Investigações sôbre infecções por enterovírus no Distrito Federal

Os autores descrevem os resultados de investigações realizadas pelo Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, com material colhido pelo Serviço de Epidemiologia de Brasília, de casos paralíticos, durante um periódo de 13 meses (janeiro de 1964 a janeiro de 1965). De um total de 47 materiais examinados, foram isoladas 28 amostras de Polivírus do tipo 1, 4 do tipo 2 e duas não-pólio. Destas, uma mostrou-se patogênica para o camundongo recém-nascido, onde as lesões histopatológicas foram compatíveis com as reproduzidas por uma amostra do grupo Coxsackie A. A distribuição por idade dos pacientes sugere a necessidade de serem os grupos etários de até, no máximo, 4 anos de idade, os que devem ser fundamentalmente atingidos por campanhas de imunização contra a poliomielite, na região estudada.

Simuliidae of Goiás state and the Federal District (Brasília): 1. A description of Simulium (Chirostilbia) dekeyseri, new species

A new Brazilian simuliid species, Simulium (Chirostilbia) dekeyseri, is described from reared adults as well as larvas and pupae. This zoophilic species has only been recorded from localities in the Cerrado region of the Central Brazilian Plateu.

Assessment of current anglo-saxon proposals about criminal justice and the justification of legal punishment: Moore, Duff and Finnis on retribution, and the challenging compatibility with the up-and-coming Restorative Justice

Pendent

Mansonella ozzardi no Território Federal de Roraima, Brasil: distribuição e achado de um novo vetor na área do rio Surumu

Um inquérito hemoscópico, conduzido entre indígenas Makuxi, pertencentes a 15 localidades da região nordeste do Território Federal de Roraima, revelou a presença de microfilárias de Mansonella ozzardi em 3,2% das 652 pessoas examinadas. O número de microfilárias nos positivos era pequeno, não ultrapassando a 18 nas amostras de sangue(20mm3) colhidas. A baixa densidade na microfilaremia e a inexistência da infecção em menores de 15 anos sugerem que a filariose está sendo adquirida pelos indígenas fora de suas aldeias, provavelmente nos garimpos de ouro situados na parte alta do rio Maú. Simulium oyapockense s.l. ou Simulium roraimense - espécie muito espalhada no norte do Território - foi reconhecido como vetor de M. ozzardi na área do rio Surumu. As fêmeas desse simulídeo, embora capazes de suportar o desenvolvimento da filária até L3, não se infectam com facilidade. Assim, numa tentativa de infecção experimental, apenas 20,6% das fêmeas alimentadas sobre um voluntário (com 12mf/20mm3 de sangue colhido da polpa digital) exibiram estádios larvares de M. ozzardi (1-2 larvas somente por exemplar infectado). A alta prevalência em índios Sanumá e Mayongong, que vivem no lado oposto do Território, aponta para a existência, na área do rio Auaris, onde se localizam esses indígenas, de um outro vetor, muito mais eficiente do que S. oyapockense s.l.

Expert Information and Majority Decisions

This paper studies dichotomous majority voting in common interest committees where each member receives not only a private signal but also a public signal observed by all of them. The public signal represents, e.g. expert information presented to an entire committee and its quality is higher than that of each individual private signal. We identify two informative symmetric strategy equilibria, namely i) the mixed strategy equilibrium where each member randomizes between following the private and public signals should they disagree; and ii) the pure strategy equilibrium where they follow the public signal for certain. The former outperforms the latter. The presence of the public signal precludes the equilibrium where every member follows their own signal, which is an equilibrium in the absence of the public signal. The mixed strategy equilibrium in the presence of the public signal outperforms the sincere voting equilibrium without the public signal, but the latter may be more efficient than the pure strategy equilibrium in the presence of the public signal. We suggest that whether expert information improves committee decision making depends on equilibrium selection.

Pragmatic approach to nutrition in the ICU: Expert opinion regarding which calorie protein target.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Since the publications of the ESPEN guidelines on enteral and parenteral nutrition in ICU, numerous studies have added information to assist the nutritional management of critically ill patients regarding the recognition of the right population to feed, the energy-protein targeting, the route and the timing to start. METHODS: We reviewed and discussed the literature related to nutrition in the ICU from 2006 until October 2013. RESULTS: To identify safe, minimal and maximal amounts for the different nutrients and at the different stages of the acute illness is necessary. These amounts might be specific for different phases in the time course of the patient's illness. The best approach is to target the energy goal defined by indirect calorimetry. High protein intake (1.5 g/kg/d) is recommended during the early phase of the ICU stay, regardless of the simultaneous calorie intake. This recommendation can reduce catabolism. Later on, high protein intake remains recommended, likely combined with a sufficient amount of energy to avoid proteolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Pragmatic recommendations are proposed to practically optimize nutritional therapy based on recent publications. However, on some issues, there is insufficient evidence to make expert recommendations.

Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference--2012: recommendations on trialing for intrathecal (intraspinal) drug delivery: report of an interdisciplinary expert panel.

INTRODUCTION: Trialing for intrathecal pump placement is an essential part of the decision-making process in placing a permanent device. In both the United States and the international community, the proper method for trialing is ill defined. METHODS: The Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PACC) is a group of well-published experienced practitioners who meet to update the state of care for intrathecal therapies on the basis of current knowledge in the literature and clinical experience. Anexhaustive search is performed to create a base of information that the panel considers when making recommendations for best clinical practices. This literature, coupled with clinical experience, is the basis for recommendations and for identification of gaps in the base of knowledge regarding trialing for intrathecal pump placement. RESULTS: The panel has made recommendations for the proper methods of trialing for long-term intrathecal drug delivery. CONCLUSION: The use of intrathecal drug delivery is an important part of the treatment algorithm for moderate to severe chronic pain. It has become common practice to perform a temporary neuroaxial infusion before permanent device implantation. On the basis of current knowledge, the PACC has developed recommendations to improve care. The need to update these recommendations will be very important as new literature is published.

A collaborative approach for incorporating forensic case data into crime investigation using criminal intelligence analysis and visualisation

There is an increasing awareness that the articulation of forensic science and criminal investigation is critical to the resolution of crimes. However, models and methods to support an effective collaboration between these partners are still poorly expressed or even lacking. Three propositions are borrowed from crime intelligence methods in order to bridge this gap: (a) the general intelligence process, (b) the analyses of investigative problems along principal perspectives: entities and their relationships, time and space, quantitative aspects and (c) visualisation methods as a mode of expression of a problem in these dimensions. Indeed, in a collaborative framework, different kinds of visualisations integrating forensic case data can play a central role for supporting decisions. Among them, link-charts are scrutinised for their abilities to structure and ease the analysis of a case by describing how relevant entities are connected. However, designing an informative chart that does not bias the reasoning process is not straightforward. Using visualisation as a catalyser for a collaborative approach integrating forensic data thus calls for better specifications.

Pathology as the Cornerstone of Human Tissue Banking: European Consensus Expert Group Report

Aside from ethical considerations, the primary requirement for usage of human tissues in basic or translational research is the thorough characterization of tissues. The second, but equally essential, requirement is that tissues be collected, processed, annotated, and preserved in optimal conditions. These requirements put the pathologist at the center of tissue banking activities and of research aimed at discovering new biomarkers. Pathologists not only provide information identifying the specimen but also make decisions on what materials should be biobanked, on the preservation conditions, and on the timeline of events that precede preservation and storage. This central position calls for increased recognition of the role of the pathologist by the biomolecular community and places new demands on the pathologist's workload and scope of scientific activities. These questions were addressed by an Expert Group Meeting of the European Biological and Biomolecular Research Infrastructure (BBMRI). While detailed recommendations are published elsewhere (Bevilacqua et al., Virchows Archivs, 2010, in press), this article outlines the strategic and technological issues identified by the Expert Group and identifies ways forward for better integration of pathology in the current thrust for development of biomarker-based "personalized medicine.

Protein recovery, separation and purification: selection of optimal techniques using an expert system

The paper discusses the utilization of new techniques ot select processes for protein recovery, separation and purification. It describesa rational approach that uses fundamental databases of proteins molecules to simplify the complex problem of choosing high resolution separation methods for multi component mixtures. It examines the role of modern computer techniques to help solving these questions.