907 resultados para Evaluation methods for image segmentation
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The segmentation of an image aims to subdivide it into constituent regions or objects that have some relevant semantic content. This subdivision can also be applied to videos. However, in these cases, the objects appear in various frames that compose the videos. The task of segmenting an image becomes more complex when they are composed of objects that are defined by textural features, where the color information alone is not a good descriptor of the image. Fuzzy Segmentation is a region-growing segmentation algorithm that uses affinity functions in order to assign to each element in an image a grade of membership for each object (between 0 and 1). This work presents a modification of the Fuzzy Segmentation algorithm, for the purpose of improving the temporal and spatial complexity. The algorithm was adapted to segmenting color videos, treating them as 3D volume. In order to perform segmentation in videos, conventional color model or a hybrid model obtained by a method for choosing the best channels were used. The Fuzzy Segmentation algorithm was also applied to texture segmentation by using adaptive affinity functions defined for each object texture. Two types of affinity functions were used, one defined using the normal (or Gaussian) probability distribution and the other using the Skew Divergence. This latter, a Kullback-Leibler Divergence variation, is a measure of the difference between two probability distributions. Finally, the algorithm was tested in somes videos and also in texture mosaic images composed by images of the Brodatz album
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Image segmentation is the process of subdiving an image into constituent regions or objects that have similar features. In video segmentation, more than subdividing the frames in object that have similar features, there is a consistency requirement among segmentations of successive frames of the video. Fuzzy segmentation is a region growing technique that assigns to each element in an image (which may have been corrupted by noise and/or shading) a grade of membership between 0 and 1 to an object. In this work we present an application that uses a fuzzy segmentation algorithm to identify and select particles in micrographs and an extension of the algorithm to perform video segmentation. Here, we treat a video shot is treated as a three-dimensional volume with different z slices being occupied by different frames of the video shot. The volume is interactively segmented based on selected seed elements, that will determine the affinity functions based on their motion and color properties. The color information can be extracted from a specific color space or from three channels of a set of color models that are selected based on the correlation of the information from all channels. The motion information is provided into the form of dense optical flows maps. Finally, segmentation of real and synthetic videos and their application in a non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) toll are presented
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Image segmentation is the process of labeling pixels on di erent objects, an important step in many image processing systems. This work proposes a clustering method for the segmentation of color digital images with textural features. This is done by reducing the dimensionality of histograms of color images and using the Skew Divergence to calculate the fuzzy a nity functions. This approach is appropriate for segmenting images that have colorful textural features such as geological, dermoscopic and other natural images, as images containing mountains, grass or forests. Furthermore, experimental results of colored texture clustering using images of aquifers' sedimentary porous rocks are presented and analyzed in terms of precision to verify its e ectiveness.
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OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetivou apreender algumas características sócio-sanitárias do grupo de beneficiários do Programa de Suplementação Alimentar de unidade básica de saúde de um município de médio porte do interior paulista. Especificamente, buscou-se delinear o perfil deste grupo quanto aos fatores de risco para a desnutrição infantil a que estava exposto e dimensionar a utilização dos critérios de inclusão neste programa. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa é de cunho descritivo e se baseou em documentos oficiais vigentes para a definição dos fatores de risco a serem analisados. Foram avaliadas 290 crianças cujas mães ou responsáveis foram entrevistados, segundo um protocolo previamente estabelecido. RESULTADOS: O grupo de beneficiários caracterizou-se por ser heterogêneo quanto à freqüência e ao grau da exposição a fatores de risco para a desnutrição, denotando que há diferenças nos problemas socioeconômicos e sanitários apresentados, como também na combinação entre eles, em cada família. CONCLUSÃO: Para a otimização do programa, ainda vigente no município, sugere-se a padronização loco-regional de critérios de inclusão, conforme a proposta oficial central, com o registro claro dos mesmos e, também, a aplicação de métodos avaliativos periódicos, adequada capacitação da equipe de saúde e maior envolvimento da população usuária.
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Purpose: To evaluate corneal endothelium alterations after applying mitomycin C to the sclera using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, correlating alterations with time, concentration, and evaluation methods. Methods: The corneal endothelium of both eyes of 32 albino rabbits was evaluated and distributed into four groups of 8. Mitomycin C was applied under a scleral flap in the right eye for 5 minutes. Mitomycin C concentrations were 0.5 mg/ml for G1 and G2 and 0.2 mg/ml for G3 and G4. Examinations were performed 15 days after application to G1 and G3, and 30 days after application to G2 and G4. Four cornea in each group were prepared for transmission electron microscopy and four for scanning electron microscopy. Left eyes of all animals were used as controls. Results: Transmission electron microscopy showed corneal endothelium alterations in all groups: rarefied cytoplasm, dilation and fragmentation of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, Golgi apparatus with cisternal dilation, reduced vacuoles, and irregularities of internal membrane more noticeable in G1 and G2. Scanning electron microscopy revealed alterations in all groups except G1: changes in the shape and size of cells and longer filopodial projections. Conclusions: 1-Corneal endothelium alterations were seen at both 0.5 and 0.2 mg/ml concentrations and at 15 and 30 days after mytomicin C application; 2 - Alterations were more intense with higher mytomicin C concentration by transmission electron but not by scanning electron microscopy; 3 - The alterations correlated with time by scanning electron microscopy but not by transmission electron microscopy.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Nos últimos 30 anos não foram levadas em consideração questões metodológicas importantes relativas ao estudo da fenologia de plantas. O uso de vários métodos na amostragem e avaliação dos dados fenológicos tem levado a uma grande dificuldade na interpretação e comparação de resultados. Esse estudo tem por objetivos realizar uma revisão da literatura em fenologia de florestas tropicais, compilando informações sobre os métodos de amostragem e avaliação utilizados, e discutir as proporções em que foram utilizados e as aplicações de cada método. Nos 60 estudos avaliados, os métodos de amostragem encontrados distribuem-se da seguinte forma: trilhas (20%), transecções (18%), parcelas (15%), coletores (10%), sendo que 37% dos estudos não definiram o método de amostragem utilizado. Para avaliação fenológica foram levantados dois métodos: qualitativo, presença e ausência das fenofases (20%) e quantitativo com quantificação da intensidade das fenofases (62%), e a combinação entre métodos qualitativos e quantitativos (17%). Ao longo do tempo cresceu a preocupação com a aplicação de métodos de amostragem e de avaliação quantitativa. Entretanto, a falta de padronização no uso desses métodos, mesmo nos dias atuais, ainda se faz presente, resultando na impossibilidade de comparação adequada dos estudos. É imprescindível, portanto, a realização de estudos comparativos de métodos fenológicos com espécies arbóreas em florestas tropicais.
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O presente estudo apresenta uma análise reflexiva dos métodos de avaliação em saúde em uma perspectiva do cuidado pensado e praticado segundo as necessidades dos usuários. Várias são as formas e abordagens dos processos avaliativos na busca de uma melhor apreensão do objeto de avaliação; neste contexto, a satisfação do usuário surge como um indicador de qualidade dos serviços de saúde, ligada à maior adequação e promoção de reais mudanças nas práticas de saúde. Diante da inovadora proposta do Programa Saúde da Família (PSF), baseado nos princípios de integralidade, cuidado à saúde e humanização, a participação e a satisfação do usuário surgem como elementos-chave na formulação de suas ações, possibilitando mudanças no modelo assistencial hegemônico, a saber, positivista, assistencialista e curativista. A presença do usuário no processo avaliativo irá permitir uma peculiar atuação, remodelando as práticas de saúde - quiçá tornando-as mais humanas, acolhedoras e, conseqüentemente, mais resolutivas..
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Em programas de melhoramento visando resistência genética a doenças, a estimativa de parâmetros genéticos que governam a resistência permite direcionar a introdução de resistência em germoplasmas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os efeitos heteróticos, a capacidade geral (CGC) e específica (CEC) de combinação, utilizando-se de dois métodos de avaliação da resistência, à Phaeosphaeria maydis através da análise dialélica de 36 híbridos F1 e de suas nove linhagens genitoras, em experimentos conduzidos em três ambientes. Foi utilizado um delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com três repetições e a parcela experimental foi representada por uma fileira de 5 m. As diferenças entre as estimativas da capacidade de combinação, em diferentes ambientes e para os dois métodos de avaliação, apresentaram efeitos significativos (P < 0.01) para ambientes (E), CGC e CGC x E. O efeito de CEC e a interação CEC x E não foi significativa para os dois métodos de avaliação. Os efeitos de CGC foram mais importantes que CEC nesse conjunto de linhagens, sugerindo que efeitos genéticos aditivos são mais importantes como fonte de variação para resistência a esta doença. Efeitos heteróticos para resistência foram estimados, sendo possível identificar combinações híbridas específicas entre linhagens com alto potencial para o controle genético deste patógeno. Resultados para os dois métodos de avaliação foram praticamente idênticos, embora o método PI seja de maior praticidade de uso.
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An approach using straight lines as features to solve the photogrammetric space resection problem is presented. An explicit mathematical model relating straight lines, in both object and image space, is used. Based on this model, Kalman Filtering is applied to solve the space resection problem. The recursive property of the filter is used in an iterative process which uses the sequentially estimated camera location parameters to feedback to the feature extraction process in the image. This feedback process leads to a gradual reduction of the image space for feature searching, and consequently eliminates the bottleneck due to the high computational cost of the image segmentation phase. It also enables feature extraction and the determination of feature correspondence in image and object space in an automatic way, i.e., without operator interference. Results obtained from simulated and real data show that highly accurate space resection parameters are obtained as well as a progressive processing time reduction. The obtained accuracy, the automatic correspondence process, and the short related processing time show that the proposed approach can be used in many real-time machine vision systems, making possible the implementation of applications not feasible until now.
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During ischemia, the cell structures are progressively damaged, but restoration of the blood flow, paradoxically, intensifies the lesions caused by the ischemia. The mechanisms of ischemia injury and reperfusion (I/R) have not been completely defined and many studies have been realized in an attempt to find an ideal therapy for mesenteric I/R. The occlusion and reperfusion of the splanchnic arteries provokes local and systemic alterations principally derived from the release of cytotoxic substances and the interaction between neutrophils and endothelial cells. Substances involved in the process are discussed in the present review, like oxygen-derived free radicals, nitric oxide, transcription factors, complement system, serotonin and pancreatic proteases. The mechanisms of apoptosis, alterations in other organs, therapeutic and evaluation methods are also discussed.
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The edges detection model by a non-linear anisotropic diffusion, consists in a mathematical model of smoothing based in Partial Differential Equation (PDE), alternative to the conventional low-pass filters. The smoothing model consists in a selective process, where homogeneous areas of the image are smoothed intensely in agreement with the temporal evolution applied to the model. The level of smoothing is related with the amount of undesired information contained in the image, i.e., the model is directly related with the optimal level of smoothing, eliminating the undesired information and keeping selectively the interest features for Cartography area. The model is primordial for cartographic applications, its function is to realize the image preprocessing without losing edges and other important details on the image, mainly airports tracks and paved roads. Experiments carried out with digital images showed that the methodology allows to obtain the features, e.g. airports tracks, with efficiency.
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We propose new circuits for the implementation of Radial Basis Functions such as Gaussian and Gaussian-like functions. These RBFs are obtained by the subtraction of two differential pair output currents in a folded cascode configuration. We also propose a multidimensional version based on the unidimensional circuits. SPICE simulation results indicate good functionality. These circuits are intended to be applied in the implementation of radial basis function networks. One possible application of these networks is transducer signal conditioning in aircraft and spacecraft vehicles onboard telemetry systems. Copyright 2008 ACM.
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In this paper, we propose new circuits for the implementation of Radial Basis Functions (RBF). These RBFs are obtained by the subtraction of two differential pair output currents in a folded cascode configuration. We also propose a multidimensional version based on the unidimensional circuits. SPICE simulation and experimental results indicate good functionality. These circuits are intended to be applied in the implementation of radial basis function networks. Possible applications of these networks include transducer signal conditioning and processing in onboard telemetry systems for aircraft and spacecraft vehicles. © 2010 IEEE.