Early Warning For Large Earthquakes: Observations, Models and Real-Time Data Analysis

This thesis is a collection of works focused on the topic of Earthquake Early Warning, with a special attention to large magnitude events. The topic is addressed from different points of view and the structure of the thesis reflects the variety of the aspects which have been analyzed. The first part is dedicated to the giant, 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. The main features of the rupture process are first discussed. The earthquake is then used as a case study to test the feasibility Early Warning methodologies for very large events. Limitations of the standard approaches for large events arise in this chapter. The difficulties are related to the real-time magnitude estimate from the first few seconds of recorded signal. An evolutionary strategy for the real-time magnitude estimate is proposed and applied to the single Tohoku-Oki earthquake. In the second part of the thesis a larger number of earthquakes is analyzed, including small, moderate and large events. Starting from the measurement of two Early Warning parameters, the behavior of small and large earthquakes in the initial portion of recorded signals is investigated. The aim is to understand whether small and large earthquakes can be distinguished from the initial stage of their rupture process. A physical model and a plausible interpretation to justify the observations are proposed. The third part of the thesis is focused on practical, real-time approaches for the rapid identification of the potentially damaged zone during a seismic event. Two different approaches for the rapid prediction of the damage area are proposed and tested. The first one is a threshold-based method which uses traditional seismic data. Then an innovative approach using continuous, GPS data is explored. Both strategies improve the prediction of large scale effects of strong earthquakes.

Production of Z bosons in proton-proton collisions at root out s = 10 TeV: Expectations for early measurements at the ATLAS experiment

The production of the Z boson in proton-proton collisions at the LHC serves as a standard candle at the ATLAS experiment during early data-taking. The decay of the Z into an electron-positron pair gives a clean signature in the detector that allows for calibration and performance studies. The cross-section of ~ 1 nb allows first LHC measurements of parton density functions. In this thesis, simulations of 10 TeV collisions at the ATLAS detector are studied. The challenges for an experimental measurement of the cross-section with an integrated luminositiy of 100 pb−1 are discussed. In preparation for the cross-section determination, the single-electron efficiencies are determined via a simulation based method and in a test of a data-driven ansatz. The two methods show a very good agreement and differ by ~ 3% at most. The ingredients of an inclusive and a differential Z production cross-section measurement at ATLAS are discussed and their possible contributions to systematic uncertainties are presented. For a combined sample of signal and background the expected uncertainty on the inclusive cross-section for an integrated luminosity of 100 pb−1 is determined to 1.5% (stat) +/- 4.2% (syst) +/- 10% (lumi). The possibilities for single-differential cross-section measurements in rapidity and transverse momentum of the Z boson, which are important quantities because of the impact on parton density functions and the capability to check for non-pertubative effects in pQCD, are outlined. The issues of an efficiency correction based on electron efficiencies as function of the electron’s transverse momentum and pseudorapidity are studied. A possible alternative is demonstrated by expanding the two-dimensional efficiencies with the additional dimension of the invariant mass of the two leptons of the Z decay.

Präparation von Bismutsulfid-Absorberschichten für Dünnschichtsolarzellen mittels physikalischer Gasphasenabscheidung

Angesichts der sich abzeichnenden Erschöpfung fossiler Ressourcen ist die Erforschung alternativer Energiequellen derzeit eines der meistbeachteten Forschungsgebiete. Durch ihr enormes Potential ist die Photovoltaik besonders im Fokus der Wissenschaft. Um großflächige Beschichtungsverfahren nutzen zu können, wird seit einigen Jahren auf dem Gebiet der Dünnschichtphotovoltaik intensiv geforscht. Jedoch sind die gegenwärtigen Solarzellenkonzepte allesamt durch die Verwendung giftiger (Cd, As) oder seltener Elemente (In, Ga) oder durch eine komplexe Phasenbildung in ihrem Potential beschränkt. Die Entwicklung alternativer Konzepte erscheint daher naheliegend.rnAufgrund dessen wurde in einem BMBF-geförderten Verbundprojekt die Abscheidung von Dünnschichten des binären Halbleiters Bi2S3 mittels physikalischer Gasphasenabscheidung mit dem Ziel der Etablierung als quasi-intrinsischer Absorber in Solarzellenstrukturen mit p-i-n-Schichtfolge hin untersucht.rnDurch sein von einem hochgradig anisotropen Bindungscharakter geprägtes Kristallwachstum war die Abscheidung glatter, einphasiger und für die Integration in eine Multischichtstruktur geeigneter Schichten mit Schichtdicken von einigen 100 nm eine der wichtigsten Herausforderungen. Die Auswirkungen der beiden Parameter Abscheidungstemperatur und Stöchiometrie wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Auswirkungen auf die relevanten Kenngrößen (wie Morphologie, Dotierungsdichte und Photolumineszenz) untersucht. Es gelang, erfolgreich polykristalline Schichten mit geeigneter Rauigkeit und einer Dotierungsdichte von n ≈ 2 1015cm-3 auf anwendungsrelevanten Substraten abzuscheiden, wobei eine besonders starke Abhängigkeit von der Gasphasenzusammensetzung ermittelt werden. Es konnten weiterhin die ersten Messungen der elektronischen Zustandsdichte unter Verwendung von Hochenergie-Photoemissionsspektroskopie durchgeführt werden, die insbesondere den Einfluss variabler Materialzusammensetzungen offenbarten.rnZum Nachweis der Eignung des Materials als Absorberschicht standen innerhalb des Projektes mit SnS, Cu2O und PbS prinzipiell geeignete p-Kontaktmaterialien zur Verfügung. Es konnten trotz der Verwendung besonders sauberer Abscheidungsmethoden im Vakuum keine funktionstüchtigen Solarzellen mit Bi2S3 deponiert werden. Jedoch war es unter Verwendung von Photoemissionspektroskopie möglich, die relevanten Grenzflächen zu spektroskopieren und die Ursachen für die Beobachtungen zu identifizieren. Zudem konnte erfolgreich die Notwendigkeit von Puffermaterialien bei der Bi2S3-Abscheidung nachgewiesen werden, um Oberflächenreaktionen zu unterbinden und die Transporteigenschaften an der Grenzfläche zu verbessern.rn

Analyse der T-Zellkreuzreaktivität bei Birkenpollenallergikern mit assoziierter Nahrungsmittelallergie

Eine Pollenallergie geht häufig mit einer sekundären Nahrungsmittelallergie einher, die durch die Kreuzreaktivität zwischen dem Pollen- und dem Nahrungsmittelallergen verursacht wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine Kohorte von 20 Allergikern mit einer Typ I-Allergie gegen Birkenpollen und einer assoziierten Nahrungsmittelallergie gegen Haselnüsse und/oder Karotten in Bezug auf eine allergenspezifische IgE-Antwort, T-Zellantwort und vor allen Dingen hinsichtlich der T-Zellkreuzreaktivität zwischen den rekombinanten Allergenen Bet v 1, Cor a 1 und Dau c 1 charakterisiert. Verwendet wurde hierzu ein Zellkultursystem mit primären CD4+ T-Zellen ohne die Zugabe von exogenem IL-2 oder wiederholten Stimulationen. Zur Analyse der T-Zellkreuzreaktivität kamen zwei unterschiedliche Analyseverfahren zum Einsatz: zum einen der bewährte 3H-Thymidinassay und zum anderen eine neue durchflusszytometrische Methode, die auf der Verwendung von zwei unterschiedlichen Proliferationsfarbstoffen basiert.rnBei der Charakterisierung der T-Zellantwort konnte festgestellt werden, dass eine robuste Th2-Antwort vorliegt, die stark von dem Zytokin IL-5 dominiert wird, begleitet von einer signifikanten Produktion von IL-9 und IL-13, allerdings ohne die Beteiligung von IL-4.rnDes Weiteren konnte zum ersten Mal mit Hilfe eines dosisabhängigen Inhibitions-ELISA eine B-Zellkreuzreaktivität zwischen Bet v 1 und Cor a 1 gezeigt werden, wobei das Cor a 1-reaktive IgE prädominant ist und eine Subpopulation des Bet v 1-reaktiven IgE darstellt.rnMittels 3H-Thymidinassay konnte eine T-Zellkreuzreaktivität zwischen Bet v 1, Cor a 1 und in einem geringeren Maße zu Dau c 1 bei primären T-Zellen von Allergikern gezeigt werden. Ebenso konnte die Kreuzreaktivität zwischen Bet v 1 und Cor a 1 durch die neue durchflusszytometrische Methode bewiesen werden. Zusätzlich ist es mit Hilfe dieser neuen Methode nun möglich, zwischen den einzelnen T-Zellsubpopulationen zu unterscheiden, die sowohl nach primärer und sekundärer oder ausschließlich nach sekundärer Stimulation proliferieren. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass die kreuzreaktiven T-Zellen aus der T-Zellsubpopulation hervorgehen, die bereits nach der primären Stimulations stark proliferiert haben. Somit kann also innerhalb des T-Zellrepertoires der allergischen Spender eine Prädominanz der kreuzreaktiven T-Zellsubpopulationen festgestellt werden. Eine monospezifische T-Zellsubpopulation konnte unter Verwendung der neuen Methode nicht detektiert werden.rnDas Ausmaß von Qualität und Quantität einer Kreuzreaktivität kann nun visualisiert werden, was dazu beitragen kann, das Protokoll einer SIT zu verbessern und optimal an den individuellen Patienten anzupassen, um möglicherweise eine größere Chance auf eine erfolgreiche Therapie in Aussicht zu stellen.

Diversity of baculoviruses isolated from cutworms (Agrotis spp.)

Larven der Eulenfalter, Gattung Agrotis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), sind Schädlinge in der Landwirtschaft, welche gravierende Fraßschäden an bodennahen Pflanzenteilen verursachen. Häufig kommt es zum Absterben der noch jungen Pflanzen oder zu Beschädigungen der pflanzlichen Produkte, was zu finanziellen Ertragsverlusten führt. Zwei der wichtigsten landwirtschaftlichen Schädlinge der Gattung Agrotis sind die Larven der Saateule (Agrotis segetum) und der Ypsiloneule (Agrotis ipsilon), welche bisher überwiegend mittels chemischer Pestizide bekämpft werden. Als eine umweltfreundliche, nachhaltige und vielversprechende Alternative in der Bekämpfung wird der Einsatz von Baculoviren berücksichtigt. Baculoviren zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Virulenz und einem sehr engen Wirtsbereich aus. Häufig werden nur wenige nah verwandte Arten der gleichen Gattung infiziert. Aus der Gattung Agrotis wurden bisher mindestens vier Baculoviren isoliert und charakterisiert, welche als potentielle biologische Pflanzenschutzmittel in Frage kommen; sie gehören zu zwei Gattungen der Baculoviren: rnAlphabaculovirusrn(i) Agrotis segetum nucleopolyhedrovirus A (AgseNPV-A)rn(ii) Agrotis segetum nucleopolyhedrovirus B (AgseNPV-B)rn(iii) Agrotis ipsilon nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgipNPV)rnBetabaculovirusrn(i) Agrotis segetum granulovirus (AgseGV).rnDie Genome der AgseNPV-A, AgipNPV sowie des AgseGV wurden in vorherigen Studien bereits vollständig sequenziert und publiziert. In der vorgelegten Dissertation wurde das AgseNPV-B sequenziert und umfassend mit AgseNPV-A und AgipNPV verglichen. Das Genom von AgseNPV-B ist 148981 Kbp groß und kodiert ….. offene Leseraster. Phylogenetische Analysen zeigen eine enge Verwandtschaft dieser drei Viren und klassifizieren AgseNPV-B als eine neue Art innerhalb der Gattung Alphabaculovirus. Auf Basis der vorhandenen Genomsequenzen konnte eine PCR-basierende Methode zur Detektion und Quantifizierung on AgseNPV-A, AgseNPV-B, AgipNPV und AgseGV etabliert werden. Dises Verfahren ermöglichte die Quantifizierung von AgseNPV-B und AgseGV in Larven von A. segetum, die von beiden Viren zeitgleichinfiziert waren. Durch das gemeinsame Auftreten dieser beiden Wiren innerhalb eines Wirtsindividuums stellte sich die Frage, welche Art der Interaktion bei einer Ko-Infektion vorliegt. Durch Mischinfektionsversuche von AgseNPV-B und AgseGV konnte gezeigt werden, dass beide Viren um die Ressourcen der Larven konkurrieren. Eine für landwirtschaftliche Zwecke vorteilige Interaktion, wie das vorzeitige Verenden der Larven, das bereits für andere interagierende Baculoviren nachgewiesen wurde, konnte ausgeschlossen werden. Neben den Mischinfektionsversuchen wurden auch AgseGV und AgseNPV-B einzeln auf ihre Eignung als biologisches Pflanzenschutzmittel getestet. AgseGV zeigte in den Laborversuchen eine relativ langsame Wirkung, während AgseNPV-B durchaus Potential für ein rasche Abtötung besitzt. rnDie durchgeführten Aktivitätsstudien und die Charakterisierung von AgseNPV-B als neue Art erlauben ein vertieftes biologisches und molekulares Verständnis des Virus legen den Grundstein für und eine mögliche spätere Zulassung als Pflanzenschutzmittel. Die Methode zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung der Agrotis-Baculoviren stellt ein wichtiges Instrument in der Qualitätskontrolle für Produzenten dar und ermöglicht zudem weitere Untersuchungen von Agrotis-Baculoviren in Mischinfektionen.

Surface cloud radiative forcing from broadband radiation measurements on the Antarctic plateau

Surface based measurements systems play a key role in defining the ground truth for climate modeling and satellite product validation. The Italian-French station of Concordia is operative year round since 2005 at Dome C (75°S, 123°E, 3230 m) on the East Antarctic Plateau. A Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) site was deployed and became operational since January 2006 to measure downwelling components of the radiation budget, and successively was expanded in April 2007 to measure upwelling radiation. Hence, almost a decade of measurement is now available and suitable to define a statistically significant climatology for the radiation budget of Concordia including eventual trends, by specifically assessing the effects of clouds and water vapor on SW and LW net radiation. A well known and robust clear sky-id algorithm (Long and Ackerman, 2000) has been operationally applied on downwelling SW components to identify cloud free events and to fit a parametric equation to determine clear-sky reference along the Antarctic daylight periods (September to April). A new model for surface broadband albedo has been developed in order to better describe the features the area. Then, a novel clear-sky LW parametrization, based on a-priori assumption about inversion layer structure, combined with daily and annual oscillations of the surface temperature, have been adopted and validated. The longwave based method is successively exploited to extend cloud radiative forcing studies to nighttime period (winter). Results indicated inter-annual and intra-annual warming behaviour, i.e. 13.70 W/m2 on the average, specifically approaching neutral effect in summer, when SW CRF compensates LW CRF, and warming along the rest of the year due prevalentely to CRF induced on the LW component.

[Microbiological point of care tests]

It is well known that the early initiation of a specific antiinfective therapy is crucial to reduce the mortality in severe infection. Procedures culturing pathogens are the diagnostic gold standard in such diseases. However, these methods yield results earliest between 24 to 48 hours. Therefore, severe infections such as sepsis need to be treated with an empirical antimicrobial therapy, which is ineffective in an unknown fraction of these patients. Today's microbiological point of care tests are pathogen specific and therefore not appropriate for an infection with a variety of possible pathogens. Molecular nucleic acid diagnostics such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allow the identification of pathogens and resistances. These methods are used routinely to speed up the analysis of positive blood cultures. The newest PCR based system allows the identification of the 25 most frequent sepsis pathogens by PCR in parallel without previous culture in less than 6 hours. Thereby, these systems might shorten the time of possibly insufficient antiinfective therapy. However, these extensive tools are not suitable as point of care diagnostics. Miniaturization and automating of the nucleic acid based method is pending, as well as an increase of detectable pathogens and resistance genes by these methods. It is assumed that molecular PCR techniques will have an increasing impact on microbiological diagnostics in the future.

Urine tested positive for ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate after the consumption of "non-alcoholic" beer

In abstinence maintenance programs, for reissuing the driving licence and in workplace monitoring programs abstinence from ethanol and its proof are demanded. Various monitoring programs that mainly use ethyl glucuronide (EtG) as alcohol consumption marker have been established. To abstain from ethanol, but not from the taste of alcoholic beverages, in particular non-alcoholic beer has become more and more popular. In Germany, these "alcohol-free" beverages may still have an ethanol content of up to 0.5vol.% without the duty of declaration. Due to severe negative consequences resulting from positive EtG tests, a drinking experiment with 2.5L of non-alcoholic beer per person was performed to address the question of measurable concentrations of the direct metabolites EtG and EtS (ethyl sulphate) in urine and blood. Both alcohol consumption markers - determined by LC-MS/MS - were found in high concentrations: maximum concentrations in urine found in three volunteers were EtG 0.30-0.87mg/L and EtS 0.04-0.07mg/L, i.e., above the often applied cut-off value for the proof of abstinence of 0.1mg EtG/L. In the urine samples of one further volunteer, EtG and EtS concentrations cumulated over-night and reached up to 14.1mg/L EtG and 16.1mg/L EtS in the next morning's urine. Ethanol concentrations in blood and urine samples were negative (determined by HS-GC-FID and by an ADH-based method).

A Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Young Field Ultracool Dwarfs

We present a near-infrared (0.9-2.4 mu m) spectroscopic study of 73 field ultracool dwarfs having spectroscopic and/or kinematic evidence of youth (approximate to 10-300 Myr). Our sample is composed of 48 low-resolution (R approximate to 100) spectra and 41 moderate-resolution spectra (R greater than or similar to 750-2000). First, we establish a method for spectral typing M5-L7 dwarfs at near-IR wavelengths that is independent of gravity. We find that both visual and index-based classification in the near-IR provides consistent spectral types with optical spectral types, though with a small systematic offset in the case of visual classification at J and K band. Second, we examine features in the spectra of similar to 10 Myr ultracool dwarfs to define a set of gravity-sensitive indices based on FeH, VO, Ki, Nai, and H-band continuum shape. We then create an index-based method for classifying the gravities of M6-L5 dwarfs that provides consistent results with gravity classifications from optical spectroscopy. Our index-based classification can distinguish between young and dusty objects. Guided by the resulting classifications, we propose a set of low-gravity spectral standards for the near-IR. Finally, we estimate the ages corresponding to our gravity classifications.

Ethyl sulphate and ethyl glucuronide in vitreous humor as postmortem evidence marker for ethanol consumption prior to death

To clarify the circumstances of death, the degree of inebriation is of importance in many cases, but for several reasons the determination of the ethanol concentration in post-mortem samples can be challenging and the synopsis of ethanol and the direct consumption markers ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulphate (EtS) has proved to be useful. The use of a rather stable matrix like vitreous humor offers further advantages. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of ethanol and the biomarkers in the robust matrix of vitreous humor and to compare them with the respective levels in peripheral venous blood and urine. Samples of urine, blood from the femoral vein and vitreous humor were taken from 26 deceased with suspected ethanol consumption prior to death and analyzed for ethanol, EtS and EtG. In the urine samples creatinine was also determined. The personal data, the circumstances of death, the post-mortem interval and the information about ethanol consumption prior to death were recorded. EtG and EtS analysis in urine was performed by LC-ESI-MS/MS, creatinine concentration was determined using the Jaffé reaction and ethanol was detected by HS-GC-FID and by an ADH-based method. In general, the highest concentrations of the analytes were found in urine and showed statistical significance. The mean concentrations of EtG were 62.8mg/L (EtG100 206.5mg/L) in urine, 4.3mg/L in blood and 2.1mg/L in vitreous humor. EtS was found in the following mean concentrations: 54.6mg/L in urine (EtS100 123.1mg/L), 1.8mg/L in blood and 0.9mg/L in vitreous humor. Ethanol was detected in more vitreous humor samples (mean concentration 2.0g/kg) than in blood and urine (mean concentration 1.6g/kg and 2.1g/kg respectively). There was no correlation between the ethanol and the marker concentrations and no statistical conclusions could be drawn between the markers and matrices.

[Current concepts in tobacco cessation and prevention]

In the recent years, for oral care in general, both improving oral hygiene and tobacco use cessation have been identified as necessary measures to gain and maintain long-term periodontal health. This growing evidence has given the dental team a whole new task to tackle when achieving and maintaining oral health with their patients. In order to support dental patients to quit tobacco use, it is helpful for the clinician to have a clear understanding of the genesis of 'tobacco use disease' in general. At present, the evidence-based method for tobacco use cessation consists of professional counselling on behavioural change using the so called "5A Method" (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist and Arrange") in combination with pharmacotherapy. A suitable model for behavioural support in tobacco use cessation would help patients to move from one stage to the next. People who want to quit the smoking habit do not always participate in carefully controlled nicotine withdrawal programs, e.g. in linear fashion and from start to finish. Nevertheless, simple instructions - like those offered in the "Assist" (to help) and "Arrange" (to organize follow-up visits) - can be valuable tools for dental professionals supporting their patients to quit smoking. On the basis of significant evidence on the recovery of the oral mucosa and the periodontal tissue following tobacco use cessation, a new task has been emerged in dentistry: the role of oral health professionals providing counselling for patients who ought to quit tobacco use.

An integrated nano-scale approach to profile miRNAs in limited clinical samples

Profiling miRNA expression in cells that directly contribute to human disease pathogenesis is likely to aid the discovery of novel drug targets and biomarkers. However, tissue heterogeneity and the limited amount of human diseased tissue available for research purposes present fundamental difficulties that often constrain the scope and potential of such studies. We established a flow cytometry-based method for isolating pure populations of pathogenic T cells from bronchial biopsy samples of asthma patients, and optimized a high-throughput nano-scale qRT-PCR method capable of accurately measuring 96 miRNAs in as little as 100 cells. Comparison of circulating and airway T cells from healthy and asthmatic subjects revealed asthma-associated and tissue-specific miRNA expression patterns. These results establish the feasibility and utility of investigating miRNA expression in small populations of cells involved in asthma pathogenesis, and set a precedent for application of our nano-scale approach in other human diseases. The microarray data from this study (Figure 7) has been submitted to the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO; http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo) under accession no. GSE31030.

Distinctive Convergence in Australian Floral Colours Seen Through the Eyes of Australian Birds

We used a colour-space model of avian vision to assess whether a distinctive bird pollination syndrome exists for floral colour among Australian angiosperms. We also used a novel phylogenetically based method to assess whether such a syndrome represents a significant degree of convergent evolution. About half of the 80 species in our sample that attract nectarivorous birds had floral colours in a small, isolated region of colour space characterized by an emphasis on long-wavelength reflection. The distinctiveness of this 'red arm' region was much greater when colours were modelled for violet-sensitive (VS) avian vision than for the ultraviolet-sensitive visual system. Honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) are the dominant avian nectarivores in Australia and have VS vision. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest that 31 lineages evolved into the red arm region, whereas simulations indicate that an average of five or six lineages and a maximum of 22 are likely to have entered in the absence of selection. Thus, significant evolutionary convergence on a distinctive floral colour syndrome for bird pollination has occurred in Australia, although only a subset of bird-pollinated taxa belongs to this syndrome. The visual system of honeyeaters has been the apparent driver of this convergence.

Range of motion in anterior femoroacetabular impingement

The range of motion of normal hips and hips with femoroacetabular impingement relative to some specific anatomic reference landmarks is unknown. We therefore described: (1) the range of motion pattern relative to landmarks; (2) the location of the impingement zones in normal and impinging hips; and (3) the influence of surgical débridement on the range of motion. We used a previously developed and validated noninvasive 3-D CT-based method for kinematic hip analysis to compare the range of motion pattern, the location of impingement, and the effect of virtual surgical reconstruction in 28 hips with anterior femoroacetabular impingement and a control group of 33 normal hips. Hips with femoroacetabular impingement had decreased flexion, internal rotation, and abduction. Internal rotation decreased with increasing flexion and adduction. The calculated impingement zones were localized in the anterosuperior quadrant of the acetabulum and were similar in the two groups and in impingement subgroups. The average improvement of internal rotation was 5.4 degrees for pincer hips, 8.5 degrees for cam hips, and 15.7 degrees for mixed impingement. This method helps the surgeon quantify the severity of impingement and choose the appropriate treatment option; it provides a basis for future image-guided surgical reconstruction in femoroacetabular impingement with less invasive techniques.

Noninvasive three-dimensional assessment of femoroacetabular impingement

A CT-based method ("HipMotion") for the noninvasive three-dimensional assessment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) was developed, validated, and applied in a clinical pilot study. The method allows for the anatomically based calculation of hip range of motion (ROM), the exact location of the impingement zone, and the simulation of quantified surgical maneuvers for FAI. The accuracy of HipMotion was 0.7 +/- 3.1 degrees in a plastic bone setup and -5.0 +/- 5.6 degrees in a cadaver setup. Reliability and reproducibility were excellent [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.87] for all measures except external rotation (ICC = 0.48). The normal ROM was determined from a cohort of 150 patients and was compared to 31 consecutive hips with FAI. Patients with FAI had a significantly decreased flexion, internal rotation, and abduction in comparison to normal hips (p < 0.001). Normal hip flexion and internal rotation are generally overestimated in a number of orthopedic textbooks. HipMotion is a useful tool for further assessment of impinging hips and for appropriate planning of the necessary amount of surgical intervention, which represents the basis for future computer-assisted treatment of FAI with less invasive surgical approaches, such as hip arthroscopy.