De la Educación Física' : Herbert Spencer, 1861.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Defensoras de la Educación de la mujer : las primeras inspectoras escolares de Madrid (1861-1926).

Se completa con documentación relevante incluida en el apartado de anexos

Efeito Bradfordiano na Produção Documental no Tempo de D. Pedro V : 1837-1861

Esta dissertação incide sobre a produção documental em Portugal, no período de vida do monarca D. Pedro V, 1837-1861. As bases de dados de recolha de informação foram: a Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, a Biblioteca Nacional Digital e o catálogo da Rede Municipal de Bibliotecas de Lisboa. Tendo em conta as várias formulações no campo da bibliometria, o denominado efeito bradfordiano foi o foco desta investigação com a análise dos autores, casas editoriais/ tipografias, locais de produção, tipo de documentos e áreas temáticas mais produtivos.

La Constitución ecuatoriana de 1861: el debate (Estudios)

El artículo analiza el proceso de elaboración de la Constitución ecuatoriana de 1861, sus principales innovaciones y los debates que suscitó. Esta carta constitucional amplió el sufragio y modificó la estructura administrativa territorial, y sustituyó la división geográfica del Ecuador en departamentos por provincias. También revisa los impactos regionales que produjo la nueva estructura administrativa. Además, el estudio realiza una descripción de la coyuntura en que ascendió Gabriel García Moreno a la jefatura del Estado ecuatoriano y las discrepancias en torno a las libertades individuales, las políticas económicas y las relaciones entre la Iglesia y el Estado católico.

Las relaciones diplomáticas entre García Moreno y la Santa Sede (1861-1866)

El presente texto busca dilucidar las tratativas diplomáticas entre García Moreno y la Santa Sede que ocurrieron entre el 1861 y 1866 y cuyo fin era conseguir el Concordato: un pacto que el Presidente ecuatoriano consideraba fundamental para la realización de su proyecto de reformas. Frente a un país lacerado por luchas internas y dividido entre sí, era necesario un cambio enérgico para establecer el orden social y la unión nacional. Paladino de la reforma debía ser, según García Moreno, el clero a su vez reformado y vuelto ejemplo de virtud para restituir el orden y la moral al país entero. Entonces, era primordial un Concordato con la Santa Sede para imponer la reforma del clero y establecer los límites entre poder religioso y estatal. No obstante el Concordato no representó una solución fácil e inmediata al cambio, en cuanto planteó una serie de contrastes, discusiones, reformulaciones y cambios que desvelaron los intereses que rodeaban al poder estatal y religioso en el país. En este contexto la Santa Sede iba a representar una fuente legitimadora del poder religioso, demostrando su preferencia en tratar las cuestiones con el Presidente ecuatoriano y su legítimo gobierno, marginando el parlamento. El Concordato resultó ser un documento que permitió a García Moreno fortalecer su control sobre la Iglesia ecuatoriana y mediar con la Santa Sede algunas cuestiones, sobre todo la inherente el diezmo, obteniendo una mayor ventaja económica para el Estado. Soluciones que, no fueron definitivas, sino que dejaron abierta la discusión para ulteriores tratativas.

Contemporary social variations in household water use, management strategies and awareness under conditions of 'water stress': the case of Greater Amman Jordan

One of the distinctive characteristics of the water supply system of Greater Amman, the capital of Jordan, is that it has been based on a regime of rationing since 1987, with households receiving water once a week for various durations. This reflects the fact that while Amman's recent growth has been phenomenal, Jordan is one of the ten most water-scarce nations on earth. Amman is highly polarised socio-economically, and by means of household surveys conducted in both high- and low-income divisions of the city, the aim has been to provide detailed empirical evidence concerning the storage and use if water, the strategies used by households to manage water and overall satisfactions with water supply issues, looking specifically at issues of social equity. The analysis demonstrates the social costs of water rationing and consequent household management to be high, as well as emphasising that issues of water quality are of central importance to all consumers.

Predicted soil organic carbon stocks and changes in Jordan between 2000 and 2030 made using the GEFSOC modelling system

Estimates of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and changes under different land use systems can help determine vulnerability to land degradation. Such information is important for countries in and areas with high susceptibility to desertification. SOC stocks, and predicted changes between 2000 and 2030, were determined at the national scale for Jordan using The Global Environment Facility Soil Organic Carbon (GEFSOC) Modelling System. For the purpose of this study, Jordan was divided into three natural regions (The Jordan Valley, the Uplands and the Badia) and three developmental regions (North, Middle and South). Based on this division, Jordan was divided into five zones (based on the dominant land use): the Jordan Valley, the North Uplands, the Middle Uplands, the South Uplands and the Badia. This information was merged using GIS, along with a map of rainfall isohyets, to produce a map with 498 polygons. Each of these was given a unique ID, a land management unit identifier and was characterized in terms of its dominant soil type. Historical land use data, current land use and future land use change scenarios were also assembled, forming major inputs of the modelling system. The GEFSOC Modelling System was then run to produce C stocks in Jordan for the years 1990, 2000 and 2030. The results were compared with conventional methods of estimating carbon stocks, such as the mapping based SOTER method. The results of these comparisons showed that the model runs are acceptable, taking into consideration the limited availability of long-term experimental soil data that can be used to validate them. The main findings of this research show that between 2000 and 2030, SOC may increase in heavily used areas under irrigation and will likely decrease in grazed rangelands that cover most of Jordan giving an overall decrease in total SOC over time if the land is indeed used under the estimated forms of land use. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.