of all isolates from clinical samples is often complex and time-consuming. Hence, several manual and automated rapid commercial systems for identifying these organisms have been developed, some of which may have significant sensitivity issues. To overcome these limitations, newer molecular typing techniques have been developed that allow accurate and rapid identification of Candida species. This study reviewed the current state of identification methods for yeasts, particularly Candida species. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Virus-host interaction in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection has been the focus of several studies because this virus exhibits genetic and pathogenic characteristics that are similar to those of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). FIV causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in cats, nevertheless, a large fraction of infected cats remain asymptomatic throughout life despite of persistent chronic infection. This slow disease progression may be due to the presence of factors that are involved in the natural resistance to infection and the immune response that is mounted by the animals, as well as due to the adaptation of the virus to the host. Therefore, the study of virus-host interaction is essential to the understanding of the different patterns of disease course and the virus persistence in the host, and to help with the development of effective vaccines and perhaps the cure of FIV and HIV infections. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A immunosensor for the diagnosis of canine distemper virus infection using SPR and EIS

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a viral disease that affects dogs and many other carnivores. Clinical diagnosis of CDV is difficult due to the broad spectrum of signs that may be confounded with other respiratory and enteric diseases of dogs. Laboratory analysis is required to diagnose suspected cases. In this study, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methodologies were developed for the detection of canine distemper virus simultaneously. The assay exhibited high specificity, as all the negative controls were not mistakenly detected. The CDV concentration was determined from successive injections into the apparatus, with a linear range from 1.1 to 116.0 ng mL-1. The system exhibited good reproducibility with 4.5% variation between runs after regeneration of the coated surface with a solution of 0.1 M glycine-HCL (pH 3.0). The capacitance and resistance values of the modified interface were calculated from EIS data using an equivalent circuit. It was possible to measure CDV in highly concentrated viruses with good specificity and reproducibility. © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Epidemiological aspects of retrovirus (HTLV) infection among Indian populations in the Amazon Region of Brazil

O HTLV foi descrito inicialmente associado a uma leucemia no Japão e a uma doença neurológica presente no Caribe. Logo foi evidenciado que o HTLV-II era endêmico entre Ameríndios e, particularmente, entre Índios brasileiros. A Amazônia brasileira é a maior área endêmica para o vírus e dessa forma, permitiu que fossem realizados vários estudos relacionados com a sua biologia, a busca de doença, informações epidemiológicas que incluíram uma bem definida distribuição geográfica, a definição dos modos de transmissão e manutenção do vírus em comunidades pequenas, epidemiologicamente fechadas, assim como contribuições para o diagnóstico laboratorial da infecção. Um novo subtipo molecular, denominado HTLV-IIc, foi adicionalmente descrito baseando-se no sequenciamento genético do vírus e na análise filogenética. Esse subtipo está presente em outras áreas do país, indicando que o HTLV também funciona como um marcador precioso das migrações humanas nas Américas no passado e um provável marcador dos costumes das populações atuais. O outro retrovírus humano, o HIV, ainda não é prevalente nas comunidades indígenas, apesar de que elas podem ser facilmente alcançadas em virtude das inúmeras facilidades de transmissão para o vírus.

Estudo clínico, morfológico e imuno-histoquímico de série de casos de tuberculose pleural e ganglionar

A dificuldade no diagnóstico definitivo da tuberculose extrapulmonar persiste principalmente devido a baixa resolutividade dos métodos convencionais disponíveis para a detecção do Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Esse estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a contribuição da técnica imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) para a detecção de Mycobacterium spp. em casos de tuberculose pleural e ganglionar com histoquímica negativa, assim como, investigar alguns aspectos clínicos, laboratoriais e morfológicos da doença. Para obtenção desta amostra fez-se a busca dos casos no Núcleo de Vigilância Epidemiológica (NVE) e Divisão de Arquivo Médico e Estatística (DAME) do Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto (HUJBB) e no Departamento de Anatomia Patológica da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), selecionando-se aqueles que haviam realizado exame histopatológico para esclarecimento diagnóstico do caso. Foram incluídos 50 pacientes, sendo 25 com diagnóstico presuntivo de tuberculose pleural e 25 de tuberculose ganglionar. Para obtenção dos dados clínicos e laboratoriais os respectivos prontuários foram revisados, e para confirmação dos aspectos morfológicos foi realizada a revisão de todas as lâminas selecionadas. Posteriormente, cada amostra foi submetida à técnica IHQ com anticorpo polyclonal Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Encontrou-se no grupo investigado, maior frequência do sexo masculino, cuja média de idade foi de 33,8 anos (desvio padrão: 14,1) sendo a maioria procedente da cidade de Belém-Pará e com nível de escolaridade de sete ou menos anos de estudo. Os sintomas constitucionais mais frequentes em todo o grupo foram a febre e perda ponderal. Nos pacientes com tuberculose pleural, os sintomas específicos mais encontrados foram tosse, dor torácica e dispneia, e naqueles com a forma ganglionar da doença, o envolvimento da cadeia cervical isolada foi mais frequente. Infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) ou Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (Sida) e etilismo foram as condições de risco mais frequentemente associadas. Na tuberculose pleural, 20% dos casos cursaram com derrame pleural associado à lesão parenquimatosa, e em 60% o líquido pleural foi do tipo exsudativo. Enquanto, na forma ganglionar, em 50% dos casos evidenciou-se lesão parenquimatosa à radiografia do tórax. Neste estudo, foi inexpressiva a quantidade de participantes nos quais foi realizada a pesquisa direta e cultura para bacilo álcool - ácido resistente (BAAR) nos diversos espécimes clínicos analisados (líquido pleural, tecido pleural e ganglionar, escarro e lavado broncoalveolar) O padrão morfológico predominante em ambas as formas da doença foi o granuloma tipo tuberculoide com necrose caseosa, independente do status sorológico para o HIV. A técnica IHQ contribuiu para o diagnóstico de tuberculose pleural em 21% (4/19) das amostras de tecido pleural e em 37,5% (9/24) de tecido ganglionar. Um resultado imuno-histoquímico positivo define o diagnóstico de micobacteriose, e quando associado aos achados clínicos, laboratoriais e morfológicos torna-se uma ferramenta de grande utilidade para melhorar o diagnóstico da tuberculose extrapulmonar.

Perfil soroepidemiológico da Rubéola no período pré-vacinal (1989 a 1999) e pós-vacinal (2000 a 2005) de pacientes referenciados ao Instituto Evandro Chagas

A Rubéola é uma virose exantemática geralmente de evolução benigna, mas quando adquirida durante a gestação, pela teratogenicidade do vírus, pode provocar a Síndrome da Rubéola Congênita caracterizada por malformações fetais e aborto espontâneo. Com o objetivo de descrever o perfil soroepidemiológico da Rubéola de pacientes referenciados ao Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVS/MS nos períodos prévacinal(1989 a 1999) e pós-vacinal (2000 a 2005), foi realizado estudo retrospectivo do banco de dados de 34.221 amostras, cujos testes sorológicos foram analisados através da técnica de pesquisa de IgM e IgG por ELISA com kits do laboratório DADE BEHRING^®. A taxa de infecção encontrada foi de 17,2% no período prévacinal e de 4,0% no pós-vacinal. Entre a sintomatologia apresentada no período pré-vacinal, a linfadenopatia teve maior taxa com 38,4% e no pós-vacinal a artralgia com 11,3%. Nas mulheres em idade fértil, a média da taxa de imunes foi de 78,3% e 84,4% no período pré e pós-vacinal, respectivamente. A taxa de infecção em gestantes no período pré-vacinal foi de 9,3% e no pós-vacinal 1,6%. Os recémnascidos infectados corresponderam a 2,1% no período pré e 1,0% no período pósvacinal nesses, houve predomínio de catarata e cardiopatia isoladas ou em associação. Foi concluído que houve diferença significante entre as frequências de todos os segmentos estudados, em relação aos períodos pré e pós-vacinal, confirmando a eficácia da vacina na prevenção da Rubéola e da SRC, tal fato realça a necessidade de se ampliar as coberturas vacinais para impedir a circulação do VR no país, cumprindo assim o acordo de eliminação até o ano 2010.

Perfil de abdome agudo cirúrgico em pacientes com HIV/AIDS em um hospital de referência no estado do Pará

A Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (Aids) é uma doença do sistema imunológico humano causada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). O HIV ataca células humanas responsáveis por defender o organismo de doenças, sendo os linfócitos T CD4+ os mais atingidos. A dor abdominal em paciente imunodeprimido evolui com difícil manejo diagnóstico, sendo mandatório ao cirurgião estar familiarizado com os diversos diagnósticos diferenciais e complicações secundárias da Aids. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever os aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos de pacientes com Aids que evoluíram com abdome agudo e receberam tratamento cirúrgico no período de janeiro de 2001 a janeiro de 2011 no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto. Foi um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, do tipo caso-controle, onde o grupo de casos foi constituído por pacientes com Aids que evoluíram com abdome agudo e o grupo controle, por pacientes que também evoluíram com abdome agudo, porém sem condição imunossupressora associada. Houve predominância do sexo masculino na proporção 4,5 homens para cada mulher no grupo com aids, porém com proporção similar nos controles. A maioria dos pacientes (87%) do grupo controle apresentou alguma alteração laboratorial, diferentemente do grupo com Aids, onde 38,5% dos pacientes tiveram resultado normal. A anemia esteve presente em 75% dos pacientes com Aids e a leucocitose em 80% do grupo controle. A causa mais frequente de abdome agudo na população com Aids foi perfuração intestinal (82,1%), enquanto no grupo controle foi obstrução intestinal (39,1%). Somente o quadro clínico de defesa abdominal e diminuição de ruídos hidroaéreos apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0.01). As alterações radiológicas mais frequentes foram distensão de alças em 87,2% dos pacientes com Aids e níveis hidroaéreos em 65,2% dos pacientes do grupo controle. A principal cirurgia realizada no grupo Aids foi a ressecção intestinal com reconstrução primária do trânsito (65,5%). As complicações cirúrgicas foram mais frequentes no grupo com Aids (87,2% com infecção de ferida operatória) e a causa predominante de óbito em ambos os grupos foi sepse a partir de foco abdominal (81% nos casos e 87,5% controles), inclusive nos pacientes ostomizados. A probabilidade de óbito nos casos com Aids foi superior em cerca de 2 vezes em relação aos controles. O tempo de internação e o tempo de pós-operatório até o óbito foi menor nos pacientes com Aids em comparação aos controles. Sendo fundamental a realização do estudo para melhorar o manejo e sobrevida dos pacientes com Aids.