Limnology in Argentina: An historical account

This short review includes major books, articles and episodes concerned with studies on inland waters that have affected the development of limnology in Argentina. It is divided into three periods; (1) an early period of protolimnologists; (2) a period previous to the present times, subdivided into a first stage from 1900 to 1938 and a second stage from 1938 to 1962; and (3) a period of integrated research.

The Windermere perch and pike project: an historical review

This paper is an attempt to set the background, provide a brief history, review some of the Windermere perch and pike project's scientific achievements, note current developments and hopes for the future, and comment on some aspects of such long-term projects. The project was originally started in 1939 in order to provide fish in freshwater lakes which might be harvested to enhance the supplies of food in a country subject to blockade. Pike traps and gill-netting were trialed as fishing methods. Catch statistics are available from 1939 which can be used to study population dynamics or for modelling purposes. The author provides an overview of changes in the population dynamics of perch and pike but covers briefly other species like arctic charr and brown trout. Also covered are several aspects of the basic biology and ecology of the principal species involved.

Dotrinazko sermoitegia: galduriko hizkerak eta dialektologia historikoa

602 p.

Importância do território para os processos identitários dos quilombolas e seus conflitos territoriais: Pedra do Sal e Sacopã(RJ)

O presente trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre a importância que os territórios possuem para os processos identitários dos quilombolas, e a importância da conservação destes para sociedade, uma vez que estes são um patrimônio histórico cultural da sociedade brasileira. O estudo desenvolverá discussões sobre território, sob a perspectiva da geografia cultural, onde o território é visto como um local dotado de significados, e apresentará um estudo sobre quilombo e a cultura quilombola. Para efetuar tais estudos e análises foram feitos dois recortes espaciais, em duas comunidades remanescentes de quilombos, as comunidades observadas foram Quilombola da Pedra do Sal e Quilombola do Sacopã, localizadas respectivamente, no bairro da Saúde e da Lagoa, ambos pertencentes à cidade do Rio de Janeiro, localizadas no estado fluminense. Essas comunidades quilombolas são consideradas urbanas, pois, foram incorporadas a cidade, através do processo de expansão urbana, sendo assim, foi realizada uma observação em até que ponto a urbanização pode promover uma descaracterização das comunidades urbanas. O trabalho conta ainda com um estudo sobre as conseqüências da não regulamentação desses territórios, tanto para a própria comunidade quilombola, quanto para a sociedade, já que esses quilombos podem ser considerados como patrimônio histórico cultural, e a não regulamentação pode significar o fim dessas tradicionais comunidades. Destarte, o trabalho consiste em avaliar o significado que a apropriação do território tem para estas comunidades e a importância deste para os seus processos identitários, além de identificar e analisar os conflitos existentes nestes quilombos. Portanto, o trabalho pauta-se em um estudo mais detalhado sobre a o significado que o território possui para os quilombolas, ou seja, o território como um geossímbolo.

Spatial-temporal excess mortality patterns of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in Spain

Background: The impact of socio-demographic factors and baseline health on the mortality burden of seasonal and pandemic influenza remains debated. Here we analyzed the spatial-temporal mortality patterns of the 1918 influenza pandemic in Spain, one of the countries of Europe that experienced the highest mortality burden. Methods: We analyzed monthly death rates from respiratory diseases and all-causes across 49 provinces of Spain, including the Canary and Balearic Islands, during the period January-1915 to June-1919. We estimated the influenza-related excess death rates and risk of death relative to baseline mortality by pandemic wave and province. We then explored the association between pandemic excess mortality rates and health and socio-demographic factors, which included population size and age structure, population density, infant mortality rates, baseline death rates, and urbanization. Results: Our analysis revealed high geographic heterogeneity in pandemic mortality impact. We identified 3 pandemic waves of varying timing and intensity covering the period from Jan-1918 to Jun-1919, with the highest pandemic-related excess mortality rates occurring during the months of October-November 1918 across all Spanish provinces. Cumulative excess mortality rates followed a south-north gradient after controlling for demographic factors, with the North experiencing highest excess mortality rates. A model that included latitude, population density, and the proportion of children living in provinces explained about 40% of the geographic variability in cumulative excess death rates during 1918-19, but different factors explained mortality variation in each wave. Conclusions: A substantial fraction of the variability in excess mortality rates across Spanish provinces remained unexplained, which suggests that other unidentified factors such as comorbidities, climate and background immunity may have affected the 1918-19 pandemic mortality rates. Further archeo-epidemiological research should concentrate on identifying settings with combined availability of local historical mortality records and information on the prevalence of underlying risk factors, or patient-level clinical data, to further clarify the drivers of 1918 pandemic influenza mortality.

Ambientes da infância e a formação do educador: arranjo espacial no berçário

Esta tese teve o objetivo de investigar o processo de apropriação do espaço por educadores que atuam nos berçários da Creche Institucional Doutor Paulo Niemeyer. Trata-se de um estudo de caso/intervenção o qual busca entender os significados e sentidos produzidos por esses sujeitos e as transformações dos arranjos espaciais provocadas pelas intervenções ocorridas em 2008, que enfocaram a formação em serviço através da participação dos mesmos como co-pesquisadores. Partimos do pressuposto de que o espaço/ambiente é um mediador das práticas pedagógicas e do desenvolvimento infantil. Discutimos a concepção de espaço e de outras categorias espaciais (ambiente, território e lugar) a partir da abordagem interdisciplinar (Filosofia, Geografia, Arquitetura, Psicologia e Educação), e histórico-cultural, destacando o caráter relacional do mesmo. Participaram da pesquisa 22 educadores e 37 crianças dos 3 agrupamentos de berçários, além da diretora. Para a produção dos dados, foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: entrevista com a diretora, observação e registro em diário de bordo e fotográfico dos arranjos espaciais e suas transformações, sessões reflexivas com os educadores e aplicação de um questionário nos educadores. Os resultados indicam que as intervenções, via ações colaborativas, propiciaram mudanças significativas nos arranjos espaciais, aumentando a quantidade e a qualidade da estruturação espacial. Igualmente, esta pesquisa possibilitou a reflexão da prática pedagógica e a ressignificação do papel do ambiente no fazer pedagógico. Esperamos que esta pesquisa contribua para a melhoria da qualidade da educação de crianças pequenas e que o uso desta metodologia, da qual os educadores participaram como co-pesquisadores, possa auxiliar no processo de formação em serviço desses profissionais e também em outras pesquisas que privilegiem o víeis interventivo no contexto de investigação.

Conhecimentos pedagógicos como orientação para a "missão docente": a formação na Escola Normal de Niterói na Primeira República (1893-1915)

A dissertação analisa a política de formação docente oferecida pela Escola Normal de Niterói entre 1893 e 1915. O projeto de institucionalização da escolarização de professores representou momento de transformações significativas na profissão, então associada aos ideais de progresso e modernidade republicanos, com destaque para a circulação e apropriação de teorias pedagógicas. Buscou-se conhecer o lugar de tais teorias e dos saberes na formação institucional de professores, visando compreender, em que medida, as representações sobre a missão docente se fez presente nos discursos dos Presidentes de Estado no período. Com esse objetivo, analisamos as reformas de ensino e as frequentes inserções e retiradas de disciplinas escolares, em meio aos intensos debates na esfera governamental sobre o que ensinar ao povo e aos professores. Almejava-se um saber que fosse capaz de ampliar a visão do cidadão brasileiro, modificar seus hábitos e inseri-lo na modernidade, aspectos que condiziam com a construção de um espírito republicano. Para compreender o funcionamento e a contribuição dessa escola para a história da educação fluminense, analisamos a legislação educacional, os programas e as disciplinas, e também alguns exames de admissão e finais dos alunos. Foram utilizadas as mensagens dos presidentes do Estado (1892 a 1918), as leis que reformaram ou regulamentaram a instrução pública (1893, 1895, 1900, 1912 e 1915), em particular a Escola Normal de Niterói, os exames de admissão (1901 a 1908), os exames finais dos alunos (1897 a 1911) e um diário de Geografia (1915). Tais documentos foram analisados à luz de extensa historiografia sobre a formação docente e permitiram conhecer práticas escolares da instituição. As leis que modificaram os programas tentaram imprimir um caráter mais científico ao curso e muito se discutiu sobre a questão prática. Para tanto, as disciplinas tencionavam articular a teoria à experiência corroborando a aptidão do professor. A aprendizagem era verificada por meio de exames finais, que sucediam as sabatinas e as provas. Examinar era um dispositivo de poder que comparava e excluía e não apenas mensurava o conhecimento. Investigar a formação de professores nos levou a olhar as articulações históricas e as relações de forças que a constituíram. A pesquisa documental sugere a necessidade de ampliarmos a visão sobre a formação docente na Primeira República, tendo em vista que houve esforços em se organizar a instrução pública, sobretudo, no que concerne à Escola Normal de Niterói.

A report on the population structure of adult salmon and sea trout in the River Lune using scale samples - with reference to historical data.

During 1993, a comprehensive data set of scale readings, length and weight measurements was established for migratory salmonids on the River Lune. This information was collected using three methods of fish capture: 1. The Lune estuary commercial nets. 2. River Lune Forge weir fish trap. 3. River Lune rod catch scale returns. Additional information was contributed by the Kent, Leven and Duddon rod and commercial fisheries. The data shows that the salmon stock in 1993 was dominated by two year old smolts. This varies from year to year. The sea trout population displays a normal population curve in terms of numbers of fish in each age and weight class. The growth rate of salmon and sea trout is very similar even though salmon have the benefit of high sea feeding.

An analysis of the historical catch data from the migratory salmonid fisheries of the River Ribble

The Ribble catchment is the largest and most diverse river system within National Rivers Authority (NRA), North West's Central Area. The river is approximately 100km in length and rises in a limestone area west of the Pennines. This report examines changes in the size and composition of the salmon and sea trout catches from the Ribble migratory salmonid fisheries during the years 1937 to 1991. Comparisons are made between the rod and net fisheries for both salmon and sea trout of the Ribble and Hodder. Patterns of catches shown by the Ribble fisheries are compared with those of other individual rivers and with patterns for the North West Region as a whole. An attempt is made to identify if any relationship exists between catch and stock abundance. Catch patterns shown by the Ribble and Hodder salmon fisheries are compared with electronic resistivity counter data from the two rivers. Annual salmon catch patterns and redd count data are compared both locally and regionally. Recommendations for future studies are made in the light of the report's findings.

From Gods to men: A historical overview of the discovery of the chemical elements

To achieve the apparently simple Periodic Table of the Elements has implied tremendous efforts over thousands of years. In this paper we present a brief history of the discovery of the chemical elements from prehistory to the present day, revealing the controversies that arose on the way and claiming the important work performed by alchemists in the advancement of knowledge. This is especially important if we consider that alchemy had a period of existence of many thousands of years, while the "Chemistry", officially established as a science in the eighteenth century, has operated as such for only a few hundred years. Even so, if we consider the progress of discovery and isolation of chemical elements throughout history, it can be observed that the number of elements identified is achieved mainly in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, reflecting the development of instrumental techniques, that facilitated this task.

Etymological notes on Aleut (III). With methodological notes on (Eskimo-Aleut) historical linguistics

[EN] The goal of this contribution is twofold: on the one hand, to review two relatively recent contributions in the field of Eskimo-Aleut historical linguistics in which it is proposed that Eskimo-Aleut languages are related genealogically to Wakashan (Holst 2004) and?/or Nostratic (Krougly-Enke 2008). These contributions can be characterized by saying that their authors have taken little care to be diligent and responsible in the application of the comparative method, and that their familiarity with the languages involved is insufficient. Eskimo-Aleut languages belong to a very exclusive group of language families that have been (and still are) used, sometimes compulsively, in the business of so-called “long-range comparisons”. Those carrying out such studies are very often unaware of the most basic facts regarding the philological and linguistic traditions of those languages, as a result of what mountains of very low quality works with almost no-relevancy for the specialist grow every year to the desperation of the scientific community, whose attitude toward them ranges from the most profound indifference to the toughest (and most explicit) critical tone. Since Basque also belongs to this group of “compare-with-everything-you-come- across” languages, it is my intention to provide the Basque readership with a sort of “pedagogical case” to show that little known languages, far from underrepresented in the field, already have a very long tradition in historical and comparative linguistics, i.e. nobody can approach them without previous acquaintance with the materials. Studies dealing with the methodological inappropriateness of the Moscow School’s Nostratic hypothesis or the incorrectness of many of the proposed new taxonomic Amerindian subfamilies (several of them involving the aforementioned Wakashan languages), that is to say, the frameworks on which Krougly-Enke and Holst work, respectively, are plenty (i.a. Campbell 1997: 260-329, Campbell & Poser 2008: 234-96), therefore there is no reason to insist once more on the very same point. This is the reason why I will not discuss per se Eskimo-Aleut–Wakashan or Eskimo-Aleut–Nostratic. On the contrary, I will focus attention upon very concrete aspects of Krougly-Enke and Holst´s proposals, i.e. when they work on “less ambitious” problems, for example, dealing with the minutiae of internal facts or analyzing certain words from the sole perspective of Eskimo-Aleut materials (in other words, those cases in which even they do not invoke the ad hoc help of Nostratic stuff). I will try to explain why some of their proposals are wrong, demonstrate where the problem lies, and fix it if possible. In doing so, I will propose new etymologies in an attempt at showing how we may proceed. The main difference between this and handbook examples lies in the reality of what we are doing: this is a pure etymological exercise from beginning to end. I will try to throw a bit of light on a couple of problematic questions regarding Aleut historical phonology, demonstrating how much work should be done at the lowest level of the Eskimo-Aleut pyramid; it is technically impossible to reach the peak of the pyramid without having completed the base. As far as Aleut is regarded, I will mainly profit not only from the use of the traditional philological analysis of Aleut (and, eventually, of Eskimo) materials, but also of diachronic typology, bringing into discussion what in my opinion seems useful, and in some cases I think decisive, parallels. It is worth noting that this paper makes up yet another part of a series of exploratory works dealing with etymological aspects of the reconstruction of Proto-Eskimo-Aleut, with special emphasis on Aleut (vid. i.a. Alonso de la Fuente 2006/2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2010a), whose main goal is to become the solid basis for an etymological dictionary of the Aleut language, currently in progress.

Defining plausible migration rates based on historical tagging data: a Bayesian mark-recapture model applied to English sole (Parophrys vetulus)

A generalized Bayesian population dynamics model was developed for analysis of historical mark-recapture studies. The Bayesian approach builds upon existing maximum likelihood methods and is useful when substantial uncertainties exist in the data or little information is available about auxiliary parameters such as tag loss and reporting rates. Movement rates are obtained through Markov-chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) simulation, which are suitable for use as input in subsequent stock assessment analysis. The mark-recapture model was applied to English sole (Parophrys vetulus) off the west coast of the United States and Canada and migration rates were estimated to be 2% per month to the north and 4% per month to the south. These posterior parameter distributions and the Bayesian framework for comparing hypotheses can guide fishery scientists in structuring the spatial and temporal complexity of future analyses of this kind. This approach could be easily generalized for application to other species and more data-rich fishery analyses.

The effect of predation (current and historical) by humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on fish abundance near Kodiak Island, Alaska

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are significant marine consumers. To examine the potential effect of predation by humpback whales, consumption (kg of prey daily) and prey removal (kg of prey annually) were modeled for a current and historic feeding aggregation of humpback whales off northeastern Kodiak Island, Alaska. A current prey biomass removal rate was modeled by using an estimate of the 2002 humpback whale abundance. A historic rate of removal was modeled from a prewhaling abundance estimate (population size prior to 1926). Two provisional humpback whale diets were simulated in order to model consumption rate. One diet was based on the stomach contents of whales that were commercially harvested from Port Hobron whaling station in Kodiak, Alaska, between 1926 and 1937, and the second diet, based on local prey availability as determined by fish surveys conducted within the study area, was used to model consumption rate by the historic population. The latter diet was also used to model consumption by the current population and to project a consumption rate if the current population were to grow to reach the historic population size. Models of these simulated diets showed that the current population likely removes nearly 8.83