Caracterización de la femineidad.

Estudiar los caracteres que han sido considerados femeninos y comprobar en qué medida son ciertos. Explica los caracteres corporales y la inestabilidad neurovegetativa de las mujeres, analiza los caracteres psicológicos que han sido atribuidos a las mismas, éstos son: pasividad, masoquismo, instinto maternal, emotividad, erotismo, sensibilidad, infantilismo, complejo de inferioridad, ansiedad, envidia, inmoralidad, rivalidad, pudor, narcisismo, hipocresía, hostilidad, espíritu de contradicción, derrotismo, resignación, mediocridad, fanatismo, utilitarismo, materialismo, avaricia. Y finalmente estudia las facultades intelectuales de las mujeres. 1) Los caracteres que la mujer posee independientemente de su puesto social y cultural son los corporales, la inestabilidad neurovegetativa, un especial erotismo, la sensibilidad, el infantilismo físico y el pudor. 2) Los caracteres corporales de la mujer europea presentan una diferencia clara con respecto a los del hombre. Las hormonas masculinas producen mayor musculatura mientras que las femeninas mayor adiposidad. Las diferencias funcionales no pueden suprimirse por completo, aunque sí reducirse por efecto de la educación. En resistencia vital, tradicionalmente la mujer ha superado al hombre, aunque actualmente esta diferencia se va suprimiendo, por efecto de la vida activa. 3) El organismo femenino es inestable por naturaleza. Periódicamente tiene lugar en él, una serie de trastornos relacionados con la función reproductora. Todos los meses se realiza la maduración de un óvulo acompañado de una serie de reacciones. Sube la tensión arterial antes del flujo sanguíneo y baja enseguida, aumenta la velocidad del pulso y a veces la temperatura llegando en casos hasta la fiebre. Aumenta el metabolismo basal y disminuye el número de glóbulos rojos. Las sales que transporta la sangre actúan sobre el ovario, la tiroides y la hipófisis cuya actividad ha aumentado. Esa inestabilidad de las glándulas provoca una gran fragilidad nerviosa que alcanza el sistema central. La mujer en esos días es emotiva, nerviosa e irritable. Con la fecundación esta enajenación es más profunda. Pero los desequilibrios de la mujer no desencadenan en ineptitud. 4) El papel erótico de la mujer es pasivo por naturaleza y costumbre. Tiene una doble sensualidad, la clitoriana, agresiva y la vaginal, pasiva. La madurez de la mujer lleva consigo el desarrollo del erotismo vaginal, pero sin que desaparezca del todo el clitoridiano. Quiere ser acariciada y abrazada por unos brazos fuertes y al mismo tiempo necesita acariciar algo suave y delicado. Su excitación erótica es de una intensidad y profundiad mayor que la del hombre. Pero sus resistencias morales pueden impedir la aparición del placer. El ritmo de su sexualidad no coincide con el de la masculina, tarda más en gozar y su voluptuosidad es de distinta forma. 5) Todos los autores coinciden en aplicar a la mujer una mayor sensibilidad. Se interesa más por las personas que por los hechos objetivos. Gracias a esta cualidad desarrolla gran tacto, comprensión, empatía e identificación. 6) Las demás características de la mujer no hacen más que reflejar la situación dependiente de la mujer con respecto al hombre. Alguna, como el amor maternal, no es exclusiva de la mujer, pues es una característica humana no ligada a la maternidad. En los últimos años, la mujer ha visto abierto el camino hacia nuevas funciones, aunque no ha perdido las que tenía anteriormente. Con este cambio ha desarrollado una serie de rasgos nuevos, en mayor número de los que ha perdido en esta ampliación de su campo de actividad. Entre ellos podemos contar las capacidades prácticas, confianza en sí misma y eficiencia. Además, sus intereses son más objetivos e impersonales que los de sus antepasados, acepta y actúa conforme a la moral contractual del mundo en el que se ha introducido. Confía más en su propio juicio, por lo que depende menos de la opinión ajena.

Desarrollo y validación de un sistema de enseñanza abierta y a distancia en citopatología.

Los objetivos planteados son: 1. Desarrollar un sistema de enseñanza abierta y a distancia, utilizando como recurso pedagógico un Sistema Multimedia Interactivo (SMI) y con un Plan de Formación específico. 2. Validar dicho sistema en un colectivo de personas integrado por profesores de FP de la familia profesional Sanitaria, alumnos de Ciclo Formativo de grado superior de Anatomía Patológica y Citología y personal técnico en Anatomía Patológica. Las hipótesis son: 1. Aún habiendo programas académicos encargados de la formación en Citopatología de Anatomopatólogos y Citotécnicos, existen necesidades de formación referidas especialmente a personal técnico. 2. La introducción de Nuevas Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación puede contribuir al proceso de formación de dicho personal, tanto de su faceta inicial como continua. 3. Mediante el desarrollo de un sistema de Enseñanza abierta y a distancia en Citopatología, utilizando como recurso pedagógico un SMI, se favorece la adquisición de conocimientos y por tanto el autoaprendizaje. Muestra de 115 personas, con diferentes conocimientos informáticos para validar el sistema de participación. Las personas pertenecen a 3 colectivos diferentes: profesores de la Enseñanza Secundaria y Profesores Técnicos de FP, de la rama sanitaria y pertenecientes a las CC.AA. de Galicia, Asturias y Cantabria; alumnos que están cursando el Ciclo formativo de grado superior de Anatomía Patológica y Citología en la Comunidad Autónoma de Asturias; y Técnicos Especialistas en Anatomía Patológica y Técnicos superiores en Anatomía Patológica y Citología, tanto de la Comunidad Autónoma de Asturias como de fuera de ella. En el proceso de investigación llevado a cabo, se consideran tres aspectos principales cronológicamente relacionados: 1. El estudio de necesidades reales de formación en el sector. 2. El diseño del plan de formación adaptado a dichas necesidades. 3. El desarrollo de un SMI integrado en el plan de formación. Para el estudio de necesidades de formación durante el período 1994-1995, se utiliza un cuestionario que fue repartido en varios centros docentes. Para la definición y desarrollo del sistema de enseñanza abierta y a distancia, se utilizan elementos de hardware y software. Para la validación del Sistema Multimedia Interactivo, se utiliza un cuestionario. Para el estudio de necesidades de formación durante el período 1996-1997, se utiliza una 'Guía para el análisis de necesidades formativas', en la que se reflejan tanto la situación actual del sector como lo previsible en el año 2000. Para el diseño del Plan de Formación y la definición de los contenidos educativos, se tienen en cuenta las especificaciones del Sistema Bethesda para la interpretación y nomenclatura de los frotis cérvicovaginales. Para la definición de la estrategia pedagógica, se propone un modelo de aprendizaje de tipo significativo mediante descubrimiento dirigido. Para la definición del método de enseñanza se pretende incrementar el aprendizaje significativo y potenciar el autoaprendizaje. El nivel de conocimientos informáticos que poseían los participantes en la validación se demostró que no era elevado, pues un 74 por ciento tenían poca o ninguna experiencia. Al 91 por ciento de los encuestados le resultó fácil, a un 8 por ciento le pareció normal y sólo a un 1 por ciento le pareció difícil. Más del 80 por ciento de los encuestados, pertenecientes a los tres colectivos, se considera bastante partidario de la implantación del S.M.I. como complemento a la enseñanza presencial más que como alternativa a la misma. Se confirma la necesidad de realizar acciones de formación continua en el campo de la Citopatología, sobre todo en el colectivo de técnicos. Se demuestra el interés en la implantación de las Nuevas Tecnologías de la Información y la comunicación como sistema de enseñanza en Citopatología de personal técnico, tanto en su faceta inicial como en la continua. El S.M.I. desarrollado constituye un material educativo idóneo para realizar acciones de formación, ya que: sus contenidos son adecuados para el alumno y son coherentes con relación a los objetivos y a los contenidos educativos que establece el círculo de Citotécnico; su metodología propuesta favorece el cumplimiento de determinados objetivos y/o la adquisición de contenidos, estando las estrategias de aprendizaje adecuadas al nivel a quien va dirigido; es un material educativo motivador para el alumno y que promueve en él el interés; es un material educativo flexible y, por tanto, abierto a posibles adaptaciones y sugerencias, siendo fácil su incorporación a la programación docente; desde el punto de vista técnico no constituye un material excesivamente sofisticado para los centros de enseñanza, siendo un sistema sencillo de manejar y que resulta cómodo el trabajar con él.

Estudo da metrite puerperal numa exploração leiteira da região de Idanha-a-Nova

Com o presente trabalho, pretendeu realizar-se um resumo bibliográfico, seguido de um estudo de campo, contribuindo para uma melhor identificação da metrite puerperal, dos factores responsáveis pelo seu desenvolvimento, bem como das consequências que diariamente provoca nas explorações de bovinos leiteiros em Portugal. O estudo foi realizado numa exploração leiteira de grande dimensão, e contou com uma amostragem de 202 animais que completaram a gestação entre final de Outubro e fim de Fevereiro e que foram sujeitos a um exame de monitorização das vacas recém-paridas. Durante o exame, foi possível observar a metrite puerperal em 37,8% das vacas. Constatou-se também que a palpação vaginal é um método extremamente eficaz, prático e útil na detecção da metrite puerperal em explorações de grandes dimensões. Na análise dos factores de risco, constatou-se que a incidência da metrite não se encontrou significativamente correlacionada com o número de lactações, com o período do ano em que se diagnosticou a metrite, com os partos distócicos ou com a retenção placentária. Ao dia 30-37 pp., os animais com metrite puerperal tiveram maior probabilidade de desenvolver endometrite clínica. As vacas com metrite puerperal também apresentaram menor quantidade de leite produzido, e afectaram a performance reprodutiva com um aumento do intervalo parto-concepção, do número serviços até concepção e com diminuição da taxa de animais gestantes ao 1º serviço.

A practical approach to a multi-level analysis with a sparse binary outcome within a large surgical trial

Objectives: To assess the potential source of variation that surgeon may add to patient outcome in a clinical trial of surgical procedures. Methods: Two large (n = 1380) parallel multicentre randomized surgical trials were undertaken to compare laparoscopically assisted hysterectomy with conventional methods of abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy; involving 43 surgeons. The primary end point of the trial was the occurrence of at least one major complication. Patients were nested within surgeons giving the data set a hierarchical structure. A total of 10% of patients had at least one major complication, that is, a sparse binary outcome variable. A linear mixed logistic regression model (with logit link function) was used to model the probability of a major complication, with surgeon fitted as a random effect. Models were fitted using the method of maximum likelihood in SAS((R)). Results: There were many convergence problems. These were resolved using a variety of approaches including; treating all effects as fixed for the initial model building; modelling the variance of a parameter on a logarithmic scale and centring of continuous covariates. The initial model building process indicated no significant 'type of operation' across surgeon interaction effect in either trial, the 'type of operation' term was highly significant in the abdominal trial, and the 'surgeon' term was not significant in either trial. Conclusions: The analysis did not find a surgeon effect but it is difficult to conclude that there was not a difference between surgeons. The statistical test may have lacked sufficient power, the variance estimates were small with large standard errors, indicating that the precision of the variance estimates may be questionable.

Selected topics in probiotics and prebiotics: meeting report for the 2004 international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics

On August 2931, 2004, 84 academic and industry scientists from 16 countries gathered in Copper Mountain, Colorado USA to discuss certain issues at the forefront of the science of probiotics and prebiotics. The format for this invitation only meeting included six featured lectures: engineering human vaginal lactobacilli to express HIV inhibitory molecules (Peter Lee, Stanford University), programming the gut for health (Thaddeus Stappenbeck, Washington University School of Medicine), immune modulation by intestinal helminthes (Joel Weinstock, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics), hygiene as a cause of autoimmune disorders (G. A. Rook, University College London), prebiotics and bone health (Connie Weaver, Purdue University) and prebiotics and colorectal cancer risk (Ian Rowland, Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health). In addition, all participants were included in one of eight discussion groups on the topics of engineered probiotics, host-commensal bacteria communication, 'omics' technologies, hygiene and immune regulation, biomarkers for healthy people, prebiotic and probiotic applications to companion animals, development of a probiotic dossier, and physiological relevance of prebiotic activity. Brief conclusions from these discussion groups are summarized in this paper.

New scientific paradigms for probiotics and prebiotics

The inaugural meeting of the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) was held May 3 to May 5 2002 in London, Ontario, Canada. A group of 63 academic and industrial scientists from around the world convened to discuss current issues in the science of probiotics and prebiotics. ISAPP is a non-profit organization comprised of international scientists whose intent is to strongly support and improve the levels of scientific integrity and due diligence associated with the study, use, and application of probiotics and prebiotics. In addition, ISAPP values its role in facilitating communication with the public and healthcare providers and among scientists in related fields on all topics pertinent to probiotics and prebiotics. It is anticipated that such efforts will lead to development of approaches and products that are optimally designed for the improvement of human and animal health and well being. This article is a summary of the discussions, conclusions, and recommendations made by 8 working groups convened during the first ISAPP workshop focusing on the topics of: definitions, intestinal flora, extra-intestinal sites, immune function, intestinal disease, cancer, genetics and genomics, and second generation prebiotics. Humans have evolved in symbiosis with an estimated 1014 resident microorganisms. However, as medicine has widely defined and explored the perpetrators of disease, including those of microbial origin, it has paid relatively little attention to the microbial cells that constitute the most abundant life forms associated with our body. Microbial metabolism in humans and animals constitutes an intense biochemical activity in the body, with profound repercussions for health and disease. As understanding of the human genome constantly expands, an important opportunity will arise to better determine the relationship between microbial populations within the body and host factors (including gender, genetic background, and nutrition) and the concomitant implications for health and improved quality of life. Combined human and microbial genetic studies will determine how such interactions can affect human health and longevity, which communication systems are used, and how they can be influenced to benefit the host. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.1 The probiotic concept dates back over 100 years, but only in recent times have the scientific knowledge and tools become available to properly evaluate their effects on normal health and well being, and their potential in preventing and treating disease. A similar situation exists for prebiotics, defined by this group as non-digestible substances that provide a beneficial physiological effect on the host by selectively stimulating the favorable growth or activity of a limited number of indigenous bacteria. Prebiotics function complementary to, and possibly synergistically with, probiotics. Numerous studies are providing insights into the growth and metabolic influence of these microbial nutrients on health. Today, the science behind the function of probiotics and prebiotics still requires more stringent deciphering both scientifically and mechanistically. The explosion of publications and interest in probiotics and prebiotics has resulted in a body of collective research that points toward great promise. However, this research is spread among such a diversity of organisms, delivery vehicles (foods, pills, and supplements), and potential health targets such that general conclusions cannot easily be made. Nevertheless, this situation is rapidly changing on a number of important fronts. With progress over the past decade on the genetics of lactic acid bacteria and the recent, 2,3 and pending, 4 release of complete genome sequences for major probiotic species, the field is now armed with detailed information and sophisticated microbiological and bioinformatic tools. Similarly, advances in biotechnology could yield new probiotics and prebiotics designed for enhanced or expanded functionality. The incorporation of genetic tools within a multidisciplinary scientific platform is expected to reveal the contributions of commensals, probiotics, and prebiotics to general health and well being and explicitly identify the mechanisms and corresponding host responses that provide the basis for their positive roles and associated claims. In terms of human suffering, the need for effective new approaches to prevent and treat disease is paramount. The need exists not only to alleviate the significant mortality and morbidity caused by intestinal diseases worldwide (especially diarrheal diseases in children), but also for infections at non-intestinal sites. This is especially worthy of pursuit in developing nations where mortality is too often the outcome of food and water borne infection. Inasmuch as probiotics and prebiotics are able to influence the populations or activities of commensal microflora, there is evidence that they can also play a role in mitigating some diseases. 5,6 Preliminary support that probiotics and prebiotics may be useful as intervention in conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, allergy, cancer (especially colorectal cancer of which 75% are associated with diet), vaginal and urinary tract infections in women, kidney stone disease, mineral absorption, and infections caused by Helicobacter pylori is emerging. Some metabolites of microbes in the gut may also impact systemic conditions ranging from coronary heart disease to cognitive function, suggesting the possibility that exogenously applied microbes in the form of probiotics, or alteration of gut microecology with prebiotics, may be useful interventions even in these apparently disparate conditions. Beyond these direct intervention targets, probiotic cultures can also serve in expanded roles as live vehicles to deliver biologic agents (vaccines, enzymes, and proteins) to targeted locations within the body. The economic impact of these disease conditions in terms of diagnosis, treatment, doctor and hospital visits, and time off work exceeds several hundred billion dollars. The quality of life impact is also of major concern. Probiotics and prebiotics offer plausible opportunities to reduce the morbidity associated with these conditions. The following addresses issues that emerged from 8 workshops (Definitions, Intestinal Flora, Extra-Intestinal Sites, Immune Function, Intestinal Disease, Cancer, Genomics, and Second Generation Prebiotics), reflecting the current scientific state of probiotics and prebiotics. This is not a comprehensive review, however the study emphasizes pivotal knowledge gaps, and recommendations are made as to the underlying scientific and multidisciplinary studies that will be required to advance our understanding of the roles and impact of prebiotics, probiotics, and the commensal microflora upon health and disease management.

Arcanobacterium hippocoleae sp. nov., from the vagina of a horse

A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on a previously unidentified gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, diphtheroid-shaped organism isolated from a vaginal discharge of a horse. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that the strain was a member of the genus Arcanobacterium, but sequence divergence values of >4% with described species of this genus (viz: Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Arcanobacterium bernardiae, Arcanobacterium phocae, Arcanobacterium pluranimalium and Arcanobacterium pyogenes) demonstrated that the isolate represented a novel species. The unknown bacterium was readily distinguished from other Arcanobacterium species by biochemical tests. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown bacterium be classified as Arcanobacterium hippocoleae sp. nov. The type strain of A. hippocoleae is CCUG 44697T (= CIP 106850T).

Characterization of Actinomyces isolates from samples from the human urogenital tract: description of Actinomyces urogenitalis sp. nov.

Three strains of a previously undescribed Actinomyces-like bacterium were isolated from human clinical sources (urine, urethra and vaginal secretion). Biochemical testing and PAGE analysis of whole-cell proteins indicated that the strains were phenotypically homogeneous and distinct from previously described Actinomyces and Arcanobacterium species. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies showed the bacterium to be a hitherto unknown subline within a group of Actinomyces species which includes Actinomyces bovis, the type species of the genus. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence it is proposed that the unknown bacterium from humans be classified as Actinomyces urogenitalis sp. nov. The type strain of Actinomyces urogenitalis is CCUG 38702T (= CIP 106421T).

Carnauba wax nanoparticles enhance strong systemic and mucosal cellular and humoral immune responses to HIV-gp140 antigen

Induction of humoral responses to HIV at mucosal compartments without inflammation is important for vaccine design. We developed charged wax nanoparticles that efficiently adsorb protein antigens and are internalized by DC in the absence of inflammation. HIV-gp140-adsorbed nanoparticles induced stronger in vitro T-cell proliferation responses than antigen alone. Such responses were greatly enhanced when antigen was co-adsorbed with TLR ligands. Immunogenicity studies in mice showed that intradermal vaccination with HIV-gp140 antigen-adsorbed nanoparticles induced high levels of specific IgG. Importantly, intranasal immunization with HIV-gp140-adsorbed nanoparticles greatly enhanced serum and vaginal IgG and IgA responses. Our results show that HIV-gp140-carrying wax nanoparticles can induce strong cellular/humoral immune responses without inflammation and may be of potential use as effective mucosal adjuvants for HIV vaccine candidates.

Advances in mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive polymers

Mucoadhesion is the ability of materials to adhere to mucosal membranes in the human body and provide a temporary retention. This property has been widely used to develop polymeric dosage forms for buccal, oral, nasal, ocular and vaginal drug delivery. Excellent mucoadhesive properties are typical for hydrophilic polymers possessing charged groups and/or non-ionic functional groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds with mucosal surfaces. This feature article considers recent advances in the study of mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive polymers. It provides an overview on the structure of mucosal membranes, properties of mucus gels and the nature of mucoadhesion. It describes the most common methods to evaluate mucoadhesive properties of various dosage forms and discusses the main classes of mucoadhesives.

DC-SIGN increases the affinity of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein interaction with CD4

Mannose-binding C-type lectin receptors, expressed on Langerhans cells and subepithelial dendritic cells (DCs) of cervico-vaginal tissues, play an important role in HIV-1 capture and subsequent dissemination to lymph nodes. DC-SIGN has been implicated in both productive infection of DCs and the DC-mediated trans infection of CD4(+) T cells that occurs in the absence of replication. However, the molecular events that underlie this efficient transmission have not been fully defined. In this study, we have examined the effect of the extracellular domains of DC-SIGN and Langerin on the stability of the interaction of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein with CD4 and also on replication in permissive cells. Surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that DC-SIGN increases the binding affinity of trimeric gp140 envelope glycoproteins to CD4. In contrast, Langerin had no effect on the stability of the gp140:CD4 complex. In vitro infection experiments to compare DC-SIGN enhancement of CD4-dependent and CD4-independent strains demonstrated significantly lower enhancement of the CD4-independent strain. In addition DC-SIGN increased the relative rate of infection of the CD4-dependent strain but had no effect on the CD4-independent strain. DC-SIGN binding to the HIV envelope protein effectively increases exposure of the CD4 binding site, which in turn contributes to enhancement of infection.

Human microbiota in health and disease

Each human body plays host to a microbial population which is both numerically vast (at around 1014 microbial cells) and phenomenally diverse (over 1,000 species). The majority of the microbial species in the gut have not been cultured but the application of culture-independent approaches for high throughput diversity and functionality analysis has allowed characterisation of the diverse microbial phylotypes present in health and disease. Studies in monozygotic twins, showing that these retain highly similar microbiota decades after birth and initial colonisation, are strongly indicative that diversity of the microbiome is host-specific and affected by the genotype. Microbial diversity in the human body is reflected in both richness and evenness. Diversity increases steeply from birth reaching its highest point in early adulthood, before declining in older age. However, in healthy subjects there appears to be a core of microbial phylotypes which remains relatively stable over time. Studies of individuals from diverse geopraphies suggest that clusters of intestinal bacterial groups tend to occur together, constituting ‘enterotypes’. So variation in intestinal microbiota is stratified rather than continuous and there may be a limited number of host/microbial states which respond differently to environmental influences. Exploration of enterotypes and functional groups may provide biomarkers for disease and insights into the potential for new treatments based on manipulation of the microbiome. In health, the microbiota interact with host defences and exist in harmonious homeostasis which can then be disturbed by invading organisms or when ‘carpet bombing’ by antibiotics occurs. In a portion of individuals with infections, the disease will resolve itself without the need for antibiotics and microbial homeostasis with the host’s defences is restored. The administration of probiotics (live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host) represents an artificial way to enhance or stimulate these natural processes. The study of innate mechanisms of antimicrobial defence on the skin, including the production of numerous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), has shown an important role for skin commensal organisms. These organisms may produce AMPs, and also amplify the innate immune responses to pathogens by activating signalling pathways and processing host produced AMPs. Research continues into how to enhance and manipulate the role of commensal organisms on the skin. The challenges of skin infection (including diseases caused by multiply resistant organisms) and infestations remain considerable. The potential to re-colonise the skin to replace or reduce pathogens, and exploring the relationship between microbiota elsewhere and skin diseases are among a growing list of research targets. Lactobacillus species are among the best known ‘beneficial’ bacterial members of the human microbiota. Of the approximately 120 species known, about 15 are known to occur in the human vagina. These organisms have multiple properties, including the production of lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins, which render the vagina inhospitable to potential pathogens. Depletion of the of the normal Lactobacillus population and overgrowth of vaginal anaerobes, accompanied by the loss of normal vaginal acidity can lead to bacterial vaginosis – the commonest cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in women. Some vaginal anaerobes are associated with the formation of vaginal biofilms which serve to act as a reservoir of organisms which persists after standard antibiotic therapy of bacterial vaginosis and may help to account for the characteristically high relapse rate in the condition. Administration of Lactobacillus species both vaginally and orally have shown beneficial effects in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis and such treatments have an excellent overall safety record. Candida albicans is a frequent coloniser of human skin and mucosal membranes, and is a normal part of the microbiota in the mouth, gut and vagina. Nevertheless Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen worldwide and is a leading cause of serious and often fatal nosocomial infections. What turns this organism from a commensal to a pathogen is a combination of increasing virulence in the organism and predisposing host factors that compromise immunity. There has been considerable research into the use of probiotic Lactobacillus spp. in vaginal candidiasis. Studies in reconstituted human epithelium and monolayer cell cultures have shown that L. rhamnosus GG can protect mucosa from damage caused by Candida albicans, and enhance the immune responses of mucosal surfaces. Such findings offer the promise that the use of such probiotic bacteria could provide new options for antifungal therapy. Studies of changes of the human intestinal microbiota in health and disease are complicated by its size and diversity. The Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre in Cork (Republic of Ireland) has the mission to ‘mine microbes for mankind’ and its work illustrates the potential benefits of understanding the gut microbiota. Work undertaken at the centre includes: mapping changes in the microbiota with age; studies of the interaction between the microbiota and the gut; potential interactions between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system; the potential for probiotics to act as anti-infectives including through the production of bacteriocins; and the characterisation of interactions between gut microbiota and bile acids which have important roles as signalling molecules and in immunity. The important disease entity where the role of the gut microbiota appears to be central is the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). IBS patients show evidence of immune activation, impaired gut barrier function and abnormal gut microbiota. Studies with probiotics have shown that these organisms can exert anti-inflammatory effects in inflammatory bowel disease and may strengthen the gut barrier in IBS of the diarrhoea-predominant type. Formal randomised trials of probiotics in IBS show mixed results with limited benefit for some but not all. Studies confirm that administered probiotics can survive and temporarily colonise the gut. They can also stimulate the numbers of other lactic acid bacilli in the gut, and reduce the numbers of pathogens. However consuming live organisms is not the only way to influence gut microbiota. Dietary prebiotics are selectively fermented ingredients that can change the composition and/or activity of the gastrointestinal microbiota in beneficial ways. Dietary components that reach the colon, and are available to influence the microbiota include poorly digestible carbohydrates, such as non-starch polysaccharides, resistant starch, non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) and polyphenols. Mixtures of probiotic and prebiotic ingredients that can selectively stimulate growth or activity of health promoting bacteria have been termed ‘synbiotics’. All of these approaches can influence gut microbial ecology, mainly to increase bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, but metagenomic approaches may reveal wider effects. Characterising how these changes produce physiological benefits may enable broader use of these tactics in health and disease in the future. The current status of probiotic products commercially available worldwide is less than ideal. Prevalent problems include misidentification of ingredient organisms and poor viability of probiotic microorganisms leading to inadequate shelf life. On occasions these problems mean that some commercially available products cannot be considered to meet the definition of a probiotic product. Given the potential benefits of manipulating the human microbiota for beneficial effects, there is a clear need for improved regulation of probiotics. The potential importance of the human microbiota cannot be overstated. ‘We feed our microbes, they talk to us and we benefit. We just have to understand and then exploit this.’ (Willem de Vos).

I killed my father, I ate human flesh, I quiver with joy: an obsession with Pier Paolo Pasolini

Group show, curated by Invisible Exports Gallery. Featuring work by Michael Bilsborough, Lizzi Bougatsos, BREYER P-ORRIDGE, Asger Carlsen, Troels Carlsen, Walt Cassidy, Andy Coolquitt, Vaginal Davis, Carlton DeWoody, Joey Frank, Paul Gabrielli, Ludovica Gioscia, Luis Gispert, Terence Hannum, Karen Heagle, Timothy Hull, Doug Ischar, Brian Kenny, Jeremy Kost, Aaron Krach, Yeni Mao, Leigha Mason, Mark McCoy, Robert Melee, Lucas Michael, Jennifer Needleman, Brent Owens, Paul P., Paolo Di Paolo, Franklin Preston, John Russell, Xaviera Simmons, Duston Spear, Scott Treleaven, Ramon Vega, Jordan Wolfson, Dustin Yellin

Comparison of agar gel immunodiffusion test, rapid slide agglutination test, microbiological culture and PCR for the diagnosis of canine brucellosis

The performance of the rapid slide agglutination test, with and without 2-mercaptoethanol (RSAT and 2ME-RSAT) and agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) was evaluated for the diagnosis of brucellosis in naturally infected dogs. The microbiological culture, PCR and clinical parameters were used as reference. A total of 167 dogs were clinically examined and tested by blood culture, culture of semen/vaginal swab and PCR in blood and semen/vaginal swab. According to the results observed the 167 dogs were divided into three groups: Brucella canis infected dogs (Group 1). B. canis non-infected dogs (Group 2) and dogs with suspected brucellosis (Group 3). The dogs were then tested by RSAT, 2ME-RSAT and AGID. Groups 1 and 2 were used to calculate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the serological tests and the results observed in Group 3 were also discussed. The diagnostic sensitivity of RSAT, 2ME-RSAT and AGID was respectively 70.58%, 31.76%, and 52.94%. The diagnostic specificity of RSAT, 2ME-RSAT and AGID was respectively 83.34%, 100%, and 100%. In dogs with suspected brucellosis 15% were RSAT positive, none was 2ME-RSAT positive and 5% were AGID positive. Although the serological tests are the most commonly used methods for brucellosis diagnosis, a significant proportion of false-negative results were observed highlighting the importance of the direct methods of diagnosis, like blood culture and PCR to improve the diagnosis of canine brucellosis. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mobius Sequence in a Girl and Arthrogryposis in her Half-Brother: Distinct Phenotypes Caused By Prenatal Injuries

Mobius sequence is a congenital facial and abducens nerve palsy, frequently associated to abnormalities of extremities. Arthrogryposis multiplex congenital is defined as a congenital fixation of multiple joints seldom of neurogenic origin. Both sequences must have a genetic origin, but usually are sporadic cases related to environmental factors such as drugs exposition and maternal trauma. A 5-year-old girl and a 1-year-old boy were born with Mobius sequence and arthrogryposis multiplex congenital, respectively. During pregnancies, the mother had vaginal bleeding at 7 weeks and used crack (free-based cocaine) in the first trimester, respectively. The girl also has equinovarus talipes and autistic behavior. The boy has arthrogryposis with flexion contractures of the feet and knees. A vascular disruption, due to hemorrhage and cocaine exposure, causing a transient ischemic insult to embryos in a critical period of development may be responsible for distinct phenotypes in these cases.