Generalized Methods for Discovering Frequent Poly-Regions in DNA

The problem of discovering frequent poly-regions (i.e. regions of high occurrence of a set of items or patterns of a given alphabet) in a sequence is studied, and three efficient approaches are proposed to solve it. The first one is entropy-based and applies a recursive segmentation technique that produces a set of candidate segments which may potentially lead to a poly-region. The key idea of the second approach is the use of a set of sliding windows over the sequence. Each sliding window covers a sequence segment and keeps a set of statistics that mainly include the number of occurrences of each item or pattern in that segment. Combining these statistics efficiently yields the complete set of poly-regions in the given sequence. The third approach applies a technique based on the majority vote, achieving linear running time with a minimal number of false negatives. After identifying the poly-regions, the sequence is converted to a sequence of labeled intervals (each one corresponding to a poly-region). An efficient algorithm for mining frequent arrangements of intervals is applied to the converted sequence to discover frequently occurring arrangements of poly-regions in different parts of DNA, including coding regions. The proposed algorithms are tested on various DNA sequences producing results of significant biological meaning.

On the Relationship Between the Generalized Equality Classifier and ART 2 Neural Networks

In this paper, we introduce the Generalized Equality Classifier (GEC) for use as an unsupervised clustering algorithm in categorizing analog data. GEC is based on a formal definition of inexact equality originally developed for voting in fault tolerant software applications. GEC is defined using a metric space framework. The only parameter in GEC is a scalar threshold which defines the approximate equality of two patterns. Here, we compare the characteristics of GEC to the ART2-A algorithm (Carpenter, Grossberg, and Rosen, 1991). In particular, we show that GEC with the Hamming distance performs the same optimization as ART2. Moreover, GEC has lower computational requirements than AR12 on serial machines.

XBATTLE: A Dynamic Distributed Model of Generalized Military Conflict

A dynamic distributed model is presented that reproduces the dynamics of a wide range of varied battle scenarios with a general and abstract representation. The model illustrates the rich dynamic behavior that can be achieved from a simple generic model.

Formation and characterisation of ordered porous vanadium oxide inverse opal materials for Li-ion batteries

This thesis presents several routes towards achieving artificial opal templates by colloidal self-assembly of polystyrene (PS) or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) spheres and the use of these template for the fabrication of V2O5 inverse opals as cathode materials for lithium ion battery applications. First, through the manipulation of different experimental factors, several methods of affecting or directing opal growth towards realizing different structures, improving order and/or achieving faster formation on a variety of substrates are presented. The addition of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at a concentration above the critical micelle concentration for SDS to a 5 wt% solution of PMMA spheres before dip-coating is presented as a method of achieving ordered 2D PhC monolayers on hydrophobic Au-coated silicon substrates at fast and slow rates of withdrawal. The effect that the degree of hydrophilicity of glass substrates has on the ordering of PMMA spheres is next investigated for a slow rate of withdrawal under noise agitation. Heating of the colloidal solution is also presented as a means of affecting order and thickness of opal deposits formed using fast rate dip coating. E-beam patterned substrates are shown as a means of altering the thermodynamically favoured FCC ordering of polystyrene spheres (PS) when dip coated at slow rate. Facile routes toward the synthesis of ordered V2O5 inverse opals are presented with direct infiltration of polymer sphere templates using liquid precursor. The use of different opal templates, both 2D and 3D partially ordered templates, is compared and the composition and arrangement of the subsequent IO structures post infiltration and calcination for various procedures is characterised. V2O5 IOs are also synthesised by electrodeposition from an aqueous VOSO4 solution at constant voltage. Electrochemical characterisation of these structures as cathode material for Li-ion batteries is assessed in a half cell arrangement for samples deposited on stainless steel foil substrates. Improved rate capabilities are demonstrated for these materials over bulk V2O5, with the improvement attributed to the shorter Li ion diffusion distances and increased electrolyte infiltration provided by the IO structure.

The inverse limit of GIT quotients of Grassmannians by the maximal torus

There are finitely many GIT quotients of

3D vanadium oxide inverse opal growth by electrodeposition

Three-dimensional vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) material architectures in the form of inverse opals (IOs) were fabricated using a simple electrodeposition process into artificial opal templates on stainless steel foil using an aqueous solution of VOSO4.χH2O with added ethanol. The direct deposition of V2O5 IOs was compared with V2O5 planar electrodeposition and confirms a similar progressive nucleation and growth mechanism. An in-depth examination of the chemical and morphological nature of the IO material was performed using X-ray crystallography, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman scattering and scanning/transmission electron microscopy. Electrodeposition is demonstrated to be a function of the interstitial void fraction of the artificial opal and ionic diffusivity that leads to high quality, phase pure V2O5 inverse opals is not adversely affected by diffusion pathway tortuosity. Methods to alleviate electrodeposited overlayer formation on the artificial opal templates for the fabrication of the porous 3D structures are also demonstrated. Such a 3D material is ideally suited as a cathode for lithium ion batteries, electrochromic devices, sensors and for applications requiring high surface area electrochemically active metal oxides.

Artificial opal photonic crystals and inverse opal structures - fundamentals and applications from optics to energy storage

Photonic crystals (PhCs) influence the propagation of light by their periodic variation in dielectric contrast or refractive index. This review outlines the attractive optical qualities inherent to most PhCs namely the presence of full or partial photonic band gaps and the possibilities they present towards the inhibition of spontaneous emission and the localization of light. Colloidal self-assembly of polymer or silica spheres is one of the most favoured and low cost methods for the formation of PhCs as artificial opals. The state of the art in growth methods currently used for colloidal self-assembly are discussed and the use of these structures for the formation of inverse opal architectures is then presented. Inverse opal structures with their porous and interconnected architecture span several technological arenas - optics and optoelectronics, energy storage, communications, sensor and biological applications. This review presents several of these applications and an accessible overview of the physics of photonic crystal optics that may be useful for opal and inverse opal researchers in general, with a particular emphasis on the recent use of these three-dimensional porous structures in electrochemical energy storage technology. Progress towards all-optical integrated circuits may lie with the concepts of the photonic crystal, but the unique optical and structural properties of these materials and the convergence of PhC and energy storage disciplines may facilitate further developments and non-destructive optical analysis capabilities for (electro)chemical processes that occur within a wide variety of materials in energy storage research.

A multivariate generalized ARCH approach to modeling risk premia in forward foreign exchange rate markets

Assuming that daily spot exchange rates follow a martingale process, we derive the implied time series process for the vector of 30-day forward rate forecast errors from using weekly data. The conditional second moment matrix of this vector is modelled as a multivariate generalized ARCH process. The estimated model is used to test the hypothesis that the risk premium is a linear function of the conditional variances and covariances as suggested by the standard asset pricing theory literature. Little supportt is found for this theory; instead lagged changes in the forward rate appear to be correlated with the 'risk premium.'. © 1990.

Generalized sampling using a compound-eye imaging system for multi-dimensional object acquisition.

In this paper, we propose generalized sampling approaches for measuring a multi-dimensional object using a compact compound-eye imaging system called thin observation module by bound optics (TOMBO). This paper shows the proposed system model, physical examples, and simulations to verify TOMBO imaging using generalized sampling. In the system, an object is modulated and multiplied by a weight distribution with physical coding, and the coded optical signal is integrated on to a detector array. A numerical estimation algorithm employing a sparsity constraint is used for object reconstruction.

New data inversion formulae in confocal scanning microscopy

Whereas the resolving power of an ordinary optical microscope is determined by the classical Rayleigh distance, significant super-resolution, i.e. resolution improvement beyond that Rayleigh limit, has been achieved by confocal scanning light microscopy. Furthermore is has been shown that the resolution of a confocal scanning microscope can still be significantly enhanced by measuring, for each scanning position, the full diffraction image by means of an array of detectors and by inverting these data to recover the value of the object at the focus. We discuss the associated inverse problem and show how to generalize the data inversion procedure by allowing, for reconstructing the object at a given point, to make use also of the diffraction images recorded at other scanning positions. This leads us to a whole family of generalized inversion formulae, which contains as special cases some previously known formulae. We also show how these exact inversion formulae can be implemented in practice.

A regularized iterative algorithm for limited-angle inverse Radon transform

The tomography problem is investigated when the available projections are restricted to a limited angular domain. It is shown that a previous algorithm proposed for extrapolating the data to the missing cone in Fourier space is unstable in the presence of noise because of the ill-posedness of the problem. A regularized algorithm is proposed, which converges to stable solutions. The efficiency of both algorithms is tested by means of numerical simulations. © 1983 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Stability and resolution in electromagnetic inverse problems

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

On the regularization of linear inverse problems in Fourier optics

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Ill-posed Inverse Problems and Logarithmic Continuity in Electromagnetics

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The Stability of Inverse Problems

info:eu-repo/semantics/published