Strategic external deployment of intellectual assets

Globalization, pervasiveness of technology and ICT, and the buildup of information societies and policies have lead to a growing abundance of knowledge and highly educated labour supply that is distributed widely. These changes have shifted the foundation of competitiveness to valuable knowledge resources which are now distributed widely across the globe, across actors in the value chain and across educated individuals in multiple organizations. Against this backdrop, the paradigm of open innovation (OI) has emerged as a new response to managing the increased amount of boundary-spanning knowledge flows in and out of the innovation process. The outbound mode of open innovation, that is to say the external exploitation of knowledge assets outside of the firm’s own products and services, has been the less-researched aspect of the concept and so far typically seen as concerning the outlicensing of unused technological assets to generate additional revenue. Given that open innovation is essentially a framework for the holistic structuring and management of crossboundary knowledge flows to improve a firm’s innovative performance, a close integration to corporate strategy seems imperative in order to fully benefit from it. Integrating open innovation to strategy leads to elevating its role from a fringe activity to a central innovation management issue that needs to be systematically managed. Building a structure that allows effective management necessitates linking open innovation activities to each phase of the innovation process. Previously, the connection between outbound OI and the earlier stages of innovation has not been studied. The thesis finds that connecting outbound OI to the entire innovation process of the firm, including the fuzzy front end of innovation, is critical for attaining strategic objectives and to the successful implementation and management of the activity. The practical purpose for the research is to enable companies to fully utilize their potential for outbound open innovation and to be able to implement and manage it from a strategic standpoint.

Bordering with Culture(s): Europeanization and Cultural Agency at the External Border of the European Union.

Rajallistamisen kulttuuri(t): Eurooppalaistuminen ja kulttuurinen toimijuus Euroopan unionin ulkorajalla Euroopan integraation ja Euroopan unionin laajentumisen myötä EU:n sisärajat ovat avautuneet kun taas sen ulkorajoilla lisääntyvää rajan ylitysten valvontaa on pyritty kompensoimaan yhteistyön merkitystä ja verkostoitumista painottamalla. Tämä tutkimus pyrkii ymmärtämään EU:n ulkorajan muutosten merkitystä paikalliselle hyvinvoinnille sekä laajemmin ylirajaisuuden merkitystä identiteettien rakentamiselle raja-alueilla. EU:n ulkorajalla Puolassa ja Suomessa toteutettavat rajat ylittävät, kulttuuriin ja kulttuuriperintöön liittyvät, projektit kertovat eurooppalaistumisesta ja sen vaikutuksista kulttuurisen horisontin muutokselle. Voidaan nähdä miten Eurooppa kulttuurisena konstruktiona tulee paikallisesti merkittäväksi tavoilla jotka kertovat myös paikallisten toimijoiden mahdollisuuksista osallistua EU-rajan muutoksia ja paikallisuutta määritteleviin prosesseihin. Tällöin erityisesti raja-alueiden materiaalisen perinnön, ja sen mahdollistamien rajaan liittyvien neuvottelujen, voidaan nähdä kertovat Eurooppalaistumisesta myös ns. alhaaltapäin muotoutuvana prosessina. Artikkeliväitöskirjan taustalla on Puolan ja Suomen toisen maailmansodan seurauksena luovuttamien raja-alueiden (Kresy ja Karjala) asema nykyisellä Euroopan unionin ulkorajalla. Tutkimusidea perustuu tutkijan omiin kokemuksiin projekteista Puolan ja Ukrainan raja-alueella vuonna 2003, ennen Puolan liittymistä EU:hun vuonna 2004. Tutkimusaineisto on peräisin vuosien 2005-2009 aikana tehdyistä ns. monipaikkaisista (multi-sited) kenttätöistä EU:n ulkorajalla, pääosin Puolassa ja Suomessa, joissa kohteena olivat kulttuuria ja kulttuuriperintöä hyödyntävät, pääosin EU-rahoitetut, rajat ylittävät projektit. Materiaalit koostuvat 34 projektitoimijan haastatteluista, projektien materiaaleista, kenttätöiden havainnoista, paikallisten sanomalehtien artikkeleista sekä eri tasoilla (EU, kansallinen, alueellinen) tuotetuista ohjelmadokumenteista. Huomio kiinnittyy projektitoimijoiden tapoihin tehdä rajanylityksiä, sekä heidän tapaansa kokea ja hyödyntää raja-alueiden kulttuuriperintöä sekä ymmärtää niiden nykyistä kulttuurista moninaisuutta. Tällöin havaitaan miten erilaiset eurooppalaiset ideat, representaatiot ja käytänteet tulevat osaksi erilaisia translokaaleja, rajat ylittäviä ja paikallis-eurooppalaisia, suhteita. Vertailun kohteeksi eivät tällöin asetu projektit, toimijat tai raja-alueet sinänsä, vaan näihin suhteisiin liittyvä kulttuurinen toimijuus. Keskeinen käsite tutkimuksessa on ’rajallistaminen’, eli sen havaitseminen, miten jokainen rajan ylitys tarkoittaa myös neuvottelua rajasta. Rajan ylitys voi siis tarkoittaa myös sen vahvistamista. Myös itse raja voi asettua toiminnan kohteeksi, jolloin nousee esiin se, miten rajat ylittäviä ”kulttuureja” käytetään ja mitkä ovat niiden rajaan liittyvät paikalliset merkitykset. Kysymys on siitä kuka, ja kenelle, rajan merkityksiä neuvottelee? Projektitoimijoiden voidaan nähdä neuvottelevan näitä erilaisia ”kulttuureja” jotka tuottavat rajaa neuvottelevia suhteita, kuten esimerkiksi yhteistyön verkostojen tapaa ohittaa rajan paikallinen merkitys. Tämä rajallistaminen voi kuitenkin tarkoittaa myös paikallisten kulttuuristen identifikaatioiden huomioimista. Tällöin kyse on myös sen luovuuden havaitsemisesta, jota yksilöillä on kun he neuvottelevat näitä erilaisia rajallistamisen kulttuureja. Erityisesti toisen maailmansodan seurauksena valtiorajoista tuli vahvasti kansallisia kulttuureja erottavia, mutta nyt kulttuurisista rajoista neuvotellaan ja rajojen yli tapahtuva vuorovaikutus, sekä paikallisen ja Eurooppalaisen tason väliset suhteet, ja niiden moniäänisyys, nousevat tutkimuksen keskiöön. Tutkimuksen yhteenvedon kannalta keskeinen on kysymys raja/alueen kestävyydestä. Tyypillisesti verkostoitumista painottavan rajat ylittävän yhteistyön suhde paikalliseen yhteisöön voi jäädä häilyväksi. Tavoite paikallisen kulttuuriperinnön suojeluun ei itsessään vielä kerro sen merkityksestä paikalliselle hyvinvoinnille. Arvioinnin kannalta on hyödyllistä nähdä miten myös materiaalisella perinnöllä on toimijuutta osana paikallisuutta muokkaavia suhteita. Paikallisten asukkaiden kokemus rajasta voi edelleen olla että se ei ole muuttunut Neuvostoliiton ajoista, toisaalta EU:nkin voidaan toivoa määrittelemään rajansa vielä tarkemmin, jotta sen kansallinen luonne muuttuisi. Tutkimus nostaa esiin miten eurooppalaiset yhteistyötä ja kulttuurista moninaisuutta korostavat ideat ja käytänteet vaikuttavat erityisesti puolalaisten toimijoiden mahdollisuuksiin määritellä EU-rajaan liittyviä prosesseja osana paikallisia kulttuuriperinnön määrittelyjä. Paikallisten rajaan liittyvien kulttuuristen identifikaatioiden liittäminen osaksi projekteja ei kuitenkaan ole helppoa. Toisaalta rajan merkitys on sisäistetty osana arkea, toisaalta taas rajaan liittyvät suuret kertomukset kansallisena ja EU-rajana voivat olla etäännyttäviä tekijöitä. EU-raja, projektit ja monikulttuurisen perinnön autenttisuus ovat kuitenkin raja-alueen toimijoille ja yhteisöille mahdollisuus osallistua rajallistamiseen. Toiminnan kestävyyden kannalta kyse on pitkälti siitä avaako rajallistaminen paikallisen perinnön merkityksiä osana paikallis-eurooppalaisia suhteita.

Macroscopic description of the external and middle ear of paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766)

Abstract: Paca (Cuniculus paca), one of the largest rodents of the Brazilian fauna, has inherent characteristics of its species which can conribute as a new option for animal experimantation. As there is a growing demand for suitable experimental models in audiologic and otologic surgical research, the gross anatomy and ultrastructural ear of this rodent have been analyzed and described in detail. Fifteen adult pacas from the Wild Animals Sector herd of Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Unesp-Jaboticabal, were used in this study. After anesthesia and euthanasia, we evaluated the entire composition of the external ear, registering and ddescribing the details; the temporal region was often dissected for a better view and detailing of the tympanic bulla which was removed and opened to expose the ear structures analyzed mascroscopically and ultrastructurally. The ear pinna has a triangular and concave shape with irregular ridges and sharp apex. The external auditory canal is winding in its path to the tympanic mebrane. The tympanic bulla is is on the back-bottom of the skull. The middle ear is formed by a cavity region filled with bone and membranous structures bounded by the tympanic membrane and the oval and round windows. The tympanic membrane is flat and seals the ear canal. The anatomy of the paca ear is similar to the guinea pig and from the viewpoint of experimental model has major advantages compared with the mouse ear.

SYLI - an external workflow system for DSpace

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Inulin production by Vernonia herbacea as influenced by mineral fertilization and time of harvest

The underground organs of Vernonia herbacea (Vell.) Rusby, known as rhizophores, acumulate 80% of their dry mass as fructans of the inulin type. In view of the growing industrial use of fructans as dietetic and general food products, and of their medical application, the present investigation aimed at evaluating the effect of mineral fertilization and period of cultivation on the production of these carbohydrates in field trials. Plants used in the experiments were obtained by vegetative propagation from rhizophores collected from plants growing in natural areas of the cerrado, and cultivated for two years. Fertilization consisted of N:P2O5:K2O (80:200:150 kg.ha-1) plus 80 kg.ha-1 nitrogen as dressing. Soil fertilization did not stimulate biomass or inulin production, but in the second year of cultivation a dramatic gain in biomass and inulin was detected in both treated and control plants. Inulin production varied from 113 to 674 kg.ha-1 which corresponds to 43% of the rhizophore dry mass. The composition of fructans was not altered by fertilization, although treated plants had a higher proportion of sucrose and fructans with degree of polymerization 3-8 in the second year of cultivation. The results identify this species as a fructan source similar to other commercial crops and recommend further agronomic studies, aimed at increasing the production of this polysaccharide.

A carbohydrate-based mechanism of species recognition in sea urchin fertilization

In the present review, we describe a systematic study of the sulfated polysaccharides from marine invertebrates, which led to the discovery of a carbohydrate-based mechanism of sperm-egg recognition during sea urchin fertilization. We have described unique polymers present in these organisms, especially sulfated fucose-rich compounds found in the egg jelly coat of sea urchins. The polysaccharides have simple, linear structures consisting of repeating units of oligosaccharides. They differ among the various species of sea urchins in specific patterns of sulfation and/or position of the glycosidic linkage within their repeating units. These polysaccharides show species specificity in inducing the acrosome reaction in sea urchin sperm, providing a clear-cut example of a signal transduction event regulated by sulfated polysaccharides. This distinct carbohydrate-mediated mechanism of sperm-egg recognition coexists with the bindin-protein system. Possibly, the genes involved in the biosynthesis of these sulfated fucans did not evolve in concordance with evolutionary distance but underwent a dramatic change near the tip of the Strongylocentrotid tree. Overall, we established a direct causal link between the molecular structure of a sulfated polysaccharide and a cellular physiological event - the induction of the sperm acrosome reaction in sea urchins. Small structural changes modulate an entire system of sperm-egg recognition and species-specific fertilization in sea urchins. We demonstrated that sulfated polysaccharides - in addition to their known function in cell proliferation, development, coagulation, and viral infection - mediate fertilization, and respond to evolutionary mechanisms that lead to species diversity.

Implementatiоn оf Sustainability-Оriented Innоvatiоns in Business - Studying Оrganizatiоnal and External Capabilities: Evidence frоm Pоland

The cоncept оf sustainability-оriented innоvatiоn is recent and still under researched. The aim оf the Thesis is tо cоntribute tо the field and investigate hоw dо cоmpanies оperating in Pоland apply sustainability-оriented innоvatiоn (SОI) tо their cоre business activities, what are the differences between variоus business fоrms оf оrganizatiоn in terms оf SОI, and what type оf capabilities facilitate implementatiоn оf SОI. Given early stage оf empirical research оn sustainability-оriented innоvatiоn, an explоratоry-descriptive case study research strategy was taken applying qualitative methоds. 6 interviews with managers and CEОs оf 4 cоmpanies lоcated in Warsaw were cоnducted. In additiоn, twо academic expert panels with specialists frоm University оf Lоdz and Lappeenranta University оf Technоlоgy were carried оut in оrder tо suppоrt the findings. The study fоund оut that in case оf cоmpanies which purpоse is tо create pоsitive impact and develоp sustainable prоducts оr services by using innоvative apprоaches, SОI activities are embedded in оrganizatiоnal culture and prоcess sо that it is difficult tо differentiate between main business activities and SОI. In the оther twо cases SОI practices were in line with cоre business activities thus reflected the main оperatiоns and were determined as a part оf CSR strategy. Activities are industry specific and are cоntingent upоn resоurces and capabilities pоssessed. Amоng list оf success factоrs management suppоrt, CEО’s persоnal values, dedicated and mоtivated team, investments in research and develоpment, оrganizatiоnal culture, nоn-hierarchical cоmmunicatiоns channels, empоwerment оf emplоyees, prоvisiоn оf time and space fоr failures were identified as key оrganizatiоnal capabilities facilitating integratiоn оf SОI practices. Whereas market demand, NGОs’ pressure, regulatiоns enfоrced, access tо external funding, netwоrking and cооperating present external оr cоllabоrative capabilities suppоrting implementatiоn оf sustainability оriented innоvatiоn in cоmpanies. SОI takes a systemic apprоach that drives the transfоrmatiоn tо becоme sustainable business embedding and integrating sоcial, envirоnmental and ecоnоmic value creatiоn tоgether.

The Nature of Object of Perception and Its Role in the Knowledge Concerning the External World

Questions concerning perception are as old as the field of philosophy itself. Using the first-person perspective as a starting point and philosophical documents, the study examines the relationship between knowledge and perception. The problem is that of how one knows what one immediately perceives. The everyday belief that an object of perception is known to be a material object on grounds of perception is demonstrated as unreliable. It is possible that directly perceived sensible particulars are mind-internal images, shapes, sounds, touches, tastes and smells. According to the appearance/reality distinction, the world of perception is the apparent realm, not the real external world. However, the distinction does not necessarily refute the existence of the external world. We have a causal connection with the external world via mind-internal particulars, and therefore we have indirect knowledge about the external world through perceptual experience. The research especially concerns the reasons for George Berkeley’s claim that material things are mind-dependent ideas that really are perceived. The necessity of a perceiver’s own qualities for perceptual experience, such as mind, consciousness, and the brain, supports the causal theory of perception. Finally, it is asked why mind-internal entities are present when perceiving an object. Perception would not directly discern material objects without the presupposition of extra entities located between a perceiver and the external world. Nevertheless, the results show that perception is not sufficient to know what a perceptual object is, and that the existence of appearances is necessary to know that the external world is being perceived. However, the impossibility of matter does not follow from Berkeley’s theory. The main result of the research is that singular knowledge claims about the external world never refer directly and immediately to the objects of the external world. A perceiver’s own qualities affect how perceptual objects appear in a perceptual situation.

Development and chemical characterization of flour obtained from the external mesocarp of "pequizeiro" fruit

The objective of this work was to develop a recommendation for the chemical peeling of pequi fruit and characterize the flour obtained from the external mesocarp of "Pequizeiro", pequi tree (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.). The technology applied to obtain the external mesocarp pequi flour included the epicarp removal with NaOH solution. The Response Surface Method was used to optimize the chemical peeling process by applying the Central Composite Rotatable Design, with eleven trials including three replicates at the central point, varying the NaOH aqueous solution concentration and fruit immersion time. The mass loss was evaluated through the analysis of variance and using bi and three dimensional graphs. The chemical characteristics of the external mesocarp pequi flour evaluated were: moisture content, ashes, proteins, lipids, total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and some minerals. The best combination for an efficient removal of the fruit peel with the lowest mass loss was reached with 7.05 minutes of immersion in a 5.08 g.L-1 NaOH aqueous solution. This study indicated that the external mesocarp pequi flour is a food source rich in dietary fiber, carbohydrates, ashes, magnesium, calcium, manganese, and copper, but it is poor in lipids, zinc, and iron.

Evaluation of hygienic-sanitary conditions of hospital nutrition and dietary services from the perspectives of internal and external auditors

The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of hospital nutrition and dietary services using external and internal auditors. Eleven hospitals were evaluated for their nutrition and dietary services using an evaluation checklist based on food safety requirements in the current legislation. The checklist was applied by an internal auditor (a technical supervisor) and an external auditor (a professional with experience in food services) between August and October 2011. According to the number of items on the evaluation checklist that were considered adequate, the hospital facilities were ranked as excellent, good, regular, bad, or very bad. The results obtained by the auditors were compared. According to these results, it can be said that most of the hospital nutrition and dietary services were rated as good for overall quality by the internal auditor, while the external auditor classified them as Regular. There was a clear difference between the evaluations of the auditors, both in terms of the number of items considered adequate and the overall requirements' average score. It can be concluded that hospital nutrition and dietary services should meet safety requirements in order to provide food. These facilities should have external audits conducted as a way to prevent routine problems from being perpetuated.

External debt in developing economies: assessment and policy issues

More than one decade after the external debt restructuring (the Brady Plan), a great amount of literature has been published concerning the balance sheet factors in developing countries. The staff of international multilateral institutions joined with reputable academics in this great controversy. The external debt problem of the developing countries is back and once more reflections on its cause and on policy recommendations are analytically distinct. Our main task is to reflect on the recent external debt dynamics and assess how this debt has evolved. Our findings indicate that the susceptibility of some developing countries to default is associated with global imbalance, that is, the way they borrow.

From the 'Miracle' to the 'Lost Decade': intersectoral transfers and external credit in the Brazilian economy

The present paper examines the Brazilian experience from the 'Economic Miracle' to the 'Lost Decade'. Its aim is to advance an alternative measurement of the flows of extraordinary wealth (i.e. ground-rent and net external credit) available for appropriation in the Brazilian economy and to asses their relevance in sustaining the process of accumulation of industrial capital. That is done in order to provide further and more accurate evidence to the claim that the evolution of the Brazilian process of capital accumulation has been extremely dependent on the evolution of those masses of extraordinary wealth.

EXPLOITING SCENARIO PLANNING FOR STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE EXTERNAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Future insights of the European pet food sector

The purpose of this study is to explore how scenarios can be exploited in strategic assessment of the external business environment. One of the key challenges for managers worldwide is to adapt their businesses to the ever-changing business environment. As the companies’ external business environment is constantly presenting new opportunities and threats, it is extremely important that companies continuously monitor the possible changes happening around it. As the speed of change rises, assessing the future has become more and more vital. The study was conducted as an exploratory research and the research strategy was influenced by scenario planning and case study strategy. The study examined the European pet food sector from the future point of view. Qualitative study was chosen as research approach and empirical data was collected primarily by seven expert interviews. The secondary data about the sector was applied as complementary empirical data. In the theoretical part of the research it was discovered that nowadays, traditional analysis frameworks are ill-suited for strategic assessment of the external business environment. This is why a self-created combination framework for analysis was employed both as study’s theoretical framework and analysis technique. Furthermore, the framework formed the base for interview questions. Both in theoretical and the empirical part of the study it was found that today, in strategic assessment of the external business environment, besides setting focus on the current situation, it is important to concentrate also on the future. The traditional analysis frameworks offer a good starting point for collecting relevant data but they do not encourage conducting a deeper analysis. By adding characteristics from scenario planning to these more traditional tools, a new analysis framework was created, which ensured the more comprehensive analysis. By understanding the interconnections between discovered phenomena and changes, and by recognizing uncertainties, the user is helped to reflect the environment more profoundly. The contributions of the study are both theoretical and managerial. A new analysis framework strives to answer to the current needs for strategic assessment of external business environment and the framework was tested in the context of European pet food sector. When it comes to managerial contributions, the importance lies in understanding the future. Managers must take future into account and understand that future includes various possibilities which all must be reflected

Distribution of Smart Solutions for External Lighting in Switzerland - Case C2 Smartlight Ltd.

Establishing of export operations is the key to the competitiveness for all producing companies in high-tech industry. Distribution partnerships between exporting producer and local distributors of relevant foreign market are utilized by SMEs to gain cost-efficiency of operation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Swiss market of outdoor lighting solutions and propose distribution channels for the case of company C2 SmartLight Ltd. The literature framework consists of three main parts: description of distribution channels for business products, the selection process of the distributor and management of the distributors. The empirical part of this study composed of the observation of Swiss lighting market, highlighting key customers, trends of energy efficiency and key industry players of the lighting market. The aim was to identify potential distribution channels, which reach the target customer groups and identify the market opportunity. Secondly, the data was collected through semi-structured phone interviews. The company, which operates in outdoor lighting business and has an established distributor in Switzerland, was interviewed and used as a benchmark. As a result of this research the market opportunity for distribution of C2 SmartLight products was identified based on potential customers and market need. C2 SmartLight Ltd. should establish a connection with wholesalers that distribute easy to handle and store electrical equipment. The results of this study can be used by other SME companies, operating in a similar field of economy, for selection of distributors.