Indocyanine green angiography findings in patients with long-standing Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: a cross-sectional study

Background: To investigate indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) findings in patients with long-standing Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease and their correlation with disease activity on clinical examination as well as with systemic corticosteroid therapy. Methods: Twenty-eight patients (51 eyes) with long-standing (>= 6 months from disease onset) VKH disease whose treatment was tapered based only in clinical features were prospectively included at a single center in Brazil. All patients underwent standardized clinical evaluation, which included fundus photography, fluorescein angiography and ICGA. Clinical disease activity was determined based in the Standardization in Uveitis Nomenclature Working Group. Fisher exact test and logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis. Results: Disease-related choroidal inflammation on ICGA was observed in 72.5% (31 of 51 eyes). Angiographic findings suggestive of (choroidal and/or retinal) disease activity were not observed on FA. Clinically active disease based on clinical evaluation was observed in 41.2% (21 of 51 eyes). In these 21 eyes, disease-related choroidal inflammation on ICGA was observed in 76.2% (16 of 21 eyes); in the remaining eyes (without clinical active disease) disease-related choroidal inflammation on ICGA was observed in 70.0% (21 of 30 eyes). In respect to systemic corticosteroid therapy, 10 patients (18 of 51 eyes) were under treatment with prednisone. In these 10 (18 of 51 eyes) patients, disease-related choroidal inflammation on ICGA was observed in 83.3% (15 of 18 eyes); in the remaining patients (33 of 51 eyes) disease-related choroidal inflammation on ICGA was observed in 66.7% (22 of 33 eyes). Conclusion: ICGA findings suggestive of disease-related choroidal inflammation were observed in a considerable proportion of patients with long-standing VKH disease, independent of the inflammatory status of the disease on clinical examination or current use of systemic corticosteroid. Therefore, the current study reinforces the crucial role of ICGA to assist the management and treatment of patients with long-standing VKH disease.

Acaricidal action of destruxins produced by a marine-derived Beauveria felina on the bovine tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

The increasing resistance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick to commercial insecticides requires alternative methods for the control of this cattle plague. The enthomopathogenic fungus Beauveria feline produces destruxins in culture media, cyclic depsipeptides which display an array of biological activities. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the acaricide action of destruxins isolated from B. felina culture media on R. (B.) microplus engorged females. B. felina was grown in MF medium under 19 different growth conditions. HPLC-PDA analysis of chromatographic fractions obtained from the 19 different growth media extracts indicated the presence of destruxins in all lipophylic fractions. Such fractions were combined and subjected to separation by HPLC. Fractions containing distinct destruxins composition were tested against R. (B.) micro plus. Two fractions, composed of destruxin Ed(1) and pseudodestruxin B and/or pseudodestruxin C (fraction P1) as well as by hydroxyhomodestruxin B and/or destruxin D and/or roseotoxin C (fraction P7), displayed 30% and 28.7% acaricidal efficacy, respectively. This activity profile in such low concentration is adequate to consider destruxins as potential leading compounds to be developed for tick biological control. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effect of age at disease onset in the clinical profile of spondyloarthritis: a study of 1424 Brazilian patients

Objectives To analyse demographic and clinical variables in patients with disease onset before and after 40, 45 and 50 years in a large series of Brazilian SpA patients. Methods A common protocol of investigation was prospectively applied to 1424 SpA patients in 29 centres distributed through the main geographical regions in Brazil. The mean age at disease onset was 28.56 +/- 12.34 years, with 259 patients (18.2%) referring disease onset after 40 years, 15.1 (10.6%) after 45 years and 81 (5.8%) after 50 years. Clinical and demographic variables and disease indices (BASDAI, BASFI, BASRI, MASES, ASQoL) were investigated. Ankylosing spondylitis was the most frequent disease (66.3%), followed by psoriatic arthritis (18%), undifferentiated SpA (6.7%), reactive arthritis (5.5%), and enteropathic arthritis (3.5%). Results Comparing the groups according to age of disease onset, those patients with later onset presented statistical association with female gender, peripheral arthritis, dactylitis, nail involvement and psoriasis, as well as negative statistical association with inflammatory low hack pain, alternating buttock pain, radiographic sacroiliitis, hip involvement, positive familial history, HLA-B27 and uveitis. BASDAI, BASFI and quality of life, as well as physicians and patient's global assessment, were similar in all the groups. Radiographic indices showed worse results in the younger age groups. Conclusion There are two different clinical patterns in SpA defined by age at disease onset: one with predominance of axial symptoms in the group with disease onset <= 40 years and another favouring the peripheral manifestations in those with later disease onset.

Ethnic Influence in Clinical and Functional Measures of Brazilian Patients with Spondyloarthritis

Objective. Spondyloarthritides (SpA) can present different disease spectra according to ethnic background. The Brazilian Registry of Spondyloarthritis (RBE) is a nationwide registry that comprises a large databank on clinical, functional, and treatment data on Brazilian patients with SpA. The aim of our study was to analyze the influence of ethnic background in SpA disease patterns in a large series of Brazilian patients. Methods. A common protocol of investigation was prospectively applied to 1318 SpA patients in 29 centers distributed through the main geographical regions in Brazil. The group comprised whites (65%), African Brazilians (31.3%), and people of mixed origins (3.7%). Clinical and demographic variables and various disease index scores were compiled. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) was the most frequent disease in the group (65.1%); others were psoriatic arthritis (18.3%), undifferentiated SpA (6.8%), enteropathic arthritis (3.7%), and reactive arthritis (3.4%). Results. White patients were significantly associated with psoriasis (p = 0.002), positive HLA-B27 (p = 0.014), and use of corticosteroids (p < 0.0001). Hip involvement (p = 0.02), axial inflammatory pain (p = 0.04), and radiographic sacroiliitis (p = 0.025) were associated with African Brazilian descent. Sex distribution, family history, and presence of peripheral arthritis, uveitis, dactylitis, urethritis, and inflammatory bowel disease were similar in the 3 groups, as well as age at disease onset, time from first symptom until diagnosis, and use of anti-tumor necrosis factor-a agents (p > 0.05). Schober test and thoracic expansion were similar in the 3 groups, whereas African Brazilians had higher Maastricht Ankylasing Spondylitis Enthesitis Scores (p = 0.005) and decreased lateral lumbar flexion (p = 0.003), while whites had a higher occiput-to-wall distance (p = 0.02). African Brazilians reported a worse patient global assessment of disease (p = 0.011). Other index scores and prevalence of work incapacity were similar in the 3 groups, although African Brazilians had worse performance in the Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life questionnaire (p < 0.001). Conclusion. Ethnic background is associated with distinct clinical aspects of SpA in Brazilian patients. African Brazilian patients with SpA have a poorer quality of life and report worse disease compared to whites, (First Release Nov 1 2011; J Rheumatol 2012;39:141-7; doi:10.3899/jrheum.110372)

Urinary acidifier in diet with high excess base for adult cats

Maintaining the pH of urine in the ideal range (6.2 - 6.4) is of great importance for health promotion in the lower urinary tract of cats. In the economic and standard feed sector this is a major concern, given that the animal urine tends to be alkaline after food consumption of those commercial segments, which predispose to the formation of struvite urolith. Therefore, this study aimed to study the effects of increasing levels of urinary acidifiers (0.0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9%, on a dry matter base) in feed with high excess base over the acid-basic balance in the organism, apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients, urinary pH, hydro-electrolyte balance in cats, as well as the adequacy of equations proposed in the literature to estimate the urinary pH. Twenty-four adult cats, males and females were distributed in a completely randomized design, consisting of six animals per treatment. The dry matter content of urine presented a quadratic behavior (p<0,05; y = 9.5863 + 3.2299x + 0.7871x2 R2 = 99,91%), HCO3-, total CO2 and excess blood base during the period in which the animals were fed were high when including 0.9% acidifier compared to 0.6% (p<0.05). In contrast, the use of the additive did not change the urinary pH, blood electrolyte concentration, nutrient digestibility, fecal score, food and water intake (p>0.05). The equations proposed in the literature, which use excess of base in feed to estimate urinary pH, overestimated the pH values found in this study.

Are cats (Felis catus) from multi-cat households more stressed? Evidence from assessment of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite analysis

Given the social and territorial features described in feral cats, it is commonly assumed that life in multi-cat households is stressful for domestic cats and suggested that cats kept as single pets are likely to have better welfare. On the other hand, it has been hypothesized that under high densities cats can organize themselves socially thus preventing stress when spatial dispersion is unavailable. This study was aimed at comparing the general arousal underpinning emotional distress in single housed cats and in cats from multi-cat households (2 and 3–4 cats) on the basis of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (GCM) measured via enzyme immunoassay (EIA). GCM did not significantly vary as a function of living style (single, double or group-housing); highly stressed individuals were equally likely in the three groups. Young cats in multi-cat households had lower GCM, and overall cats that tolerate (as opposed to dislike) petting by the owners tended to have higher GCM levels. Other environmental aspects within cat houses (e.g. relationship with humans, resource availability) may play a more important role in day to day feline arousal levels than the number of cats per se

Iron transportation across the placenta

According to the classification of placental types among animals, the transfer of iron through the placenta can occur via: absorption connected to transferin through the outer surface of the trophoblast in direct contact with circulating maternal blood; absorption of the erythrocytes by the chorionic epithelium in direct contact with accumulation of blood extravased from haemotophagous areas; absorption by the chorionic epithelium in direct contact with iron enriched secretions from the endometrial glands and absorption by extravasations of the blood in the maternal-fetal surface and the subsequent phagocytosis of the erythrocytes by trophoblast cells described in bovine, small ruminants, canine and feline. The function of erythrophagocytosis observed after the extravasation of blood in the maternal-fetal interface is undefined in several species. Possibly, the iron is transferred to the fetus through the trophoblastic erythrophagocytosis in the hemophogous area of the placenta and also in the endometrial glands. In this literature survey, new methods of studies regarding placental transfer involving iron and other nutrients necessary for survival and maintenance of embryonic fetus to birth are proposed.

Experimental models of autoimmune inflammatory ocular diseases

Ocular inflammation is one of the leading causes of blindness and loss of vision. Human uveitis is a complex and heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation of intraocular tissues. The eye may be the only organ involved, or uveitis may be part of a systemic disease. A significant number of cases are of unknown etiology and are labeled idiopathic. Animal models have been developed to the study of the physiopathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis due to the difficulty in obtaining human eye inflamed tissues for experiments. Most of those models are induced by injection of specific photoreceptors proteins (e.g., S-antigen, interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein, rhodopsin, recoverin, phosducin). Non-retinal antigens, including melanin-associated proteins and myelin basic protein, are also good inducers of uveitis in animals. Understanding the basic mechanisms and pathogenesis of autoimmune ocular diseases are essential for the development of new treatment approaches and therapeutic agents. The present review describes the main experimental models of autoimmune ocular inflammatory diseases.

Espondilite anquilosante e uveíte: revisão

O presente trabalho propõe uma revisão de epidemiologia, patogênese, quadro clínico, diagnóstico e tratamento da espondilite anquilosante e sua associação com alteração ocular com a devida condução da doença e suas manifestações. Os autores utilizaram em sua pesquisa os bancos de dados PubMed (MEDLINE), LILACS e Biblioteca do Centro de Estudos de Oftalmologia. A espondilite anquilosante é uma doença inflamatória crônica que acomete preferencialmente o esqueleto axial, podendo evoluir com rigidez e limitação funcional progressiva. Seu início costuma ocorrer por volta da segunda à terceira década de vida, preferencialmente em indivíduos do gênero masculino, caucasianos e HLA-B27-positivos. Sua etiologia e patogênese não são completamente elucidadas, e seu diagnóstico costuma ser tardio. O controle clínico e o tratamento são frequentemente satisfatórios.A uveíte anterior aguda é a manifestação extra-articular mais comum, ocorrendo em cerca de 20%-30% dos pacientes com espondilite anquilosante. Aproximadamente metade dos casos de uveíte anterior aguda está associada à presença do antígeno HLA-B27, podendo ser a primeira manifestação de uma doença reumatológica não diagnosticada, geralmente com boa resposta terapêutica e bom prognóstico. Concluímos que, para melhor avaliação e tratamento dos pacientes com uveíte, é importante maior integração entre oftalmologistas e reumatologistas.

PReS-FINAL-2170: Work disability in adult patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)

Introduction Approximately 20% JIA patients enters adulthood with clinically active disease and disabled, therefore work condition may be affected. Objectives To assess the prevalence of work disability among adult patients with JIA regularly attending a tertiary heumatology center and to determine possible associated risk factors. Methods This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 43 JIA patients according to 2004 revised ILAR criteria. A questionnaire was developed in order to evaluate working status and labor activity: occupation, current/previous work, employment status and withdrawal rate were actively searched. Demographic data, JIA characteristics, clinical activity (DAS28>2.6), therapeutic intervention, comorbidities, physical activity, sedentarism (WHO definitions), functional class (1991 ACR criteria), HAQ and SF-36 were recorded. The prevalence of work disability was calculated using 95% confidence interval, and compared to all parameters; qualitative variables were analyzed using tests of association (chi-square test) and quantitative variables by Mann-Whitney or student test. Results Patients' mean age was 29+7.4 yrs (range 19-41) with mean JIA duration = 17.2+12.3 yrs (range 3-33); 63% were males and 37% females. JIA subtypes were 64% polyarticular, 11% oligoarticular, 9% systemic, 9% ERA, 2% extended oligoarticular, 2% psoriatic arthritis; 7% had uveitis. Serum RF was positive in 21% and ANA in 21%. The majority (72%, n = 31) of JIA patients were employed, whereas 28% (n = 12) were currently not working. In the latter group, 83% (10/12) were retired due to JIA related disability. Further analysis comparing those currently working vs. Those not working revealed similar age (25,3 yrs vs.29,5 yrs, p = 0,09). Although not significantly, most patients currently working had Poly onset JIA (22 vs. 6 p = 0,37), higher frequencies of good education level >12 yrs of school (31 vs.9, p = 0,38), functional class I (p = 0,96), practiced regular physical activity (9 vs. 0, p = 0,89), were singles (26 vs. 8, p = 0,15). Both groups had comparable HAQ and DAS 28 scores (0,62 vs. 0.59, p = 0,47 and 2,51 vs.2,07, p = 0,64) and similar arthroplasty rate (8 vs. 4, p = 0,427). Frequencies of hypertension (3 vs.1, p = 0,999), dyslipidemia (1 vs. 1, p = 0,125), diabetes (1 vs. 0 p = 0,999), depression (1 vs. 0, p = 0,999) and smokers (3 vs. 1, p = 0,99) were alike in both groups. Remarkably, employed patients had higher SF 36 mental health component (84.0 vs. 70.42, P = 0.01). Conclusion High prevalence of almost 1/3 work disability and of retirement due to disease related incapacity remain major problems for adult JIA individuals. We also identified worse mental health in employed patients indicating that further research is needed, in addition to intense affirmative disability actions in order to remove possible disabling barriers and to adapt restrictive environments for these patients. Moreover, enhanced strategies and policy for inclusion of JIA patients in the job market is urged.

Carcinoma de células escamosas em glândula mamária de gata doméstica

Background: In the feline species, 80% to 93% of neoplasias in the mammary gland are malignant, being the majority carcinomas. Among them, there is the mammary squamous cell carcinoma, which amounts to a very rare neoplasm in the domestic cat, with considerable potential for malignancy. This study aimed to report a case of squamous cell mammary carcinoma in the feline species. Case: A female cat, mixed breed, ten years old, presented history of skin lesion. The cat had been spayed two years before, but with previous administration of contraceptives. At the physical examination, it was observed ulcer between the caudal abdominal mammary glands. The occurrence of skin or mammary neoplasia was conceived. The following complementary tests were requested: complete blood count, serum biochemical profi le (renal and hepatic), chest radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, and incisional biopsy of the ulcerated region periphery, followed by classic histopathology. The lesion histopathology was compatible with squamous cell carcinoma of the mammary gland. Due to such a diagnosis, bilateral mastectomy was recommended. The material obtained during the surgical procedure was sent for anatomopathological analysis. Microscopically, surgical margins infi ltration and a regional lymph node were verifi ed. The owner was advised of the need for complementary therapies and medical monitoring of the cat. However, there was no return. It is noteworthy that the animal’s physical and laboratory examinations showed no neoplasia in other regions, being the squamous cell carcinoma of the mammary gland considered primary. Discussion: The malignant mammary neoplasia genesis in feline species, in general, seems to be related to steroid hormones. The ovariectomized females are less likely to develop the disease when compared to intact cats, but there is no protective effect of surgery on those spayed after two years of age regarding the appearance of the neoplasia. Thus, at the time the reported patient was ovariectomized, this effect no longer occurred. The synthetic progestins regularly used to prevent estrus increase by three times the risk of breast carcinomas onset. In humans, there is no clear defi nition of the etiology and pathogenesis of mammary squamous cell carcinoma. However, it has been suggested its association with extreme forms of squamous metaplasia present in pre-existing mammary adenocarcinoma, besides cysts, chronic infl ammations, abscesses and mammary gland adenofi bromas. In a hypothetical way, this etiology could also be related to the feline mammary carcinoma, although, for the case at issue, the exogenous and endogenous hormonal infl uence should not be excluded. It has been reported that mammary squamous cell carcinomas in cats are classifi ed in grades II and III (ie, moderately and poorly differentiated, respectively). Thus, they are considered tumors with more unfavorable prognosis. However, the monitoring of the clinical course, in order to evaluate possible recurrence of the neoplasia and metastases to distant sites, was not possible as the animal under discussion did not return. The squamous cell carcinoma is the most common skin tumor in feline species, despite the primary location in the mammary gland. It is, therefore, important to differentiate squamous cell carcinoma originated in the breast from histological types derived from skin. The description of this special and rare feline mammary carcinoma is important due to its particular characteristics and potential for malignancy.

Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from the claws of domestic cats (indoor and outdoor) and in captivity in São Paulo (Brazil)

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis and is also a zoonosis (sapro- and anthropozoonosis). The objective of the present study was to determine the occurrence of sporotrichosis in domestic cats and in wild or exotic felines in captivity through the isolation of Sporothrix spp. from claw impressions in a culture medium. The samples included 132 felines, of which 120 (91.0 %) were domestic cats, 11 (8.3 %) were wild felines, and one (0.7 %) was an exotic felid. Twenty-one (17.5 %) were outdoor cats. Of the total, 89 (67.4 %) had contact with other animals of the same species. It was possible to isolate Sporothrix schenckii from the claws of one (0.7 %) of the felids probed; this animal exhibited generalised sporotrichosis and had infected a female veterinarian. The potential pathogenic agents Microsporum canis and Malassezia pachydermatis were isolated in 12.1 and 5.3 % of the animals, respectively. The following anemophilous fungi, which were considered to be contaminants, were also isolated: Penicillium sp. (28 or 21.2 %), Aspergillus sp. (13 or 9.8 %), Rhodotorula sp. (5 or 3.8 %), Candida sp. (5 or 3.8 %), Trichoderma sp. (1 or 0.7 %), and Acremonium sp. (1 or 0.7 %). Due to the low magnitude of occurrence (0.7 %) of Sporothrix in feline claws, the potential of the cats evaluated in this study to be sources of infection in the city of São Paulo is considerably low.

Hypervitaminosis A-induced hepatic fibrosis in a cat

Rationale: The excessive intake of vitamin A in the form of vitamin concentrate, supplement or vitamin-rich liver can result in hypervitaminosis A in man and animals. Although osteopathologies resulting from chronic vitamin A intoxication in cats are well characterized, no information is available concerning feline hypervitaminosis A-induced liver disease. Clinical summary: We report the first case of hepatic stellate cell lipidosis and hepatic fibrosis in a domestic cat that had been fed a diet based on raw beef liver. Radiographic examination revealed exostoses and ankylosis between vertebrae C1 and T7, compatible with deforming cervical spondylosis. Necropsy showed a slightly enlarged and light yellow to bronze liver. Microscopic and ultrastructural analyses of liver tissues revealed diffuse and severe liver fibrosis associated with hepatic stellate cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy. These cells showed immunopositive staining for α-smooth muscle actin and desmin markers. The necropsy findings of chronic liver disease coupled with osteopathology supported the diagnosis of hypervitaminosis A. Practical relevance: As in human hepatology, if there is dietary evidence to support increased intake of vitamin A, then hypervitaminosis A should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic liver disease in cats.

La determinazione del cortisolo nel pelo per la valutazione del benessere animale

La definizione di “benessere animale” e le modalità di determinazione di tale parametro sono ancora ampiamente dibattute. C’è, però, una generale concordanza sul fatto che una condizione di malessere dia origine a variazioni fisiologiche e comportamentali che possono essere rilevate e misurate. Tra i parametri endocrini, il più studiato è, senza dubbio, il cortisolo, in quanto connesso con l’attivazione dell’asse ipotalamico-pituitario-surrenale in condizioni di stress e quindi ritenuto indicatore ideale di benessere, benché debba essere utilizzato con cautela in quanto un aumento dei livelli di questo ormone non si verifica con ogni tipo di stressor. Inoltre, si deve considerare che la raccolta del campione per effettuare le analisi, spesso implica il confinamento ed il contenimento degli animali e può essere, quindi, essa stessa un fattore stressante andando ad alterare i risultati. Alla luce delle suddette conoscenze gli obiettivi scientifici di questa ricerca, condotta sul gatto e sul cane, sono stati innanzitutto validare il metodo di dosaggio di cortisolo dal pelo e stabilire se tale dosaggio può rappresentare un indicatore, non invasivo, di benessere dell’animale (indice di “stress cronico”). In seguito, abbiamo voluto individuare i fattori di stress psico-sociale in gatti che vivono in gattile, in condizioni di alta densità, analizzando i correlati comportamentali ed ormonali dello stress e del benessere in questa condizione socio-ecologica, ricercando, in particolare, l’evidenza ormonale di uno stato di stress prolungato e la messa in atto di strategie comportamentali di contenimento dello stesso e il ruolo della marcatura visivo-feromonale, inoltre abbiamo effettuato un confronto tra oasi feline di diversa estensione spaziale per valutare come varia lo stress in rapporto allo spazio disponibile. Invece, nel cane abbiamo voluto evidenziare eventuali differenze dei livelli ormonali tra cani di proprietà e cani di canili, tra cani ospitati in diversi canili e tra cani che vivono in diverse realtà familiari; abbiamo voluto valutare gli effetti di alcuni arricchimenti sui cani di canile ed, infine, abbiamo analizzato cani sottoposti a specifici programmi si addestramento. Il primo importante ed originale risultato raggiunto, che risponde al primo obiettivo della ricerca, è stato la validazione del dosaggio radioimmunologico di cortisolo in campioni di pelo. Questo risultato, a nostro avviso, apre una nuova finestra sul campo della diagnostica endocrinologica metabolica. Attualmente, infatti, il monitoraggio ormonale viene effettuato su campioni ematici la cui raccolta prevede un elevato stress (stress da prelievo) per l’animale data l'invasività dell'operazione che modifica l’attività di ipotalamo-ipofisi-surrene e, dunque, provoca repentine alterazioni delle concentrazioni ormonali. Questa metodica offre, quindi, il vantaggio dell’estrema semplicità di raccolta del campione e, in più, il bassissimo costo del materiale utilizzato. Dalle ricerche condotte sui gatti di gattile sono scaturite preziose indicazioni per future indagini sullo stress e sul comportamento sociale felino. I risultati dell’analisi congiunta del comportamento e delle concentrazioni ormonali hanno evidenziato che la disponibilità di postazioni di marcatura visivo-feromonale ha un effetto positivo sia sugli indicatori comportamentali, sia su quelli ormonali di stress. I risultati dell’analisi delle concentrazioni di cortisolo, derivanti dal confronto tra sette oasi feline di diversa estensione spaziale hanno permesso di evidenziare un aumento dei livelli dell’ormone inversamente proporzionale allo spazio disponibile. Lo spazio disponibile, però, non è l’unico fattore da prendere in considerazione al fine di assicurare il benessere dell’animale infatti, nelle colonie che presentavano instabilità sociale e variabilità territoriale il cortisolo aveva valori elevati nonostante le notevoli disponibilità di spazio. Infine, si è potuto costatare come anche lo stare appartati, aumenti proporzionalmente con l’aumentare dello spazio. Questo comportamento risulta essere molto importante in quanto mitiga lo stress ed è da prendere in considerazione nell’allestimento di colonie feline. Infatti, nelle colonie di dimensioni ridotte dove lo stress è già alto, l’impossibilità dei soggetti di appartarsi può contribuire a peggiorare la situazione; ecco perché si dovrebbero creare luoghi artificiali per fornire ai gatti la possibilità di appartarsi, magari sfruttando gli spazi sopraelevati (tetti, alberi, ecc.). Per quanto riguarda il confronto tra cani di proprietà e cani di canile non sono state evidenziate differenze significative nei livelli di cortisolo nel pelo mentre abbiamo rilevato che quest’ultimi sono influenzati dalla disponibilità di spazio: infatti sia i cani di proprietà che vivevano in giardino, sia i cani dei canili che praticavano lo sgambamento presentavano livelli di cortisolo nel pelo più bassi rispetto, rispettivamente, ai cani di proprietà che vivevano in appartamento o appartamento/giardino e a quelli di canile che non praticavano lo sgambamento. L’arricchimento ambientale fornito ai cani di canile ha esercitato un’influenza positiva riducendo i livelli di cortisolo e migliorando la docilità dei soggetti, favorendone un’eventuale adozione. Si è inoltre messo in luce che i programmi di addestramento, eseguiti con tecniche “gentili”, non comportano situazioni stressanti per l’animale e aiutano i cani ad esprimere doti di equilibrio che rimarrebbero altrimenti celate dagli aspetti più istintivi del carattere. D’altra parte, l’impegno agonistico prima di una competizione e il livello di addestramento raggiunto dai cani, influenzano le concentrazioni di cortisolo a riposo e durante l’esercizio fisico. Questi risultati possono sicuramente dare utili suggerimenti per la gestione e la cura di gatti e cani al fine di migliorarne le condizioni di benessere.

Hepatobiliary diseases in small animals: a comparison of ultrasonography and multidetector-row computed tomography

Ultrasonography (US) is an essential imaging tool for identifying abnormalities of the liver parenchyma, biliary tract and vascular system. US has replaced radiography as the initial imaging procedure in screening for liver disease in small animals. There are few reports of the use of conventional and helical computed tomography (CT) to assess canine or feline parenchymal and neoplastic liver disease and biliary disorders. In human medicine the development of multidetector- row helical computed tomography (MDCT), with its superior spatial and temporal resolution, has resulted in improved detection and characterization of diffuse and focal liver lesions. The increased availability of MDCT in veterinary practice provides incentive to develop MDCT protocols for liver imaging in small animals. The purpose of this study is to assess the rule of MDCT in the characterization of hepatobiliary diseases in small animals; and to compare this method with conventional US. Candidates for this prospective study were 175 consecutive patients (dogs and cats) referred for evaluation of hepatobiliary disease. The patients underwent liver US and MDCT. Percutaneous needle biopsy was performed on all liver lesions or alterations encountered. As for gallbladder, histopatological evaluation was obtained from cholecystectomy specimens. Ultrasonographic findings in this study agreed well with those of previous reports. A protocol for dual-phase liver MDCT in small animals has been described. MDCT findings in parenchymal disorders of the liver, hepatic neoplasia and biliary disorders are here first described in dogs and cats and compared with the corresponding features in human medicine. The ability of MDCT in detection and characterization of hepatobiliary diseases in small animals is overall superior to conventional US. Ultrasonography and MDCT scanning, however, play complementary rules in the evaluation of these diseases. Many conditions have distinctive imaging features that may permit diagnosis. In most instances biopsy is required for definitive diagnosis.