Los Pioneros del cooperativismo agrario de crédito español (1880-1920)

En las dos últimas décadas del siglo XIX en España el cooperativismo de crédito orientado hacia los pequeños productores agrícolas estuvo bastante ligado a las corrientes del “Regeneracionismo conservador” y el catolicismo social. Hemos estudiado las aportaciones de dos autores: Joaquín Díaz de Rábago y Nicolás Fontes. Díaz de Rábago contó con una fuerte formación teórica y colaboró en la redacción de un proyecto de ley sobre cooperativas, pero a pesar de su influencia no consiguió potenciar ninguna actividad concreta. Nicolás Fontes representa al hombre “práctico”. Sus circunstancias personales, era un importante terrateniente, lo animaron a poner en práctica un sistema de crédito destinado a ayudar a los pequeños arrendatarios. El modelo que puso en práctica se inspiraba en el Raiffeisen System, el mismo que defendía por Rábago. El desconocimiento mutuo de sus actuaciones invita a reflexionar sobre las limitaciones en la difusión del cooperativismo agrícola de crédito en España.

Contribuição para o conhecimento de alguns cestódeos do gênero Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920, (Cestoda-Davaineidae), parasitos de columbiformes

Contribuindo para o conhecimento de alguns cestódeos do gênero Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920, parasitos de Columbiformes, são estudadas aqui duas espécies encontradas em intestino delgado de columba livia dom. L. 1758. Uma delas, Raillietina (Raillietina) allomyodes (Kotlan, 1921), originalmente descrita da Nova Guiné, é agora assinalada pela primeira vez no Brasil, em novo hospedeiro. A outra, Raillietina (Fuhrmannetta) crassula (Rudolphi, 1819) apesar de ter sido descrita de material do Brasil e África, não tem uma descrição detalhada.

Deporte y relaciones internacionales (1919-1939): la Olimpiada popular de 1936

Este documento contiene los resultados de la investigación llevada a cabo por los autores entorno a los intentos de organización de una Olimpiada Popular en Barcelona el año 1936.

Studies on Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera 1920. IV - A reconsideration of its systematic position

The systematic positon of Trypanosoma rangeli is reconsidered and the creation of a new subgenus. Tejeraia, is proposed to remove this trypanosome from the subgenus Herptosoma of the section Stercoraria. The characteristics described for the proposed subgenus indicate that it must be located in the section Salivaria rather than in the Stercoraria. The evidence supporting this proposition is discussed in the text.

Studies on Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920: V - Developmental pattern in the alimentary canal of Rhodnius prolixus

The morphological sequence of Trypanosoma rangeli development in the alimentary canal of Rhodnius prolixus, is described, with observation made in dissected guts from 6 hours to 45 days post-infection. No metacyclic-forms are produced in the digestive tract at any time, and transmission by the contaminative route must be considered atypical. Amastigotes appear to be an essential stage in the development of T. rangeli in the gut of R. prolixus. The epidemiological importance of the developmental pattern of T. rangeli in the vector´s gut is discussed, and its usefulness for aging infection is considered.

Esport i relacions internacionals (1919-1939): l'Olimpíada popular de 1936

Aquest document conté els resultats de la recerca duta a terme pels autors al voltant dels intents d'organització d'una Olimpíada Popular a Barcelona l'any 1936.

Studies on Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera 1920: VI. Developmental pattern in the haemolymph of Rhodnius prolixus

The morphological sequence of Trypanosoma rangeli development in the body cavity of Rhodnius prolixus is described. The metacyclic trypanosome is the product of successive division and transformation during the intra and extracellular development in the haemocoele. The significance of the early invasion of T. rangeli into the haemolymph is discussed. The epidemiological importance of the developmental pattern of T. rangeli in the vectors haemolymph and the host-response to the parasite are considered.

Studies on Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera 1920. VII - Its effect on the survival of infected triatomine bugs

The pathological effects of Trypanosoma rangeli on Rhodnius prolixus and R. robustus, and the relation of mortality to infection, were studied under laboratory conditions. Frequent observations revealed that when the first instar nymphs of R. prolixus and R. robustus were infected with T. rangeli, survival of the bugs during the stages of development to the adult stage decreased. This decrease was statistically significant when compared with uninfected control-bugs, indicating that T. rangeli is pathogenic for both species of triatomine. In R. prolixus the most affected nymphal stages were the first, second and fifth instars, where a higher mortality was also observed. In R. robustus a progressive increase of the mortality from the first to fifth instars, was observed. The pathogenicity of T. rangeli as measured by overall mortality was the same in R. prolixus and R. robustus. The possible pathogenic mechanism of T. rangeli in triatomine-bugs and its epidemiological implications, are discussed.

Estudios sobre Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920: VIII. Respuesta a las reinfecciones en dos mamíferos

Bajo condiciones experimentales se estudia el curso de la infección primaria y la respuesta a las reinfecciones por Trypanosoma rangeli en ratones albinos y Didelphis marsupialis. Durante el curso de la infección primaria en ratones, se observa una parasitemia relativamente baja y de corta duración. Los mismos muestran durante la primera reinfección una parasitemia escasa de cuatro días de duración, siendo resistentes a las sucesivas reinfecciones con T. rangeli. Los ejemplares de D. marsupialis exhiben una parasitemia de más larga duración, pero con un nivel de parásitos sanguícolas mucho menor que el detectado en el modelo ratón, siendo la respuesta a las reinfecciones similar a la observada en ratones. Se detectan anticuerpos hemaglutinantes en los sueros inmunes de ratones y Didelphis marsupialis, sometidos a la reinfección por T. rangeli. Se especula sobre la posible acción sinérgica de una respuesta inmune en el sitio de deposición en contra de las formas metacíclicas de T. rangeli y la acción de anticuerpos circulantes en contra de las formas sanguícolas, para explicar la resistencia de ambos modelos a las reinfecciones por T. rangeli.

Studies on Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920: IX. Course of infection in different stages of Rhodnius prolixus

Frequent individual observations od different stages of Rhodnius prolixus exposed to Trypanosoma rangeli, revealed a higher susceptibility to infection in the bugs exposed during the two first instars. The mortality rate in infected bugs was significantly higher than in controls, indicating that the parasite was responsible for the majority of deaths. An analysis of the mortality distribution, per instar, is presented. Statistical analysis of deaths among the different infected instars, showed that T. rangeli produces its pathological effect in any stage of R. prolixus independently of its susceptibility to the parasite. The survival to adult decreased in all the infected instar bugs. A significant longer time to reach the adult stage was observed in the infected bugs when compared with controls, excepting for specimens exposed in the third instar. The epidemiological significance of the present results is discussed.

Early Tithonian Saturnalidae (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (Southern Franconian Alb, Southern Germany)

In order to complete the study of the very rich early Tithonian (Hybonoticeras hybonotum Zone) radiolarian fauna from the Muhlheim Member of the Mornsheim Formation outcropping in the Solnhofen area, the taxa of the family Saturnalidae are described. Although rather rare, the Saturnalidae of this member contain 14 species, ten of which are new. These species belong to four genera, one of which is new (Moebicircus n. gen.), and two subfamilies (Hexasaturnalinae and Saturnalinae). The taxonomy at generic level of these late Jurassic radiolarians is founded on the basis of the position of the blades along the ring and number and morphology of the spines. Type of spines (simple or forked) has either species level value or none, depending on species. Special attention was given to anomalies, which sometimes are rather frequent, since they can give information of paleobiological and paleoecological orders. Among them frequent cases of open ring and additional spines with Dicerosaturnalis and Siamese twins skeletons with Spongosaturninus and Dicerosaturnalis are to be noted. The authors hope that this new taxonomy will give a better image of the evolution and radiation of the Saturnalidae during the Tithonian.

New Sorex araneus karyotypes from Germany and the postglacial recolonization of central Europe

New G-banded karyotypes from populations of the common shrew Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 provide a clearer picture of the distribution of chromosome races in central Europe. As expected according to their occurrence in neighbouring countries, the Jutland (kq, no), Laska (k/o) and Drnholec (ko, nr) races are also found in Germany. A new chromosome race "Rugen" (kq) is described from this Baltic Island. Together with the previously recorded races Ulm and Mooswald (kr), six chromosome races are now known from Germany. The resulting distribution pattern is characterized by high frequencies of different race-specific metacentrics at the periphery of the country and clines with decreasing frequencies towards the centre which is occupied by the Ulm race. This race is acrocentric for all chromosome arms involved in the observed race-specific fusions and represents a buffer between the surrounding, more metacentric races. According to the present distribution of these metacentrics, a scenario for the postglacial recolonization of central Europe by S. araneus populations on three different routes is proposed: from the east along the northern slopes of the Carpathian Arc, from the south-east along the Danube Valley and from the south-west through the Upper Rhine Valley.

Descriptions of syntypes of Brumptamyia brumpti (Lsrrousse, 1920) (Diptera: Psychodidae-Phlebotominae)

The male and female of Brumptomyia brumpti (Larrousse, 1920), the type species of the genus Brumptomyia França & Parrot, 1921 (Diptera: Psychodidae - phlebotominae) are redescribed from syntypes in the British Museum (Natural History).

Stable isotope composition of smectite in suevites at the Ries crater, Germany: Implications for hydrous alteration of impactites

The 24-km diameter Ries crater, Germany, exhibits well-preserved crater filling and surficial melt-rich breccia deposits that are believed to have been altered by post-impact hydrothermal fluids. The alteration mineralogy of the crater filling breccias is characterized by clay (smectite, chlorite) and a zeolite assemblage, and secondary clay phases (smectite, minor halloysite) in surficial melt-bearing breccia deposits. Using stable isotope analysis of secondary smectitic clay fractions, evidence of significant hydrous alteration of impactites at large water/rock ratios was found. The estimated fluid temperatures, using data derived by delta(18)O and delta D fractionation, suggest smectite precipitation in surficial breccias in equilibrium with meteoric fluids at temperatures 16 +/- 5 degrees C in agreement with the long-term variation of modern precipitation in the area. The stable isotope composition of smectite in crater-fill breccia, however, suggests a trend of monotonously increasing temperatures from 43 to 112 degrees C. with increasing depth through the breccia sequence. This demonstrates a different origin of alteration and temperature distribution for the surficial and crater filling melt-bearing impact breccias in the Ries crater. Our results suggest that the inverted structure of hydrothermal systems observed in some terrestrial impact craters, including the Ries crater, could indicate the initial configuration of a thermal anomaly in the crater filling sequence, but which is replaced with a normal hydrothermal convection in crater proper, during the course of post-impact cooling. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.