Acute toxicity of Gammalin 20 to Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede)

The impact of acute exposure of Gammalin 20 (an organochlorine pesticide) was investigated in a static bioassay test over a 96-(4-day) period on the fingerlings of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (lacepede). The 96-hLC sub(50) of Gammalin 20 was determined as 2.31 Ug/l with lower and upper limits of toxicities as 2.10 and 4.44 Ug/l respectively. At higher concentrations, the colour of the exposed fish became darker, opercular movement slowed down while pigmentation pattern increased and respiratory distress was observed, erratic swimming, tonic convulsion and no response to gentle prodding, and finally death. The implications of these results were discussed with a suggestion of the total ban on the use of Gammalin 20 in capture fisheries due to its harmful and persistence nature in the aquatic environment

Lattice quantum codes and exotic topological phases of matter

This thesis addresses whether it is possible to build a robust memory device for quantum information. Many schemes for fault-tolerant quantum information processing have been developed so far, one of which, called topological quantum computation, makes use of degrees of freedom that are inherently insensitive to local errors. However, this scheme is not so reliable against thermal errors. Other fault-tolerant schemes achieve better reliability through active error correction, but incur a substantial overhead cost. Thus, it is of practical importance and theoretical interest to design and assess fault-tolerant schemes that work well at finite temperature without active error correction.

In this thesis, a three-dimensional gapped lattice spin model is found which demonstrates for the first time that a reliable quantum memory at finite temperature is possible, at least to some extent. When quantum information is encoded into a highly entangled ground state of this model and subjected to thermal errors, the errors remain easily correctable for a long time without any active intervention, because a macroscopic energy barrier keeps the errors well localized. As a result, stored quantum information can be retrieved faithfully for a memory time which grows exponentially with the square of the inverse temperature. In contrast, for previously known types of topological quantum storage in three or fewer spatial dimensions the memory time scales exponentially with the inverse temperature, rather than its square.

This spin model exhibits a previously unexpected topological quantum order, in which ground states are locally indistinguishable, pointlike excitations are immobile, and the immobility is not affected by small perturbations of the Hamiltonian. The degeneracy of the ground state, though also insensitive to perturbations, is a complicated number-theoretic function of the system size, and the system bifurcates into multiple noninteracting copies of itself under real-space renormalization group transformations. The degeneracy, the excitations, and the renormalization group flow can be analyzed using a framework that exploits the spin model's symmetry and some associated free resolutions of modules over polynomial algebras.

Caprate: un sistema de interpretación de problemas en lenguaje natural

199 p.

Ordinary mod p representations of the metaplectic cover of p-adic SL_2

We classify the genuine ordinary mod p representations of the metaplectic group SL(2,F)-tilde, where F is a p-adic field, and compute its genuine mod p spherical and Iwahori Hecke algebras. The motivation is an interest in a possible correspondence between genuine mod p representations of SL(2,F)-tilde and mod p representations of the dual group PGL(2,F), so we also compare the two Hecke algebras to the mod p spherical and Iwahori Hecke algebras of PGL(2,F). We show that the genuine mod p spherical Hecke algebra of SL(2,F)-tilde is isomorphic to the mod p spherical Hecke algebra of PGL(2,F), and that one can choose an isomorphism which is compatible with a natural, though partial, correspondence of unramified ordinary representations via the Hecke action on their spherical vectors. We then show that the genuine mod p Iwahori Hecke algebra of SL(2,F)-tilde is a subquotient of the mod p Iwahori Hecke algebra of PGL(2,F), but that the two algebras are not isomorphic. This is in contrast to the situation in characteristic 0, where by work of Savin one can recover the local Shimura correspondence for representations generated by their Iwahori fixed vectors from an isomorphism of Iwahori Hecke algebras.

Formal languages, part theory, and change

A general definition of interpreted formal language is presented. The notion “is a part of" is formally developed and models of the resulting part theory are used as universes of discourse of the formal languages. It is shown that certain Boolean algebras are models of part theory.

With this development, the structure imposed upon the universe of discourse by a formal language is characterized by a group of automorphisms of the model of part theory. If the model of part theory is thought of as a static world, the automorphisms become the changes which take place in the world. Using this formalism, we discuss a notion of abstraction and the concept of definability. A Galois connection between the groups characterizing formal languages and a language-like closure over the groups is determined.

It is shown that a set theory can be developed within models of part theory such that certain strong formal languages can be said to determine their own set theory. This development is such that for a given formal language whose universe of discourse is a model of part theory, a set theory can be imbedded as a submodel of part theory so that the formal language has parts which are sets as its discursive entities.

Substratos para uso em telhados verdes: Avaliação da retenção hídrica e qualidade da água de escoamento.

Telhados verdes são uma alternativa interessante para mitigar o risco de enchentes dada a enorme área de telhados não utilizada das superfícies impermeáveis nas áreas urbanas. Graças a sua capacidade de armazenagem de água, os telhados verdes podem reduzir significativamente o pico de escoamento dos eventos de maior pluviosidade. Investigações sobre a composição de substratos baseados em materiais locais e projetos adequados para regiões climáticas tropicais são menos frequentes. Vegetação e substrato são elementos de um telhado verde que precisam ser adaptados para cada microclima e não universalizados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de diferentes composições de substratos baseados em solo local, biomassa de coco, condicionador de solo e componentes comerciais, com a finalidade de maximizar a capacidade de retenção da água de chuva e diminuir necessidades de manutenção. Um pré-ensaio de colunas avaliou a capacidade de retenção hídrica e a relação peso seco x peso úmido de 15 composições de substrato. As composições com melhores resultados constituíram os substratos S1(15% solo + 55% coco + 30%componentes comerciais), S2 (30% solo + 40% coco + 30%componentes comerciais) e S3 (60% solo + 10% coco + 30%componentes comerciais). A caracterização físico-química dos substratos, solo e fibra de coco foi realizada. Em seguida um teste de colunas avaliou a capacidade de retenção hídrica dos substratos sob duas condições de precipitação: uma leve (8,77 mm/h); e outra mais forte (42,0 mm/h). Os resultados apontaram que os substratos S2 e S3 apresentaram melhores resultados de retenção para ambas as intensidades de precipitação. Observou-se que S1, que apresentou melhor capacidade de retenção no pré-ensaio, teve desempenho inferior aos demais o que pode ser atribuído à maior concentração de fibra de coco na sua composição e o consequente surgimento de caminhos preferenciais ao longo do perfil da coluna, por onde a água escoou mais rapidamente. Em eventos de precipitação mais leve, os substratos reteram de 60 a 100% do total aplicado. Quando se aplicou uma intensidade de precipitação mais forte, a faixa de retenção ficou entre 40% e 59%. No entanto, as variáveis analisadas para avaliar a qualidade da água de escoamento dos substratos (pH, CE, P, NO3, NH4, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni) ficaram acima dos valores comumente encontrados na literatura, indicando que as composições aqui adotadas para os substratos podem implicar em uma fonte de poluição hídrica. Os substratos para uso em telhados verdes apresentados neste estudo atenderam seu objetivo quanto à retenção hídrica, mas a qualidade da água percolada torna seu uso inviável até o momento. Verificou-se a necessidade de estudar mais profundamente a qualidade da água lixiviada por cada componente dos substratos, individualmente, a fim de identificar as fontes dos elementos que presentes em concentrações elevadas tornam-se poluentes. Pode ser considerada a remoção de algum (s) dos componentes presentes na composição para se atingir um nível satisfatório de qualidade da água de escoamento.

The potential consequences of climate variability and change on coastal areas and marine resources: report of the Coastal Areas and Marine Resources Sector Team, U.S. National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change, U.S. Global Change Research Program

Coastal and marine ecosystems support diverse and important fisheries throughout the nation’s waters, hold vast storehouses of biological diversity, and provide unparalleled recreational opportunities. Some 53% of the total U.S. population live on the 17% of land in the coastal zone, and these areas become more crowded every year. Demands on coastal and marine resources are rapidly increasing, and as coastal areas become more developed, the vulnerability of human settlements to hurricanes, storm surges, and flooding events also increases. Coastal and marine environments are intrinsically linked to climate in many ways. The ocean is an important distributor of the planet’s heat, and this distribution could be strongly influenced by changes in global climate over the 21st century. Sea-level rise is projected to accelerate during the 21st century, with dramatic impacts in low-lying regions where subsidence and erosion problems already exist. Many other impacts of climate change on the oceans are difficult to project, such as the effects on ocean temperatures and precipitation patterns, although the potential consequences of various changes can be assessed to a degree. In other instances, research is demonstrating that global changes may already be significantly impacting marine ecosystems, such as the impact of increasing nitrogen on coastal waters and the direct effect of increasing carbon dioxide on coral reefs. Coastal erosion is already a widespread problem in much of the country and has significant impacts on undeveloped shorelines as well as on coastal development and infrastructure. Along the Pacific Coast, cycles of beach and cliff erosion have been linked to El Niño events that elevate average sea levels over the short term and alter storm tracks that affect erosion and wave damage along the coastline. These impacts will be exacerbated by long-term sea-level rise. Atlantic and Gulf coastlines are especially vulnerable to long-term sea-level rise as well as any increase in the frequency of storm surges or hurricanes. Most erosion events here are the result of storms and extreme events, and the slope of these areas is so gentle that a small rise in sea level produces a large inland shift of the shoreline. When buildings, roads and seawalls block this natural migration, the beaches and shorelines erode, threatening property and infrastructure as well as coastal ecosystems.

Domestication of an endangered fish species Nandus nandus (Ham.). Pt. 1. Laboratory rearing of young fish up to sexual maturity

An experiment was conducted for rearing of Meni, Nandus nandus in laboratory condition for seven months with the objective to select appropriate feed for the species and to develop a rearing technique of the species up to the stage of sexual maturation. Different trials were conducted using artificial feed (35.5% protein), dead fresh kachki (Carica soborna), dead fresh prawn (Macrobrachium lamarrei) and live prawn (Macrobrachium lamarrei). The provision of bottom sediment did not significantly influence the growth of fish. Between dead fresh kachki and dead fresh prawn, the fish preferred dead fresh prawn. The fish was found to be reluctant to take dead fresh kachki and prawn as food unless they became very hungry. The fish was found actively feeding on live prawn. The FCR of the prawn as food for N. nandus was found to be 2.5. From the study, it was observed that in laboratory rearing N. nandus preferred live prawn as food than artificial feed, dead fresh kachki and dead fresh prawn. The fish fed on live prawn became sexually matured (eggs or white milt extruded by gentle pressure on the abdomen of the fish) in the laboratory at the end of the experiment.

Studies on canning Psenopsis cyanea

Suitability of Psenopsis cyanea, a deep sea fish caught on board FORV Sagar Sampada from a depth of 350m off Cochin for processing into canned product was studied. The fish having high fat content around 52% (DWB) and white attractive meat renders itself well for canning yielding a product good in organoleptic characteristics. However to have a presentable appearance to the product the fish has to be skinned prior to canning. Gentle agitation of P. cyanea in 0.25% aqueous solution of lactic acid at ambient temperature for 15 min followed by thorough washing yields skinless fish. Fish suffers around 8% (DWB) fat loss during skinning. Fish canned in natural style and in brine have better organoleptic characteristics initially. On storage they develop slight rancidity. Fish canned in oil maintains the characteristics over a longer period.

The potential for further proliferation of water hyacinth in Lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Kwania and some urgent aspects for research

Shore environments of Lakes Victoria and Kyoga with potential for the establishment and proliferation of water hyacinth were identified. They are characterised by: (i) shelter from violent off-shore and along-the-shore wind and wave action (ii) flat or gentle slope under relatively shallow water, and (iii) a muddy bottom rich in organic matter. Such environments are strongly associated with emergent macrophytes of papyrus, Vossia sp and, at times Typha sp where Pistia stratiotes, species of ceratophyllum, myriophylum and nymphaea also occur. In Lake Kyoga association with Vossia sp facilitated establishment of water hyacinth even along wind-swept shores and promoted extension of mats of the two machrophytes into the open lake. Urgent research on water hyacinth is proposed in the areas of nutrient relations, weed biology and on its impact on the biodiversity resource, with particular emphasis on the fishery component. Findings from the research could facilitate formulation of weed control options and alternative resource management strategies. A regional approach to address the water hyacinth menace is highly recommended.

Centrifuge modelling of submarine landslide flows

Landslides occur both onshore and offshore, however little attention has been given to offshore landslides (submarine landslides). The unique characteristics of submarine landslides include large mass movements and long travel distances at very gentle slopes. Submarine landslides have significant impacts and consequences on offshore and coastal facilities. This paper presents data from a series of centrifuge tests simulating submarine landslide flows on a very gentle slope. Experiments were conducted at different gravity levels to understand the scaling laws involved in simulating submarine landslide flows through centrifuge modelling. The slope was instrumented with miniature sensors for measurements of pore pressure beneath the flow. A series of digital cameras were used to capture the flow in flight. The results provide a better understanding of the scaling laws that needs to be adopted for centrifuge experiments involving submarine landslide flows and gives an insight into the flow mechanisms. © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Contact dynamics in a gently vibrated granular pile.

We use multispeckle diffusive wave spectroscopy to probe the micron-scale dynamics of a water-saturated granular pile submitted to discrete gentle taps. The typical time scale between plastic events is found to increase dramatically with the number of applied taps. Furthermore, this microscopic dynamics weakly depends on the solid fraction of the sample. This process is largely analogous to the aging phenomenon observed in thermal glassy systems. We propose a heuristic model where this slowing-down mechanism is associated with a slow evolution of the distribution of the contact forces between particles. This model accounts for the main features of the observed dynamics.