World Polarization in carbon emissions, potential conflict and groups: an updated revision

Typically, conflicts in world environmental negotiations are related, amongst other aspects, to the level of polarization of the countries in groups with conflicting interests. Given the predictable relationship between polarization and conflict, it would seem logical to evaluate the degree to which the distribution of countries – for example, in terms of their CO2 emissions per capita – would be structured through groups which in themselves are antagonistic, as well as their evolution over time. This paper takes the concept of polarization to explore this distribution for the period 1992-2010, looking at different analytic approaches related to the concept. Specifically, it makes a comparative evaluation of the results associated with endogenous multi-polarization measures (i.e. EGR and DER indices), exogenous measures (i.e. Z-K or multidimensional index) and strict bipolarization measures (i.e. Wolfson’s measure). Indeed, the interest lies not only in evaluating the global situation of polarization by comparing the different approaches and their temporal patterns, but also in examining the explanatory capacity of the different proxy groups used as a possible reference for designing global environmental policy from a group premise. JEL codes: D39; Q43; Q56. Key words: polarization; carbon emissions; conflict;

Hybrid treatment of penetrating aortic ulcer

AbstractPenetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcer is a rare entity with poor prognosis in the setting of acute aortic syndrome. In the literature, cases like the present one, located in the aortic arch, starting with chest pain and evolving with dysphonia, are even rarer. The present report emphasizes the role played by computed tomography in the diagnosis of penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer as well as in the differentiation of this condition from other acute aortic syndromes. Additionally, the authors describe a new therapeutic approach represented by a hybrid endovascular surgical procedure for treatment of the disease.

Acerca de la fecha del martirio de Genesio de Roma

Con seguridad , Genesio de Roma es el más célebre de los actores mártires que, según una extendida leyenda hagiográfica, murieron a causa de una conversión milagrosa mientras actuaban sobre el escenario. Su figura rozó de gran fortuna en Occidente y su historia aparece recogida en numerosos pasionarios y martirologios. En este trabajo estudiamos todas estas fuentes, presentándolas en orden cronológico y estableciendo las diversas relaciones entre ellas.

The International Distribution of Energy Intensities: some synthetic results

The paper examines the international distribution of energy intensities as a conventional proxy indicator of energy efficiency and sustainability in the consumption of resources, by employing some descriptive tools from the analysis of inequality and polarization. The analysis specifically focuses on the following points: firstly, inequalities are evaluated synthetically based on diverse summary measures and Lorenz curves; secondly, different factorial decompositions are undertaken that assist in investigating some explanatory factors (weighting factors, multiplicative factors and decomposition by groups); and thirdly, an analysis is made of the polarization of intensities when groups of countries are defined endogenously and exogenously. The results obtained have significant implications from both academic and political perspectives.

Empirics of the international inequality in CO2 emissions intensity: explanatory factors according to complementary decomposition methodologies

This paper analyses the international inequalities in CO2 emissions intensity for the period 1971- 2009 and assesses explanatory factors. Multiplicative, group and additive methodologies of inequality decomposition are employed. The first allows us to clarify the separated role of the carbonisation index and the energy intensity in the pattern observed for inequalities in CO2 intensities; the second allows us to understand the role of regional groups; and the third allows us to investigate the role of different fossil energy sources (coal, oil and gas). The results show that, first, the reduction in global emissions intensity has coincided with a significant reduction in international inequality. Second, the bulk of this inequality and its reduction are attributed to differences between the groups of countries considered. Third, coal is the main energy source explaining these inequalities, although the growth in the relative contribution of gas is also remarkable. Fourth, the bulk of inequalities between countries and its decline are explained by differences in energy intensities, although there are significant differences in the patterns demonstrated by different groups of countries.

The causal factors of international inequality in CO2 emissions per capita: a regression-based inequality decomposition analysis

This paper uses the possibilities provided by the regression-based inequality decomposition (Fields, 2003) to explore the contribution of different explanatory factors to international inequality in CO2 emissions per capita. In contrast to previous emissions inequality decompositions, which were based on identity relationships (Duro and Padilla, 2006), this methodology does not impose any a priori specific relationship. Thus, it allows an assessment of the contribution to inequality of different relevant variables. In short, the paper appraises the relative contributions of affluence, sectoral composition, demographic factors and climate. The analysis is applied to selected years of the period 1993–2007. The results show the important (though decreasing) share of the contribution of demographic factors, as well as a significant contribution of affluence and sectoral composition.

El aprendizaje basado en problemas como estrategia para el cambio metodológico en los trabajos de laboratorio

The Problem Based Learning (PBL) can be used as a strategy for methodological change in conventional learning environments. In this paper, the integration of laboratory work in PBL grounded activities during an introductory organic chemistry course is described. The most decisive issues of their implementation are discussed. The results show how this methodology favours the laboratory work contextualization in subject-matter and promotes the Science-Technology-Society-Environment relationships. Besides, it contributes to competence development like planning and organization skills, information search and selection, cooperative work, etc., the same way as the tutorial action improvement.

Aumento da vida útil e microbiologia da carne suína embalada em atmosfera modificada

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da embalagem de carne suína em atmosfera modificada, obteve-se assepticamente amostras de lombo (Longissimus dorsi) de suíno de aproximadamente 3x3cm que depois de lavadas em solução salina (0,35%) estéril, foram introduzidas em bolsas de plástico (Cryovac BB4L) de baixa permeabilidade. Dividiram-se em 4 lotes e se embalaram com aproximadamente 1,0l de ar (100%), nitrogênio (100%), 20/80 e 40/60 CO2/O2 e se termo-selaram. Finalmente, cada lote se subdividiu em 2, armazenando-se a 1 e 7ºC. Durante o armazenamento tomaram-se amostras determinando-se a composição da atmosfera, o pH e a composição da microbiota (microbiota total, bactérias lácticas, Enterobacteriaceae, Brochothrix thermosphacta e contagens em ágar pseudomonas). Os parâmetros de crescimento (fase de latência e tempo de duplicação) dos microrganismos foram determinados mediante a equação de Gompertz. Os resultados demonstraram que a vida útil da carne suína é prolongada quando se armazena em atmosferas modificadas. As atmosferas enriquecidas com CO2 e a 1ºC mostraram uma maior eficácia. As atmosferas com CO2, mantiveram o pH das amostras constante durante todo o período de armazenamento. A 1 e 7ºC, as fases de latência e os tempos de duplicação da microbiota total foram progressivamente maiores na seguinte ordem: atmosfera de ar (100%), N2 (100%), 20/80 e 40/60 CO2/O2. Pode-se concluir que, tanto a 1 como a 7ºC, a utilização das atmosferas modificadas retardou o crescimento das bactérias alterantes da carne suína, favorecendo o prolongamento da vida útil, principalmente nas atmosferas com CO2.

Effect of sugar and water contents on non-expanded cassava flour extrudates

The effects of sucrose and water contents on cassava flour processed by extrusion at varied concentrations of sucrose (0-20% w/w) and water (28-42% w/w) were studied by applying response surface methodology. The extrusion of the mixtures was performed in a twin screw extruder fitted to a torque rheometer. The specific mechanical energy (SME) dissipated inside a conical twin-screw extruder was measured. Water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI) and paste viscosity readings (cold viscosity (CV), peak viscosity (PV), breakdown (BD) and set back (SB)) during a gelatinization-retrogradation cycle measured in a Rapid Visco Analyzer were determined on non-directly extruded products. The results indicated that SME and WSI decreased as a function of water and sucrose contents. WAI and pasting properties were influenced by water content. A non antiplasticizing effect of the sucrose content was observed on pasting properties, suggesting that sucrose did not reduce the availability of water available for gelatinizing cassava flour during the extrusion process. The nature of the optimum point was characterized as a saddle point for WAI, WSI, PV and BD, whereas SME showed a maximum and CV and SB a minimum. The results indicated to be valuable for the production of non-expanded cassava flour extrudates with desirable functional properties for specific end users.

Constitución virtual de sociedades por acciones simplificadas

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Memorias Congreso internacional de derecho comercial presente y futuro del derecho comercial : mayo 5 y 6 de 2010

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El presente y futuro del derecho societario en Colombia

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Revisión previa de actas. Nuevo Servicio

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Constitución virtual de Sociedades por Acciones Simplificadas. Modelo de estatutos

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