Assessing the quality of alternative energy sources: Energy Return On the Investment (EROI), the metabolic pattern of societies and energy statistics

This paper presents an initial challenge to tackle the every so "tricky" points encountered when dealing with energy accounting, and thereafter illustrates how such a system of accounting can be used when assessing for the metabolic changes in societies. The paper is divided in four main sections. The first three, present a general discussion on the main issues encountered when conducting energy analyses. The last section, subsequently, combines this heuristic approach to the actual formalization of it, in quantitative terms, for the analysis of possible energy scenarios. Section one covers the broader issue of how to account for the relevant categories used when accounting for Joules of energy; emphasizing on the clear distinction between Primary Energy Sources (PES) (which are the physical exploited entities that are used to derive useable energy forms (energy carriers)) and Energy Carriers (EC) (the actual useful energy that is transmitted for the appropriate end uses within a society). Section two sheds light on the concept of Energy Return on Investment (EROI). Here, it is emphasized that, there must already be a certain amount of energy carriers available to be able to extract/exploit Primary Energy Sources to thereafter generate a net supply of energy carriers. It is pointed out that this current trend of intense energy supply has only been possible to the great use and dependence on fossil energy. Section three follows up on the discussion of EROI, indicating that a single numeric indicator such as an output/input ratio is not sufficient in assessing for the performance of energetic systems. Rather an integrated approach that incorporates (i) how big the net supply of Joules of EC can be, given an amount of extracted PES (the external constraints); (ii) how much EC needs to be invested to extract an amount of PES; and (iii) the power level that it takes for both processes to succeed, is underlined. Section four, ultimately, puts the theoretical concepts at play, assessing for how the metabolic performances of societies can be accounted for within this analytical framework.

Parental education and family characteristics: educational opportunities across cohorts in Italy and Spain

Drawing on data contained in the 2005 EU-SILC, this paper investigates the disparities in educational opportunities in Italy and Spain. Its main objective is to analyse the predicted probabilities of successfully completing upper-secondary and tertiary education for individuals with different parental backgrounds, and the changes in these probabilities across birth cohorts extending from 1940 to 1980. The results suggest that the disparities in tertiary education opportunities in Italy tend to increase over time. By contrast, the gap in educational opportunity in Spain shows a marked decrease across the cohorts. Moreover, by using an intuitive decomposition strategy, the paper shows that a large part of the educational gap between individuals of different backgrounds is “composed” of the difference in the endowment of family characteristics. Specifically, it seems that more highly educated parents are more able to endow their children with a better composition of family characteristics, which accounts for a significant proportion of the disparities in educational opportunity.

Metropolitan Areas in Spain and Italy

Metropolitan areas concentrate the main share of population, production and consumption in OECD countries. They are likely to be the most important units for economic, social and environmental analysis as well as for the development of policy strategies. However, one of the main problems that occur when adopting metropolitan areas as units of analysis and policy in European countries is the absence of widely accepted standards for identifying them. This severe problem appeared when we tried to perform comparative research between Spain and Italy using metropolitan areas as units of analysis. The aim of this paper is to identify metropolitan areas in Spain and Italy using similar methodologies. The results allow comparing the metropolitan realities of both countries as well as providing the metropolitan units that can be used in subsequent comparative researches. Two methodologies are proposed: the Cheshire-GEMACA methodology (FUR) and an iterative version of the USA-MSA algorithm, particularly adapted to deal with polycentric metropolitan areas (DMA). Both methods show a good approximation to the metropolitan reality and produce very similar results: 75 FUR and 67 DMA in Spain (75% of total population and employment), and 81 FUR and 86 DMA in Italy (70% of total population and employment).

What are the causes of educational inequalities and of their evolution over time in Europe? Evidence from PISA

This paper provides evidence on the sources of differences in inequalities in educational scores in European Union member states, by decomposing them into their determining factors. Using PISA data from the 2000 and 2006 waves, the paper shows that inequalities emerge in all countries and in both period, but decreased in Germany, whilst they increased in France and Italy. Decomposition shows that educational inequalities do not only reflect background related inequality, but especially schools’ characteristics. The findings allow policy makers to target areas that may make a contribution in reducing educational inequalities.

Diet diversity and the risk of laryngeal cancer: a case-control study from Italy and Switzerland.

Diet diversity (defined as the number of different foods consumed) has been considered an indicator of a healthy diet, and favorably related to the risk of several digestive tract cancers. We analyzed the relation between diet diversity and the risk of laryngeal cancer using data from a case-control study carried out between 1992 and 2000 in Italy and Switzerland. The subjects of the study were 527 patients with histologically confirmed incident cancers of the larynx and 1297 patients admitted for acute, non-neoplastic diseases, unrelated to tobacco or alcohol consumption. Total diversity was computed as the number of different foods (overall and within four food groups, i.e., vegetables, fruit, meat, and cereals) consumed at least once per week. A significant inverse association was observed for vegetable diversity (OR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.28-0.59, for the highest versus the lowest quartile) and fruit diversity (OR=0.40, 95% CI: 0.27-0.59). Conversely, a direct association was found for meat diversity (OR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.11-2.50), while no meaningful association was found for total diet and cereal diversity. The results were consistent across strata of age, alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking. This study suggests that a diet not only rich but also varied in fruit and vegetables is related to a decreased risk of laryngeal cancer risk.

Italy's urban waste metabolism

The problem of waste management is causing growing concern due to increasing generation rates, the emissions into soil, water and air, the social conflicts derived from the election of disposal sites and the loss of resources and energy among others. In this work, an innovative methodology is used to enable a better understanding of the waste generation and management system in Italy. Two new waste indicators are built to complement the conventional indicators used by official statistics. Then a multi-scale analysis of the Density of Waste Disposed (DWD) is carried out to highlight the territorial diversity of waste performances and test its contribution to detect plausible risky areas. Starting from Italian regions, the scale down goes on to the provincial level and, only for the region of Campania, the municipal one. First, the analysis shows that the DWD is able to complement the information provided by the conventional waste indicators. Second, the analysis shows the limitations of using a unique institutional solution to waste management problems. In this sense the multi-scale analysis provides with a more realistic picture of Italian waste system than using a single scale.

Accès à l'information médico-sociale dans le canton de Vaud : degré et sources d'information des personnes âgées

Améliorer la coordination des soins est un des points cardinaux de la politique Vieillissement et Santé du canton de Vaud. Ceci se traduit notamment par une volonté d'optimiser l'accès des personnes âgées à l'information médico-sociale. Un des projets qui en découle consiste à mettre en place un guichet intégré, soit un système centralisé, qui permettrait d'être renseigné·e ou orienté·e sur les prestations existantes efficacement et correctement, quelle que soit l'entité à laquelle on s'adresse. C'est dans ce contexte que le Centre d'Observation et d'Analyse du Vieillissement (COAV) a réalisé en 2013 une enquête sur l'accès à l'information médico-sociale auprès des personnes de 65 ans et plus non-institutionnalisées du canton. Ses résultats montrent que : ? Les besoins en prestations médico-sociales sont potentiellement importants car ces dernières sont susceptibles d'intéresser directement, du fait de difficultés fonctionnelles, un peu plus d'un tiers des personnes non institutionnalisées de plus de 65 ans, et indirectement 17 % des personnes du même âge qui sont aussi des aidant·e·s. Les femmes et les personnes bénéficiant de prestations complémentaires à l'assurance vieillesse (PC), étant plus fragiles, sont particulièrement concernées. ? Si cette population a potentiellement d'importants besoins en prestations médico-sociales, les portes d'accès à l'information sur ces prestations restent dans leur ensemble encore mal connues, même si l'on observe de grandes variations selon le type de services en question (selon les prestations, 27% à 57% des personnes interrogées ont déclaré ne pas savoir où s'adresser pour trouver de l'information à leur sujet). ? Les femmes, les personnes recevant des PC, ainsi que les personnes vulnérables et dépendantes sont proportionnellement plus actives dans la recherche d'information. ? Bien que les personnes ayant récemment eu l'occasion de rechercher de l'information sur certaines prestations médico-sociales semblent mieux connaître le système, 7% d'entre elles ont qualifié cette information de plutôt indisponible, 21% d'incomplète, 33% de dispersée et 15% de contradictoire. ? Deux tiers des personnes âgées pensent que l'information médico-sociale devrait être plus accessible sur l'existence de prestations, leur coût et les possibilités d'aide financière pour pouvoir en bénéficier. ? Parmi les personnes n'ayant pas récemment recherché d'information, les habitants de la région Nord sauraient plus souvent où s'adresser pour s'informer que ceux des autres régions. RAISONS DE SANTÉ 221 ? Etre un homme, être défavorisé financièrement (présence de PC) et, au niveau du statut fonctionnel, être vulnérable plutôt que robuste, sont des facteurs de risque d'accès limité à l'information. ? Les mêmes facteurs de risque se retrouvent en conduisant les analyses par type de prestations, excepté pour l'aide relative aux démarches administratives. L'information sur cette aide est mieux connue des personnes recevant des PC parmi celles ayant récemment recherché de l'information. ? Il n'a cependant pas été possible d'identifier un profil-type de la personne à risque face à l'accès à l'information sur la base des données socio-démographiques et fonctionnelles disponibles. ? D'autre part, cette enquête a mis en évidence le fait que le médecin traitant (désigné par 77% des individus) et le CMS (64 %), ainsi que, dans une moindre mesure, la commune (35%), sont les acteurs vers lesquelles les personnes âgées du canton se dirigeraient le plus volontiers pour trouver des informations sur diverses prestations médico-sociales. ? Cependant, au vu des variations constatées en comparant certains sous-groupes, d'autres sources ne sont pas à négliger lors de la mise en place d'un guichet intégré (telles qu'Internet, les EMS, Pro Senectute, les pharmacies, les BRIO, les hôpitaux, la garde médicale, etc.). Cette enquête montre que malgré les efforts entrepris pour faire connaître les prestations médico-sociales, une proportion non négligeable de ces services est peu connue des bénéficiaires potentiels. Ainsi, il serait intéressant de réitérer une telle étude après la mise en place du guichet intégré afin de pouvoir évaluer son impact.

Salvation goods and Canonization Logic : On two Popular Cults of Southern Italy

(Summary of the production) The idea that religion has to succeed in a «market», selling «salvation goods», has proved to be extremely attractive to scholars in sociology and the study of religion. Max Weber used the term «salvation good» to compare different religious traditions. Pierre Bourdieu employed the term in order to analyze «religious economy». And recently, an American group of researchers advocating «rational choice of religion» put the theme at the forefront of current debates. This book - the fruit of an International Congress in Lausanne in April 2005 - brings together leading specialists in the fields of sociology and the study of religion who discuss the terms «salvation goods» (or religious goods) and «religious market». The authors test the applicability of these concepts by using specific examples and they either deliberately advocate or criticize Weberian, Bourdieusian or rational-choice perspectives.

Health and Education, Sources of Information

The Institute of Public Health in Ireland (IPH) has produced a series of reviews which look at the health impacts of identified subject areas. Four reviews have been produced in the areas of employment, transport, the built environment and education. All reviews may be found at http://www.publichealth.ie/ireland/hiaresources. This resource supplements the ‘Health Impacts of Eduvation’ report. It highlights a number of organisations whose work considers issues relevant to the relationship between health and education.

Health and the Built Environment, Sources of Information

The Institute of Public Health in Ireland (IPH) has produced a series of reviews which look at the health impacts of identified subject areas. Four reviews have been produced in the areas of employment, transport, the built environment and education. All reviews may be found at http://www.publichealth.ie/ireland/hiaresources. This resource supplements the ‘Health Impacts of Built Environment’ report. It highlights a number of organisations whose work considers issues relevant to the relationship between health and built environment.

Health and Transport, Sources of Information

The Institute of Public Health in Ireland (IPH) has produced a series of reviews which look at the health impacts of identified subject areas. Four reviews have been produced in the areas of employment, transport, the built environment and education. All reviews may be found at http://www.publichealth.ie/ireland/hiaresources. This resource supplements the ‘Health Impacts of Transport’ report. It highlights a number of organisations whose work considers issues relevant to the relationship between health and transport.