Estádio de maturação para o período ideal de colheita de maçãs 'Daiane' destinadas à armazenagem

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar índices de maturação para o ponto ideal de colheita, de maçãs 'Daiane', destinadas a longos períodos de armazenamento. Maçãs foram colhidas semanalmente, em dois pomares comerciais, no período de 113 a 149 dias após a plena floração (DAPF), e armazenadas por 180 ou 240 dias a 0,7ºC, em atmosfera controlada. Medidas do estádio de maturação e da qualidade das maçãs foram realizadas um dia após a colheita e após a armazenagem. Atributos da aparência (cor vermelha) e sabor (relação açúcar/acidez) indicaram que a qualidade de maçãs 'Daiane', na colheita, é máxima quando colhidas 149 DAPF. No entanto, medidas da firmeza da polpa e da qualidade sensorial, realizadas após a armazenagem, indicaram que o período ideal de colheita de maçãs 'Daiane', destinadas a longos períodos de armazenagem, não deve estender-se além dos 136 DAPF. Maçãs 'Daiane' devem ser colhidas a partir de 121 DAPF para que mais da metade dos frutos tenham mais de 75% da superfície avermelhada. Desta maneira, o período ideal de colheita de maçãs 'Daiane', destinadas a longos períodos de armazenagem, ocorreu entre 121 e 136 DAPF no pomar 1, e entre 129 e 136 DAPF no pomar 2. No período ideal de colheita (121 a 136 DAPF), maçãs 'Daiane' apresentaram, um dia após a colheita, firmeza de 67 a 74 N, SS de 11,5 a 13 %, AT de 0,26% a 0,34%, índice de amido de 4,6 a 7,9 e índice de cor de fundo da epiderme de 2,6 a 4,0.

POTENCIAIS BENEFÍCIOS DO AUMENTO DA TEMPERATURA DE ARMAZENAGEM EM ATMOSFERA CONTROLADA DE MAÇÃS ‘GALA’ TRATADAS COM 1-MCP

RESUMO O armazenamento refrigerado pode induzir o desenvolvimento de danos por frio (caracterizado pelo escurecimento de polpa) em maçãs de algumas cultivares, mesmo quando mantidas em temperatura superior ao ponto de congelamento. O presente estudo avaliou o aumento da temperatura de armazenagem de maçãs clones de ‘Gala’ sob atmosfera controlada (AC), tratadas com 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), como método para redução do desenvolvimento de escurecimento da polpa e do consumo de energia durante o armazenamento. Experimentos foram conduzidos em 2011, com maçãs produzidas em Fraiburgo (armazenadas em câmaras experimentais a -0,3 e 1,2 °C, e em câmaras comerciais a 0,7 e 2 °C) e em São Joaquim (armazenadas em câmaras comerciais a 0,8; 1,4 e 1,9 °C). Frutos de todos os tratamentos foram mantidos sob AC (1,8±0,2 kPa de O2 e 2,0±0,2 kPa de CO2/UR de 91±4%), sendo que metade dos frutos de cada temperatura de armazenamento foi tratada com 1-MCP. Os frutos foram analisados após o armazenamento em AC quanto à firmeza da polpa e incidência de escurecimento da polpa, rachaduras e podridões. De maneira geral, maçãs armazenadas em temperaturas mais elevadas mantiveram melhor firmeza da polpa e apresentaram menor incidência de escurecimento da polpa rachaduras e podridões, quando não tratadas com 1-MCP. O tratamento com 1-MCP retardou a perda de firmeza de polpa e reduziu a ocorrência de escurecimento de polpa e rachaduras. O aumento da temperatura de armazenagem em câmaras comerciais de AC em Fraiburgo, de 0,7 °C para 2,0 °C resultou em economia no consumo de energia em aproximadamente 21% para ventilação do ar da câmara e 50% para refrigeração.

Estratégias para a obtenção de compostos farmacologicamente ativos a partir de plantas medicinais: conceitos sobre modificação estrutural para otimização da atividade

In the present paper we discuss, based in our experience, some experimental procedures which may be employed for isolation of active compounds from medicinal plants. We have also emphasized some insights about the way to obtain more active and selective compounds from natural products through structural modifications oriented for analysis of structure-activity relationships.

Estratégias sintéticas para o ácido nonático

Nonactic Acid is the monomeric unity of the Nactines, an important class of poliether antibiotics. This review focuses on the approaches to the syntheses of the above mentioned unity, which have been accomplished in the period from 1971 to date.

Estratégias para a síntese de desoxinucluosídeos

The number of agents available for the treatment of viral infections has increased dramatically during the past decade most of them belonging to the nucleoside class. The accomplishment of many syntheses for these nucleosides in recent years offers evidence that the field is very important for the organic synthesis. The discussion of several approaches for preparing deoxy and dehydronucleosides is reviewed in a simplified way.

Estratégias farmacológicas para a terapia anti-AIDS

The replicative cycle of HIV presents several events. The proteins involved in these events can be anticipated as pharmacological targets, aiming to the development of anti viral agents. Presently, there are fifteen commercially available anti-HIV drugs, which act at substrate binding site of reverse transcriptase (zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, lamivudine and abacavir), at a non-substrate binding site of reverse transcriptase (nevirapine, delavirdine and efavirenz), or by inhibiting HIV protease activity (saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir and lopinavir). The present review focus both on these established classes of drugs and on new classes of compounds acting on other virus specific steps.

Vinte e cinco anos de reações, estratégias e metodologias em Química Orgânica

An overview of the developments that occurred in the field of organic chemistry in Brazil in the last 25 years is presented. These developments are briefly compared to those observed worldwide, including some modern trends. The main source of information was the annual meeting of the Brazilian Chemical Society (RASBQ) covering the period 1979-2001 and the biennial Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis (BMOS). All the contributions presented at these two meetings were classified according to six main indicatives, to permit a discussion about the past, present and future activities of Organic Chemistry in Brazil.

Novas estratégias terapêuticas para o tratamento da depressão: uma visão da química medicinal

Depression is a widespread humor disturbance promoted mainly by depletion of biogenic neurotransmitter amines involved in the CNS synapses. Effective drug treatments for depression have been available for more than forty years. Despite its remarkable structural diversity, this paper discuss under the medicinal chemistry point of view, all different classes of "monoamine based" antidepressant drugs, emphasizing the rational design, structure-activity relationships (SAR), biotransformation and physico-chemical properties related with antidepressant activity and molecular mechanism of action.

A poluição gerada por máquinas de combustão interna movidas à diesel - a questão dos particulados. Estratégias atuais para a redução e controle das emissões e tendências futuras

The exhaust emissions of vehicles greatly contribute to environmental pollution. Diesel engines are extremely fuel-efficient. However, the exhaust compounds emitted by diesel engines are both a health hazard and a nuisance to the public. This paper gives an overview of the emission control of particulates from diesel exhaust compounds. The worldwide emission standards are summarized. Possible devices for reducing diesel pollutants are discussed. It is clear that after-treatment devices are necessary. Catalytic converters that collect particulates from diesel exhaust and promote the catalytic burn-off are examined. Finally, recent trends in diesel particulate emission control by novel catalysts are presented.

Estratégias de cultivo para produção dos plásticos biodegradáveis poli(3-Hidroxibutirato) e poli(3-hidroxibutirato-co-3-hidroxivalerato) por bactérias

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are carbon and energy storage materials that are accumulated as intracellular granules in a variety of microorganisms during unbalanced growth. PHAs have drawn attention due to their properties similar to conventional plastics and complete biodegradability. They can be used for food and cosmetics packaging, and in medicine and agriculture. However, their applicability is reduced because of their high production cost compared to conventional plastics. An overview on production strategies of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) aiming at reducing the production costs is presented.

Nanocompósitos de matriz polimérica: estratégias de síntese de materiais híbridos

Associating the well known advantages of hybrid materials to the wide potential of nanomaterials, the new and featuring class of polymer nanocomposites turned into one of the most intensively researched areas. This review highlights recent developments in the field of the synthesis of polymer based nanocomposites. Important issues related to the surface modification of fillers, in order to promote the compatibility between the inorganic/organic components, are also reported. The enhancement of the physical properties and the potential applications of polymer nanocomposites are considered in typical examples, given for each synthetic method described.

Estratégias para aumento de sensibilidade em espectrofotometria UV-VIS

Spectrophotometry is one of the most widespread analytical techniques due to its simplicity, reliability, and low-cost instrumentation for both direct measurements and coupled to other techniques or processes such as chromatography, electrophoresis and flow analysis. However, the application is often limited by sensitivity. This article describes some advances that greatly improve the performance of spectrophotometric measurements, especially in order to increase sensitivity, including the employment of liquid-core waveguides and solid-phase spectrophotometry.

Oxidação de proteínas por oxigênio singlete: mecanismos de dano, estratégias para detecção e implicações biológicas

Proteins are potential targets for singlet molecular oxygen (¹O2) oxidation. Damages occur only at tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine, methionine, and cysteine residues at physiological pH, generating oxidized compounds such as hydroperoxides. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which ¹O2, hydroperoxides and other oxidized products can trigger further damage. The improvement and development of new tools, such as clean sources of ¹O2 and isotopic labeling approaches in association with HPLC/mass spectrometry detection will allow one to elucidate mechanistic features involving ¹O2-mediated protein oxidation.

Estratégias utilizadas no combate a resistência bacteriana

This article provides an overview on the recent achievements to combat Gram-positive bacteria and the mechanisms related to antimicrobial activity and bacterial resistance. Selected synthetic methodologies to access structurally diverse bioactive compounds are presented in order to emphasize the most important substances currently developed to overcome multiresistant strains. The main properties of vancomycin and related glycopeptide antibiotics are also discussed as a background to understanding the design of new chemotherapeutic agents.

Estratégias de pré-concentração em eletroforese capilar (CE): parte 1. Manipulação da velocidade eletroforética do analito

Capillary electrophoresis has become a well-established and routine-based separation technique. It is based on the differences between charged analyte mobility in aqueous or organic electrolytes. Its major limitation is the sensitivity due to small sample injection volumes and the narrow diameter of the capillaries, especially when UV detection is used. There are a number of ways to increase the concentration sensitivity. This report shows some on-line preconcentration strategies to perform it in free solution capillary electrophoresis that are based on manipulation of the analyte electrophoretic velocity during the sample introduction (stacking, field amplification and transient isotachophoresis).