Distribui����o espacial dos idosos de um munic��pio de m��dio porte do interior paulista segundo algumas caracter��sticas s��cio-demogr��ficas e de morbidade

Os Sistemas de Informa����o Geogr��fica constituem importantes instrumentos dentro da Sa��de P��blica como t��cnicas de an��lise da distribui����o de agravos �� popula����o, e, portanto, podem ser usados no estudo da localiza����o de indiv��duos portadores de doen��as cr��nicas. Este trabalho objetivou a realiza����o de an��lise espacial da distribui����o da popula����o de sessenta anos e mais no Munic��pio de Botucatu, S��o Paulo, Brasil, estudando o perfil s��cio-demogr��fico e a presen��a de diabetes e hipertens��o arterial. Foram analisados dados de 468 idosos da amostra de inqu��rito populacional realizado entre 2001 e 2002. Os idosos com melhor n��vel s��cio-econ��mico residem nos setores censit��rios de estratos sociais mais altos, o que foi estatisticamente comprovado pela utiliza����o de t��cnicas de an��lise espacial para renda e escolaridade. N��o se encontrou padr��o de distribui����o espacial para idosos hipertensos e diab��ticos que se localizaram no mapa de forma heterog��nea. O presente estudo sugere a utiliza����o das t��cnicas de geoprocessamento para o mapeamento digital das ��reas de abrang��ncias das Unidades de Aten����o Prim��ria �� Sa��de, para um melhor controle da distribui����o de idosos portadores de doen��as cr��nicas e de sua assist��ncia pelos profissionais de sa��de.

Techniques of digital image analysis for histological quantification of melanin

A an��lise morfom��trica da melanina tecidual pode subsidiar quantitativamente a pesquisa em discromias. Os autores demonstram tr��s t��cnicas de an��lise de imagem digital que permitem a identifica����o dos pixels equivalentes �� melanina na epiderme pela colora����o de Fontana-Masson, possibilitando o c��lculo da sua porcentagem nas diferentes camadas da epiderme, e discutem os principais elementos relacionados �� an��lise e a necessidade de rigorosa padroniza����o do processo.

An��lise geoestat��stica de casos de hansen��ase no Estado de S��o Paulo, 1991-2002

OBJETIVO: Analisar o padr��o espacial da ocorr��ncia dos casos de hansen��ase para identificar ��reas com probabilidade de riscos de transmiss��o da doen��a. M��TODOS: Estudo ecol��gico, tendo como unidade de an��lise os munic��pios do Estado de S��o Paulo georreferenciados em seus centr��ides. A fonte de dados utilizada foi o banco informatizado dos casos de hansen��ase notificados do Centro de Vigil��ncia Epidemiol��gica do Estado de S��o Paulo, no per��odo de 1991 a 2002. Utilizou-se de t��cnicas de geoestat��stica para a detec����o das ��reas de probabilidade de risco para hansen��ase e quantifica����o da depend��ncia espacial dos casos. RESULTADOS: Detectou-se o alcance de depend��ncia espacial de 0,55 graus de coordenadas georreferenciadas, correspondendo aproximadamente a 60 km. As principais ��reas de probabilidade de risco encontradas foram as regi��es nordeste, norte e noroeste do Estado. CONCLUS��ES: A verifica����o de ��reas com probabilidades de riscos de casos de hansen��ase, utilizando-se a an��lise da depend��ncia espacial, pode ser ferramenta ��til para avaliar a situa����o de sa��de e planejar aloca����o de recursos.

Spatial distribution of dengue in the city of Cruzeiro, S��o Paulo State, Brazil: use of geoprocessing tools

Este artigo tem por objetivo identificar padr��es na distribui����o espacial dos casos de dengue ocorridos no munic��pio de Cruzeiro/SP, no ano de 2006. Trata-se de um estudo ecol��gico e explorat��rio que utiliza as ferramentas de an��lise espacial na elabora����o de mapas tem��ticos, com dados obtidos do SinanNet. Foi feita uma an��lise por ��rea, tomando-se como unidade o setor censit��rio do IBGE; a an��lise considerou quatro meses do ano de 2006 que mostra a ocorr��ncia da doen��a no munic��pio. Os mapas tem��ticos foram constru��dos pelo programa computacional TerraView 3.3.1; assim como os valores dos ��ndices de Moran Global (I M) m��s a m��s e o estimador de Kernel. Foram georreferenciados 691 casos de dengue (taxa de 864,2 casos/100.000 habitantes); os ��ndices de Moran e p-valores obtidos foram I M = 0,080 (mar��o) p = 0,11; I M = 0,285 (abril) p = 0,01; I M = 0,201 (maio) p = 0,01 e I M = 0,002 (junho) p = 0,57. Os primeiros casos foram identificados na regi��o nordeste e central e os ��ltimos casos, na regi��o norte, nordeste e central. Foi poss��vel identificar os setores censit��rios onde a epidemia teve in��cio e como ocorreu t��mporo-espacialmente no munic��pio.

Georeferenced road extraction and formulation of hypotheses for new road segments

The acquisition and update of Geographic Information System (GIS) data are typically carried out using aerial or satellite imagery. Since new roads are usually linked to georeferenced pre-existing road network, the extraction of pre-existing road segments may provide good hypotheses for the updating process. This paper addresses the problem of extracting georeferenced roads from images and formulating hypotheses for the presence of new road segments. Our approach proceeds in three steps. First, salient points are identified and measured along roads from a map or GIS database by an operator or an automatic tool. These salient points are then projected onto the image-space and errors inherent in this process are calculated. In the second step, the georeferenced roads are extracted from the image using a dynamic programming (DP) algorithm. The projected salient points and corresponding error estimates are used as input for this extraction process. Finally, the road center axes extracted in the previous step are analyzed to identify potential new segments attached to the extracted, pre-existing one. This analysis is performed using a combination of edge-based and correlation-based algorithms. In this paper we present our approach and early implementation results.

Effects of cigarette smoke on the Meckel's cartilage of rat fetus : Morphologic, morphometric and stereologic study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke on the development of the embryo mandible (Meckel's) cartilage in rat fetuses. When inhaled by female Wistar rats between the 9th and the 12th day of pregnancy, cigarette smoke (5 cigarettes a day) caused intrauterine growth retardation, providing smaller fetuses and placentas. In fetuses from the experimental group, the histopathologic examination revealed a poorly developed Meckel' s cartilage with smaller chondroblasts showing a scanty cytoplasm with spherical and paler central nuclei, as well as more abundant cartilage matrix. Morphometric analysis revealed that Meckel's cartilage lacunae were smaller in the fetuses from the experimental group, although not showing any remarkable alteration in shape. The results suggested that inhalation of cigarette smoke by pregnant rats during the organogenic period induced growth retardation and delayed cellular differentiation in rat fetal Meckel's cartilage.

Gera����o de modelos digitais de superf��cie por meio de plataformas computacionais com estrutura vetorial e raster

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) integrate the technologies related to Geoprocessing, with the ability to manipulate georeferenced information through data storage, management and analysis. One of the GIS applications is the generation of Digital Elevation Models (DEM) as a result of rebuilding the elevation of a region using computation tools and artificial representation. This paper presents the DEM created from a point base in two computational frameworks with different structures (vector and raster), comparing the contour lines generated from these models with the original contour lines from analog cartographic base. It was observed that one of the generated models presented some discrepancies related to real space for both GIS structures. However, using constrained Delaunay's triangulation in raster GIS a digital elevation model was generated with contour lines quite close to the original ones, with satisfactory results. A 3-D terrain representation was also created offering a very useful tool for analysis.

Uso de indicadores hidrol��gicos para classifica����o de trechos de estradas florestais quanto ao escoamento superficial

Forest roads are frequently pointed as source of environmental problems related to erosion and they also influence harvest cost due to maintenance operations. Roads not well designed are sources of hydrological problems on catchments and the current attention to sustainability of forest exploration projects point out to the need of diagnostics tools for guiding the redesign of the road system. At this study, runoff hydrological indicators for forest road segments were assessed in order to identify critical points of erosion and water concentration on soils. A road network of a forest production area was divided into 252 road segments that were used as observations of four variables: mean terrain slope, main segment slope, LS factor and topographic index. The data analysis was based on descriptive statistics for outliers' identification, principal component analysis and for variability study between variables and between observations, and cluster analysis for similar segments groups' identification. The results allowed classifying roads segments into five mains road types: road on the ridge, on the valley, on the slopes, on the slopes but in a contour line and on the steepest slope. The indicators were able to highlight the most critical segments that differ of others and are potential sources of erosion and water accumulation problems on forest roads. The principal component analysis showed two main variability sources related to terrain topographic characteristics and also road design, showing that indicators represent well those elements. The methodology seems to be appropriated for identification of critical road segments that need to be redesigned and also for road network planning at new forest exploration projects.

Geoprocessamento aplicado na distribui����o espacial da capacidade de uso de uma microbacia

The present study aimed to show the spatial distribution of the Rochas watershed (Avar��-SP, Brazil) soil use capacity using the Idrisi geographical information system in order to contribute to a better territorial organization and the planning of the appropriate soil occupation. The obtained results using this methodology showed that most of the Rocha watershed areas are from the following groups: dystrophic yellow-red latosol (36.64%), eutroferric and distroferric red latosol (30.30%) with sandy texture. There was a predominance of areas with slope classes of 0-12%, plain to wavy relief (61.37% of the watershed area) showing that these areas are appropriate for annual culture plantations with wide use of machinery. Most of these areas were classified as class IV (73.79%) as to use capacity. In the studied area the following subclasses of land use capacity were found: IIe, s; IIIe; IVe; IVs; IVe,s; VIe and VIIe. Capacity subclasses IVe; IVe,s; IVs and Vie were the most significant because they are areas that can be used for agriculture but subject to severe soil impoverishment if there are no special care mainly for annual cultures. The Idrisi geographical information system was efficient to determine soil use capacity of the Rocha's watershed showing that the use of geoprocessing tools makes data analysis easier and faster, allowing digital data storage for future analysis uses mainly for territorial planning and environmental studies.

Modelagem em escala regional da eros��o relacionada com a evolu����o da cobertura do solo: Um estudo de caso no sudeste do Brasil

Accelerated soil erosion is, at present, one of the most widespread environmental problems in the world. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become an essential tool in soil erosion studies and consequently in the development of appropriate soil conservation strategies. The objective of this paper was to assess the degree of soil erosion associated with land cover dynamics through GIS analysis and to validate the modeling with indicators of soil erosion. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model, GIS technology and ground-truth dataset (erosion indicators) were employed to elaborate the soil loss maps for four dates at Sorocaba Municipality (SP, Brazil). It was verified that, although the predicted soil loss rate is normally small along the study area, such rate is significantly greater than the soil formation rate. This shows a non-sustainable situation of soil and land cover management. Unplanned urban expansion seems be the main driving force that acts in increasing the erosion risk/occurrence along the study area.

Cytoplasmic and nuclear morphometric parameters in cytologic preparations of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors

Thirty fine-needle biopsy (FNB) samples from 28 dogs subjected to surgical resection of cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) were stained with Giemsa. At least 100 neoplastic cells from each cytology slide were evaluated by morphometric analysis. The parameters were: area, perimeter of the cell, cytoplasm, nucleus and circumference factor. MCTs of grade III had a mean cellular area of 231.70 ��m2 �� 57.1, and grade II had a mean of 252.30 ��m2 �� 55.0. Cellular perimeter was 61.20 �� 7.1 in grade II and 59.1 �� 8.6 in grade III. Cellular parameters were not statistically different between grades (p>.05). Mean nuclear area was 88.90 ��m2 �� 19 in grade III and 72.30 ��m2 �� 13.9 in grade II, with statistical difference between grades (P =.011). Mean nuclear perimeter was 32.40 ��m �� 3.0 in grade II and 35.70 ��m �� 4.0 in grade III, with statistical difference between grades (P =.018). Mean nuclear circumference factor was 1.0 �� 0.33 in grade II and 1.1 �� 0.28 in grade III, with no statistical difference between grades (P = 0.78). Nuclear-tocytoplasmic ratio in grade II was 0.29 ��.07 and 0.39 ��.08 in grade III, with statistical difference (P =.02). The number of binucleated and multinucleated cells and mitotic figures was significantly increased in grade III MCTs (P <.001). In conclusion, the number of mitotic figures, presence of binucleation and multinucleation, and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio can help to guide a profile of MCT aggressiveness in cytologic preparations.

Variabilidade espacial de atributos qu��micos do solo cultivado com caf�� ar��bica (Coffea arabica L.) sob diferentes manejos

The objective of this work was to assess the spatial variability of the chemical attributes of two coffee areas, managed in conventional and organic crop systems, and to calculate the percent of variation between them. In each area, a 40-point-mesh was sampled at 0-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m layers, within the crown projection, for pH, SB, K, P, Ca and Mg analysis. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and geostatistics. From the soil chemical attributes map, the percent of variation between the systems' chemical attributes was determined by GIS algebraic operations. The results show that the soil chemical attributes present a spatial dependence in both systems and layers. Analysis of the soil chemical attributes showed less spatial variability in the organic system, in relation to the conventional, indicating homogeneous zones for different fertilizer applications. The percent of variation of the chemical attributes in the conventional system, in relation to the organic, at 0-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20m layers are 54.80% and 35.61%, respectively.

Morfologia, ultraestrutura e morfometria do tegumento da paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766) criada em cativeiro

Considering the lack of detailed information about the morphology of paca, which is the second largest rodent of Brazilian's fauna, with excellent meat quality and, due to the importance of the common integument, we described the morphology, ultrastructure and morphometry of the skin of eight pacas (Cuniculus paca), males and females, through comparative analysis of skin's segments of the cervical, dorsal and medial carpal portions. Macroscopic characteristics of the coat were studied. Part of the segments of cutaneous regions was analyzed by light microscopy, and the other part by scanning electron microscopy. We measured the thickness of dermis, epidermis, stratum corneum, the profiles of the collagen fibers of reticular dermis and the area of filled sebaceous gland cells. The results were analyzed by descriptive statistics and T test (p<0.001). The color of the coat is reddish brown with bristles arranged in groups. The architecture of the skin and skin appendages resembles those of mammals in general, although there are no sweat glands. According to the morphometric analysis, this study shows differences of the skin architecture between male and female pacas and also between various body regions in the same animal.

3D geovisualisation techniques applied in spatial data mining

The increase in the number of spatial data collected has motivated the development of geovisualisation techniques, aiming to provide an important resource to support the extraction of knowledge and decision making. One of these techniques are 3D graphs, which provides a dynamic and flexible increase of the results analysis obtained by the spatial data mining algorithms, principally when there are incidences of georeferenced objects in a same local. This work presented as an original contribution the potentialisation of visual resources in a computational environment of spatial data mining and, afterwards, the efficiency of these techniques is demonstrated with the use of a real database. The application has shown to be very interesting in interpreting obtained results, such as patterns that occurred in a same locality and to provide support for activities which could be done as from the visualisation of results. �� 2013 Springer-Verlag.

Regress��o log��stica aplicada na an��lise espacial de dados arqueol��gicos

P��s-gradua����o em Ci��ncias Cartogr��ficas - FCT