Green diesel synthesis by hydrodeoxygenation of lipids extracted from Chlorella algae in supercritical hexane

Lipids were extracted from Chlorella algae with supercritical hexane. The high lipids yield of approximately 10% was obtained at optimum conditions of 300 rpm stirring speed and 2 h duration compared to the total contents of lipids being 12%. Furthermore, an easiness of hexane recovery may be considered as economically and ecologically attractive. For the first time, in the current work catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of Chlorella algal lipids was studied over 5 wt% Ni/H-Y-80 and 5 wt% Ni/SiO2 at 300 C and under 30 bar total pressure in H2. A comparative HDO of stearic acid was carried out under similar conditions. The conversion of lipids was about 35% over 5 wt% Ni/H-Y-80 after 6h, whereas, 5 wt% Ni/SiO2 was totally deactivated after 60 min. The selectivity to hydrocarbons (C15-C18) is 6%. As a comparison, complete conversion of stearic acid over 5 wt% Ni/H-Y-80 was achieved in 6 h. The transformation of lipids proceeded mostly via hydrogenation and hydrolysis with formation of free fatty acid (FFA). The lower activity might be attributed to deactivation of catalysts caused by chlorophylls and carotenoids. Even though the conversion is low, future studies in HDO of lipids extracted from other algae species having higher lipid content could be proposed. Coke resistant catalyst might be considered to improve catalytic activity.

Corporate green image communication through public disclosures and social media

Today, companies need to mind the environment in all their actions. Policies, regulations and growing pressure from environmentally conscious public are driving corporations to invest increasingly in their green images. Communication plays a key role in forming and maintaining that image. This thesis explores how six selected companies communicate about their environmental efforts and activities, and its linkage to their green images, in annual and sustainability reports and in Facebook. The companies come from the U.S. and Europe and operate in three different industries: ICT, oil and gas, and aerospace & defense. Qualitative and quantitative content analyses are conducted to examine 36 reports and 121 Facebook messages, collected from the period of 2010-2014, and from 2005 for comparison. The results show that although the quality and quantity of environmental disclosure is increasing, there is still room for improvement. Overall, disclosure in the ICT sector is on the highest level. The European companies disclose more and on average have stronger green images than the American ones. Emissions and ways to reduce them is by far the most covered topic in both continents and in all three industry sectors. The messages in Facebook are closer to advertising, and overall the platform is utilized surprisingly little.

Trends in fish prey capture by common terns following zebra mussel invasion : do terns track fish species abundance? /

The Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) is a ground nesting colonial seabird. Terns rely primarily on small prey fishes which they obtain through plunge diving for their survival as well as the survival of their offspring during the breeding season. The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is a small bivalve mollusk that invaded North American waters in the late 1980's. Through its suspension feeding, the zebra mussel has the ability to alter the entire aquatic ecosystem, ultimately leading to a reduction in pelagic organisms including small prey fish. The objective of the study was to determine what (if any) indirect effects the invasion of the zebra mussel has had on fish prey captured by terns. The study took place in two separate two-year periods, 1990-91 and 1995-96 on a concrete breakwall off the north shore of Lake Erie near Port Colborne, Ontario. Daily nest checks revealed clutch initiation dates, egg-laying chronology, hatching success and morphological egg characteristics (length and breadth). Behavioural observations included time each sex spent in attendance with its brood, the frequency of feeding chicks and the prey species composition and size fed to chicks as well as to females (courtship feeding). Egg sizes did not differ between study periods, nor did feeding rates to chicks, suggesting that food was not a limiting resource. Terns spent less time with their broods (more time foraging) in the 1995-96 period. However, they also had significantly larger broods and fledged more offspring. The time of each individual foraging trip decreased, suggesting that fish were easier to obtain in 1995 and 1996. Lastly, kleptoparasitism rates decreased, suggesting that the costs of foraging (time, energy) actually decreased as fewer birds adopted this strategy to compensate for what I assumed to be a lack of available food (fish). The only significant difference between the periods of 1990, 1991 and 1995, 1996 was a change in diet. Terns delivered significantly fewer rainbow smelt and more emerald shiner in 1995 and 1996. However, the average size of fish delivered did not change. Thus, there was little impact on prey captured by Common Terns in Lake Erie since the invasion of the zebra mussel.

An analysis of decoupling procedures in generating thermal Green's functions of O([lambda]â ´) by the Zubarev equation of motion method

The Zubarev equation of motion method has been applied to an anharmonic crystal of O( ,,4). All possible decoupling schemes have been interpreted in order to determine finite temperature expressions for the one phonon Green's function (and self energy) to 0()\4) for a crystal in which every atom is on a site of inversion symmetry. In order to provide a check of these results, the Helmholtz free energy expressions derived from the self energy expressions, have been shown to agree in the high temperature limit with the results obtained from the diagrammatic method. Expressions for the correlation functions that are related to the mean square displacement have been derived to 0(1\4) in the high temperature limit.

The green movement in Canada

The green movement has evolved over the last twenty years from various social, peace and ecology activist organizations into direct political participation in parliamentary institutions through the Green Party. Although there is no definable theory of green politics, the culmination of interacting social movements as well as feminist, decentralist and in many cases, left wing political ideology, has produced a specific kind of political direction for the Greens internationally. As a result of the increased a ttention and awareness given to ecological issues , combined with the heightened evidence of large scale environmental deterioration, public attitudes and government decisions on development and natural resource management have been significantly altered. The Green Party of Canada is still r elatively young in comparison to its European counterparts, although ecologica l awareness and interest in t he green movement in Canada is strong, as reflected not only in support on a political level for the Canadian Greens I but for environmental issues and a ctivism in general. For this reason it s important to determine whether or not the Green Party is a significant aspect of the Canadian green movement, and if in fact its representation is necessary as an active participant in the Canadian political system . The Green Party of Canada, as a vital aspect of the Canadian green movement, and its connection to international green organizations can be examined primarily through the examp l es of both the Canadian Greens and the Green party of Ontario , by using original party documents and literature, information gained through Green party meetings and discussions with members, and commentary by Green theorists where app licable. As well, the influence on the Canadian green movement by the German Green Party is outlined , again mainly through party literature, documents and critiques of the party's experiences. This study reveals several existing and potential problems fo r t he Green Party in Canada, and the political fut ure of the Canadian green movement in general. Some, such as the real i ties of the Canadian political system are external to the movement, and may be overcome with adjustments in goals and methods, and a realization of the changing attitude towards environmental issues in a political context . On the other hand, internal party disfunctions in both organization and direction, caused mainly by the indefinite parameters of green ideology, threaten to exploit the already problematic aspects evident in t he Green Party . Aside from its somewhat slow beginnings, the Green Party in Canada has developed into a strong grassroots social movement, not however from its political visibility but from the steady growth in the popul ari ty of ecological pol i t ics in Canada. Due to the seeming enormity of the obstacles facing the Greens in their effort 4 to achieve electoral success, it is doubtful that Parliamentary representation will be achieved without a major re-orientation of party organization and methods. UI timately the strength of the Green Party in Canada will be based upon its ability to survive as a significant movement, and its willingness to continue to challenge political thought and practice.

The significance of volatile antifungal metabolites produced by trichomerma harzianum biotype Th4, in green-mould disease of commercial mushroom crops /

The aggressive mushroom competitor, Trichoderma harzianum biotype Th4, produces volatile antifungal secondary metabolites both in culture and during the disease cycle in compost. Th4 cultures produced one such compound only when cultured in the presence of Agaricus bisporus mycelium or liquid medium made from compost colonised with A. bisporus. This compound has TLC and UVabsorption and characteristics indicating that it belongs to a class of pyrone antibiotics characterised from other T. harzianum biotypes. UV absorption spectra indicated this compound was not 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-one (6PAP), the volatile antifungal metabolite widely described in Th1. Furthermore, this compound was not produced by Th1 under any culture conditions. Mycelial growth of A. bisporus, Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotium cepivorum was inhibited in the presence of this compound through volatility , diffusion and direct application. This indicates that Th4 produces novel, volatile, antifungal metabolites in the presence of A. bisporus that are likely involved in green mould disease of mushroom crops.

Label, "Clarke & Chapman, Packers and Jobbers of Green Apples, Macomb, Illinois

Label on card stock for "Clarke & Chapman, Packers and Jobbers of Green Apples, Macomb, Illinois, 1870-1878"

Letter - Ian Green to Sean O'Sullivan, July 1977

A correspondence between Ian Green and Sean O'Sullivan from July 1977. The first letter is from 4 July 1977 from Sean O'Sullivan, titled "The Nation's Business". He requests a discussion about "Caucus morale". O'Sullivan requests that Joe Clark individually acknowledge members of the party and say "a few words about how proud he is of the men and women who form the P.C. Caucus, and how well they represent the country--moreover, how well they are prepared to help form the next Government." A response from Ian Green (Legislative Assistant) is positive and he forwards the memo to Jodi White, Director of Communications.

Place Card - Girl in Green Dress with Flower

A place card with an illustration of a girl in a green dress and red flowers.

Business Card from Green Acre Kennels

Business card from Green Acre Kennels, Aylmer East, Quebec, n.d.

Planification en contexte mégaévénementiel et reconversion urbaine : le cas du Green Point Urban Park à Cape Town en Afrique du Sud


Depuis les années 2000, nous observons de plus en plus de pays en développement (PED) hôtes de mégaévénements. En accueillant un mégaévénement en leur sol, les PED espèrent améliorer leur cadre urbain et attirer des investissements étrangers. Ceci étant dit, les retards en termes d’infrastructures et d’équipements que connaissent ces pays et les stricts cadres normatifs imposés par des organismes internationaux comme la FIFA, nous amènent à questionner la possibilité d’intégrer les aménagements mégaévénementiels, à leur contexte local. En ce sens, le processus de planification, dans lequel les cadres normatifs externes et locaux sont négociés, peut être vu comme un moment charnière ayant une incidence sur le potentiel de reconversion. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, nous avons entamé une réflexion à ce sujet en examinant le processus de planification d’un aménagement mégaévénementiel, le Green Point Urban Park (GPUP) à Cape Town, et son incidence sur son potentiel de reconversion. Plus précisément, nous allons, en premier lieu, décrire le processus de planification du site, nous allons par la suite évaluer son potentiel de reconversion, puis nous allons faire ressortir des liens entre le processus de planification et le potentiel de reconversion des aménagements mégaévénementiels. En somme, notre travail met en évidence une relation entre, d’une part, la prépondérance du cadre normatif imposé par l’organisme international et la dynamique du système d’acteurs au moment de la planification du GPUP et, d’autre part, la difficile reconversion de ce dernier après la Coupe du monde de 2010.

The green economy challenge to IPE

Note d'analyse