Comparison of Neck Skin Excision and Whole Carcass Rinse Sampling Methods for Microbiological Evaluation of Broiler Carcasses before and after Immersion Chilling

Sampling protocols for detecting Salmonella on poultry differ among various countries. In the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service dictates that whole broiler carcasses should be rinsed with 400 ml of 1% buffered peptone water, whereas in the European Union 25-g samples composed of neck skin from three carcasses are evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a whole carcass rinse (WCR) and a neck skin excision (NS) procedure for Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolation from the same broiler carcass. Carcasses were obtained from three broiler processing plants. The skin around the neck area was aseptically removed and bagged separately from the carcass, and microbiological analysis was performed. The corresponding carcass was bagged and a WCR sample was evaluated. No significant difference (alpha <= 0.05) in Salmonella prevalence was found between the samples processed by the two methods, but both procedures produced many false-negative Salmonella results. Prechill, 37% (66 carcasses), 28% (50 carcasses), and 51% (91 carcasses) of the 180 carcasses examined were positive for Salmonella by WCR, NS, and both procedures combined, respectively. Postchill, 3% (5 carcasses), 7% (12 carcasses), and 10% (17 carcasses) of the 177 carcasses examined were positive for Salmonella by the WCR, NS, and combination of both procedures, respectively. Prechill, E. coli plus coliform counts were 3.0 and 2.6 log CFU/ml by the WCR and NS methods, respectively. Postchill. E. coli plus coliform counts were 1.7 and 1.4 log CFU/ml by the WCR and NS methods, respectively.

A PCR-RFLP assay for gender assignment in the three-toed sloths (Bradypus, Pilosa, Bradypodidae)

The three-toed sloths (Bradypus) are slow-moving arboreal neotropical mammals. Understanding demographic variables (such as sex ratio) of populations is a key for conservation purposes. Nevertheless, gender assignment of Bradypus is particularly challenging because of the lack of sexual dimorphism in infants and in adults, particularly B. torquatus, the most endangered of the three-toed sloths, in which sex is attributed by visual observation of the reproductively active males. Here, we standardized a method for sexing Bradypus individuals using PCR-RFLP of sex-linked genes ZFX/ZFY. This assay was validated with known-gender animals and proved accurate to assign gender on three Bradypus species.

Efficacy of high intensity diode laser as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment: a randomized controlled trial

The high intensity diode laser has been studied in periodontics for the reduction of subgingival bacteria in non-surgical treatment. Our study evaluated the bacterial effect as well as changes in periodontal clinical parameters promoted by root scaling and planing associated with this wavelength. Twenty-seven patients randomly assigned in two groups underwent root scaling and planing on the tested sites, and only the experimental group received the diode laser irradiation. Among the clinical parameters studied, the clinical probing depth (CPD) and the clinical attachment level (CAL) resulted in significant enhancement in the control group when compared with the experimental group (P = 0.014 and P = 0.039, respectively). The results were similar for both groups regarding the plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BP). No significant difference in the microbiological parameters was observed between the control and experimental groups. It was possible to conclude that the high power diode laser adjunct to the non-surgical periodontal treatment did not promote additional effects to the conventional periodontal treatment.

Infrared emission and defect centres in Er and Yb codoped Y(3)Al(5)O(12) phosphors

YAG phosphor powders doped/codoped with Er(3+)/(Er(3+) + Yb(3+)) have been synthesised by using the solution combustion method. The effect of direct pumping into the (4)I(11/2) level under 980 nm excitation of doped/codoped Er(3+)/Yb(3+)-Er(3+) in Y(3)Al(5)O(12) (YAG) phosphor responsible for an infrared (IR) emission peaking at similar to 1.53 mu m corresponding to the (4)I(13/2)->(4)I(15/2) transition has been studied. YAG exhibits three thermally-stimulated luminescence (TSL) peaks at around 140A degrees C, 210A degrees C and 445A degrees C. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies were carried out to identify the centres responsible for the TSL peaks. The room temperature ESR spectrum of irradiated phosphor appears to be a superposition of two distinct centres. One of the centres (centre I) with principal g-value 2.0176 is identified as O(-) ion, while centre II with an isotropic g-factor 2.0020 is assigned to an F(+) centre (singly ionised oxygen vacancy). An additional defect centre is observed during thermal-annealing experiments and this centre (assigned to F(+) centre) seems to originate from an F-centre (oxygen vacancy with two electrons) and these two centres appear to correlate with the observed high-temperature TSL peak in YAG phosphor.

Infrared luminescence, thermoluminescence and defect centres in Er and Yb co-doped ZnAl(2)O(4) phosphor

Er and Yb co-doped ZnAl(2)O(4) phosphors were prepared by solution combustion synthesis and the identification of Er and Yb were done by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) studies. A luminescence at 1.5 mu m, due to the (4)I(13/2) ->(4)I(15/2) transition, has been studied in the NIR region in Er and Yb co-doped ZnAl(2)O(4) phosphors upon 980 nm CW pumping. Er-doped ZnAl(2)O(4) exhibits two thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) peaks around 174A degrees C and 483A degrees C, while Yb co-doped ZnAl(2)O(4) exhibits TSL peaks around 170A degrees C and 423A degrees C. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies were carried out to identify defect centres responsible for TSL peaks observed in the phosphors. Room temperature ESR spectrum appears to be a superposition of two distinct centres. These centres are assigned to an O(-) ion and F(+) centre. O(-) ion appears to correlate with the 174A degrees C TSL peak and F(+) centre appears to relate with the high temperature TSL peak at 483A degrees C in ZnAl(2)O(4):Er phosphor.

Elaboration and optimization of (Y,Er)Al(3)(BO(3))(4) glassy planar waveguides through the sol-gel process

In this work, a sol-gel route was used to prepare Y(0.9)Er(0.1)Al(3)(BO(3))(4) glassy thin films by spin-coating technique looking for the preparation and optimization of planar waveguides for integrated optics. The films were deposited on silica and silicon substrates using stable sols synthesized by the sol-gel process. Deposits with thicknesses ranging between 520 and 720 nm were prepared by a multi-layer process involving heat treatments at different temperatures from glass transition to the film crystallization and using heating rates of 2 degrees C/min. The structural characterization of the layers was performed by using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy as a function of the heat treatment. Microstructural evolution in terms of annealing temperatures was followed by high resolution scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Optical transmission spectra were used to determine the refractive index and the film thicknesses through the envelope method. The optical and guiding properties of the films were studied by m-line spectroscopy. The best films were monomode with 620 nm thickness and a refractive index around 1.664 at 980 nm wavelength. They showed good waveguiding properties with high light-coupling efficiency and low propagation loss at 632.8 and 1550 nm of about 0.88 dB/cm. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Er:YAl(3)(BO(3))(4) glassy thin films from polymeric precursor and sol-gel methods: Waveguides for integrated optics

This paper presents the characterization of single-mode waveguides for 980 and 1550 nm wavelengths. High quality planar waveguide structure was fabricated from Y(1-x)Er(x)Al(3)(BO(3))(4) multilayer thin films with x = 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5, prepared through the polymeric precursor and sol-gel methods using spin-coating. The propagation losses of the planar waveguides varying from 0.63 to 0.88 dB/cm were measured at 632.8 and 1550 nm. The photoluminescence spectra and radiative lifetimes of the Er(3+) (4)I(13/2) energy level were measured in waveguiding geometry. For most samples the photoluminescence decay was single exponential with lifetimes in between 640 mu s and 200 mu s, depending on the erbium concentration and synthesis method. These results indicate that Er doped YAl(3)(BO(3))(4) compounds are promising for low loss waveguides. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All fights reserved.

Homeomorphisms of the annulus with a transitive lift

Let f be a homeomorphism of the closed annulus A that preserves the orientation, the boundary components and that has a lift (f) over tilde to the infinite strip (A) over tilde which is transitive. We show that, if the rotation numbers of both boundary components of A are strictly positive, then there exists a closed nonempty unbounded set B(-) subset of (A) over tilde such that B(-) is bounded to the right, the projection of B to A is dense, B - (1, 0) subset of B and (f) over tilde (B) subset of B. Moreover, if p(1) is the projection on the first coordinate of (A) over tilde, then there exists d > 0 such that, for any (z) over tilde is an element of B(-), lim sup (n ->infinity) p1((f) over tilde (n)((z) over tilde)) - p(1) ((z) over tilde)/n < - d. In particular, using a result of Franks, we show that the rotation set of any homeomorphism of the annulus that preserves orientation, boundary components, which has a transitive lift without fixed points in the boundary is an interval with 0 in its interior.

Spectroscopic investigation of the interactions between emeraldine base polyaniline and Eu(III) ions

The interactions of emeraldine base form of polyaniline (EB-PANI) and Eu(III) ions in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) solution and in films have been investigated by UV-vis-NIR, resonance Raman. luminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. These spectroscopic techniques allowed to characterize quinone and semiquinone segments in the polymeric chains. and the oxidation state of europium ions in Eu-PANI samples. For high values of Eu(III)/N molar ratio (24/1) the presence of a weak polaronic absorption band at 980 nm in UV-vis-NIR spectrum and the observation of bands at 1330 and 1378 (nu(center dot)(C-N+)) cm(-1) due to emeraldine salt in the Raman spectrum at 1064 nm indicate a low doping degree. Oxidation of EB-PANI to pernigraniline base (PB-PANI) occurs in diluted solutions. The experimental data showed that the solvent plays an important role on the nature of formed species. The narrow EPR signal at g = 2.006 (line width 8G) confirms the presence of PANI radical cations in Eu-PANI film. The absence of broad signal characteristic of Eu(II) in EPR spectrum suggested that europium ions are primarily at Eu(III) oxidation state. The luminescence spectra of Eu-PANI film presented emission bands at 405 and 418 nm assigned to PANI moieties and bands at 594,615 and 701 nm assigned to (5)D(0) -> (7)F(J) (J = 1, 2 and 4, respectively) transitions of Eu(III). EPR and photoluminescence data confirm that europium ions are mainly in Eu(III) oxidation state in Eu(III)/PANI films. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A cardioplastia passiva na função ventricular de ratos infartados e na formação de fluxo colateral extramiocárdico induzido pela aplicação de vegf165

A cardiomioplastia (CDM) tem sido proposta com uma alternativa de tratamento cirúrgico para pacientes em estado avançado de cardiomiopatia dilatada e isquêmica. Os resultados clínicos e experimentais demonstram que este procedimento atenua o processo de remodelamento ventricular, através da compressão dinâmica ou passiva do miocárdio pelo grande dorsal (GD). Além disso, estudos observaram formação de vasos colaterais do GD para o coração após a CDM. O infarto do miocárdio (IM) induz disfunção e remodelamento ventricular e tem sido muito utilizado na literatura como modelo experimental de isquemia miocárdica. A aplicação de fatores angiogênicos diretamente no miocárdio isquêmico tem mostrado resultados positivos na estimulação da formação de colaterais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da CDM associada ao tratamento com VEGF165 na função ventricular e no desenvolvimento de fluxo colateral extramiocárdico em ratos infartados. Foram utilizados ratos machos Wistar (n=57, 220-250g) divididos em grupos infartados e controles. As alterações temporais induzidas pelo IM (ligadura da artéria coronária esquerda) foram avaliadas aos 14 (IM-14) e aos 56 (IM-56) dias pós IM sendo comparadas com seus respectivos controles (C-14 e C-56). Animais controles (C-CDM) e infartados (IM-CDM) foram submetidos à CDM passiva (sem estimulação do GD) após 14 dias de IM e avaliados aos 56 dias. Ratos controles foram submetidos à cirurgia fictícia de IM e de CDM (S-IMCDM) e ratos infartados à cirurgia fictícia de CDM (IM-SCDM) a fim de verificar eventuais alterações induzidas pelos procedimentos cirúrgicos. Um grupo de ratos infartados recebeu a administração de uma dose de 25µg de VEGF165 na artéria principal do GD imediatamente antes da CDM (14 dias de IM) e foi avaliados aos 56 dias (IMCDM-VEGF). Ao final do protocolo os animais foram anestesiados (pentobarbital sódico, 40mg/Kg) e a artéria carótida direita foi canulada para registro da PA. Logo após, esta cânula foi inserida no ventrículo esquerdo (VE) para registro da pressão ventricular. O registro e processamento dos sinais de pressão foram realizados utilizando-se um sistema de aquisição de sinais (CODAS, 1 Khz). O débito cardíaco (DC) e os fluxos regionais (coração e rins) foram avaliados através da infusão de 300 000 microesferas azuis no ventrículo esquerdo. Após a infusão de 50 000 microesferas amarelas na artéria principal do GD o fluxo colateral extramiocárdico do GD para o coração (FCO GD→coração) foi quantificado através da divisão do número de microesferas amarelas no coração pelo número de microesferas amarelas no GD. Após a oclusão da artéria do GD foram infundidas 300 000 microesferas azuis no VE e o fluxo colateral extramiocárdico do coração para o GD (FCO coração→GD) foi avaliado pela divisão do número de microesferas azuis no GD pelo número de microesferas azuis no coração. O IM induziu hipotensão e aumento da pressão diastólica final (PDF) nos grupos IM-14 (84±6 e 6,88±2,6 mmHg) e IM-56 (98±3 e 15,4±2 mmHg) em relação aos seus respectivos controles (C-14: 102±4 e –3,2±0,5; C-56: 114±3 e 0,5±1,7 mmHg). O débito cárdiaco (DC) foi menor no grupo IM-56 (49,5±9 ml/min) em relação ao grupo IM-14 (72±9 ml/min). A máxima velocidade de relaxamento do VE (-dP/dt) estava reduzida nos grupos IM-14 (-2416±415 vs -4141±309 mmHg/seg nos C-14) e IM-56 (-3062±254 vs -4191±354 mmHg/seg nos C-56) e a de contração do VE (+dP/dt) somente no grupo IM-56 (4191±354 vs 5420±355 mmHg/seg nos C-56). O IM não alterou o fluxo e a resistência vascular coronariana, no entanto, o fluxo renal estava reduzido e a resistência renal aumentada no grupo IM-56 quando comparados ao grupo C-56. Os animais com 56 dias de IM apresentaram aumento de massa ventricular (pv) e da razão peso ventricular/peso corporal (pv/pc) em relação aos controles (1,3±0,04 vs 0,98±0,04 23 g e 3,37±0,08 vs 2,54±0,09 mg/g nos C-56). O tamanho do infarto foi menor no grupo IM-14 (35±3 % do VE) em relação ao grupo IM-56 (44±2 % do VE). Os grupos sham não apresentaram alterações nos parâmetros avaliados em relação aos seus controles. Os ratos infartados submetidos à CDM não apresentaram hipotensão (105±2 mmHg), nem aumento da PDF (4,8±1,7 mmHg) conforme observado no grupo IM-56. O FC, o DC, a RVP e os fluxos e a resistência vascular coronariana foram semelhantes entre os grupos C-56, IM-56, C-CDM e IM-CDM. A +dP/dt e a –dP/dt mostraram-se reduzidas nos grupos C-CDM e IM-CDM em relação ao grupo C-56. O fluxo e a resistência vascular renal estavam normalizadas nos ratos IM-CDM. O pv (1,11±0,04g) e a razão pv/pc (2,94±0,09 mg/g) apresentaram-se similares aos valores do grupo C-56 e o tamanho do IM foi semelhante entre os grupo IM-56 e IM-CDM (44±2 vs 45±3 % do VE). O grupo IMCDM-VEGF apresentou normalização dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos e morfométricos de forma semelhante aos do grupo IM-CDM quando comparados ao grupo IM-56. A resistência coronariana mostrou-se reduzida nos animais IMCDM-VEGF (22,07±2,01 mmHg/ml/min/g) quando comparada ao grupo C-CDM (37,81±4 mmHg/ml/min/g), apesar do fluxo coronariano ter sido similar entre os grupos submetidos à CDM. O FCOcoração→GD ocorreu predominantemente nos animais dos grupo C-CDM e IMCDM-VEGF (70% e 83,3% vs 28,6% no IM-CDM) enquanto que o FCO GD-coração foi observado em todos os animais dos grupos IM-CDM e IMCDM-VEGF (20% no C-CDM). A administração de VEGF165 aumentou o FCO GD→coração em valores absolutos e normalizados por grama (24,85±10,3% e 62,29±23,27%/g) em relação aos grupos C-CDM (0,88±0,89% e 1,42±1,42%/g) e IM-CDM (4,43±1,45 % e 7,66±2,34 %/g). O FCO GD→coração normalizado foi maior nos animais IM-CDM em relação aos C-CDM. O grupo IMCDM-VEGF (4,47±1,46 %/g) apresentou maior FCO coração→GD normalizado em comparação ao grupo MI-CDM (2,43±1,44 %/g). O tamanho do infarto foi menor nos animais do grupo IMCDM-VEGF (36±3 % do VE) em relação aos grupos IM-56 e IM-CDM. Correlações positivas foram obtidas entre o FCO GD→coração e o volume sistólico e (r=0,7) e o fluxo coronariano (r=0,7), e entre a PDF e a razão pv/pc (r=0,8) e o tamanho do IM (r=0,6). Além disso, correlações inversas foram observadas entre o tamanho do infarto e o volume sistólico (r=0,8) e o FCO GD→coração (r=0,7). Estes resultados permitem concluir que a CDM passiva preveniu a disfunção e o remodelamento do VE em ratos infartados. A aplicação de VEGF165 induziu diminuição do tamanho do IM que pode estar associado ao aumento do fluxo colateral extramiocárdico do GD→coração observado neste grupo tratado com VEGF. Estes achados sugerem que o uso de fatores angiogênicos, como o VEGF165, pode induzir melhora da perfusão das regiões isquêmicas do coração infartado, limitando a perda tecidual. Este efeito associado ao da compressão passiva do VE infartado pelo GD pós CDM, pode prevenir as disfunções decorrentes de isquemias miocárdicas.

O posicionamento dos tribunais perante os contratos de distribuição (1980-1999)

Esta pesquisa tem por objeto a análise sistemática da jurisprudência brasileira sobre os contratos de distribuição entre os anos de 1.980 e 2.000, procurando identificar qual a posição dos nossos Tribunais face a esses contratos. Nessa linha, constatou-se que os casos (acórdãos) abrem-se em cinco grandes blocos, quais sejam: (1) atribuição/divisão territorial; (2) questões possessórias; (3) renovatória de locação; (4) rescisão dos contratos de distribuição. Este grupo divide-se (i) naqueles contratos sujeitos à Lei Ferrari, (ii) naqueles referentes ao setor de combustíveis e derivados e (iii) naqueles não subsumíveis a tal diploma; (5) questões processuais relevantes, dividido em (i) litisconsórcio necessário e (ii) título executivo extrajudicial. Além disso, por se tratar de uma avenca atípica na maioria dos casos, a pesquisa procurou extrair de cada um dos casos qual o conceito de contrato de distribuição adotado.