Self-pulsation in a two-section DFB laser with a varied ridge width

A 1.55 mu m InGaAsP-InP two-section DFB laser with a variable ridge width has been fabricated. Self-pulsations with frequencies around 3 GHz and 40 GHz are observed. The pulsation mechanisms related to the two frequencies are discussed and the tunability of generated self-pulsations is studied.

A ridge width varied two-section index-coupled DFB self-pulsation laser with a wide continuously tunable frequency range

A 1.55 mu m InGaAsP-InP index-coupled two-section DFB self-pulsation laser (SPL) with a varied ridge width has been fabricated. A record wide self-pulsation tuning range above 450 GHz has been achieved for this index-coupled DFB SPL. Furthermore, frequency locking to an optically injected modulated signal is successfully demonstrated.

Single-mode condition for silicon rib waveguides with trapezoidal cross-section

Single-mode condition for silicon rib waveguides with trapezoidal cross-section was obtained using a numerical method based on imaginary-distance beam propagation method with non-uniform discretization. Both quasi-transverse-electric and quasi-transverse-magnetic modes were investigated. Simulated single-mode condition is given by a modified equation. Comparison with reported results shows that the Marcatili's method is in a better agreement with our results. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Multimode interference 3-dB coupler in silicon-on-insulator based on silicon rib waveguides with trapezoidal cross section

A 3-dB multimode interference optical coupler based on rib waveguides with trapezoidal cross section was designed and fabricated on silicon-on-insulator wafer. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) anisotropic chemical etching of silicon was used to fabricate the waveguides to obtain smooth interface. A modified finite-difference beam propagation method was used to simulate the multimode rib waveguide with slope interfaces. The rms roughness of etching interface is as small as 1.49 nm. The propagation loss of the waveguide is 1.3 dB/cm at wavelength of 1.55 mum. The fabricated 3-dB coupler has a good uniformity of 0.2 dB.

Fabrication of 4 x 4 tapered MMI coupler with large cross section

MMI coupler with large cross section has low coupling loss between the device and fiber. However, large chip area is required. Recently proposed N x N tapered MMI coupler shows a substantial reduction in device geometry. No such kind of devices with N > 2 has yet been realized up to now. The authors have demonstrated a 4 x 4 parabolically tapered MMI coupler with large cross section that can match the SM fiber in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. The device exhibits a minimum uniformity of 0.36 dB and excess loss of 3.7 dB, It represents a key component for realization of MMI-based silicon integrated optical circuit technology.

All-optical clock recovery using a ridge width varied two-section partly gain-coupled DFB self-pulsation laser

A 1.55 mu m InGaAsP-InP partly gain-coupled two-section DFB self-pulsation laser (SPL) with a varied ridge width has been fabricated. The laser produces self-pulsations with a frequency tuning range of more than 135 GHz. All-optical clock recovery from 40 Gb/s degraded data streams has been demonstrated. Successful lockings of the device at frequencies of 30 GHz, 40 GHz, 50 GHz, and 60 GHz to a 10 GHz sidemode injection are also conducted, which demonstrates the capability of the device for all-optical clock recovery at different frequencies. This flexibility of the device is highly desired for practical uses. Crown Copyright

果蝇 virilis section 的起源和系统发育研究

果蝇 virilis section(Hsu 1949)自建立以来其合理性在果蝇系统发育中还没有得到 检验。本文以线粒体烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶第二亚单位基因(ND2)全序列和细 胞色素氧化酶I 基因(COI)部分片段以及核中乙醇脱氢酶基因Adh 的编码区为遗传标 记，对virilis section 内61 个物种(13 个未发表新种),共计117 个个体进行了序列测 定。通过对单个基因和合并数据集进行简约分析，以及对合并数据集进行邻接法分析 和贝叶斯分析，本研究试图对以下问题进行探讨：(1)果蝇virilis section 的合理性。 (2)各种组间的系统关系。(3)种组内部各物种间的系统关系。(4)果蝇virilis section 的进化历史。现将主要结果总结如下： 1)分子系统学研究显示果蝇virilis section 为一个紧密相关的进化簇，为果蝇virilis section 的合理性从分子遗传学的角度提供了证据。 2)系统发育分析支持果蝇polychaeta 种组为单系群，该种组与未归类物种D. fluvialis 具有较近的亲缘关系。它们形成virilis section 中早期分化出的谱系。robusta 种组、melanica 种组、quadrisetata 种组以及新种组间关系较近。其中，robusta 种亚 组和melanica 种组关系较近；quadrisetata 种组和新种组形成姐妹群，它们形成的谱 系与robusta 种组内的okadai 种亚组关系紧密。 3) polychaeta 种组内部分为两枝，姐妹种D. polychaeta 和D. asper 组成其中一枝， 杂交实验显示它们具有非对称的交配前生殖隔离。另一枝中D. latifshahi 和D. daruma 显示了较近的亲缘关系。非洲物种D. hirtipes 与采自西双版纳的D. polychaeta X 关系 较近，提示它们可能有共同的起源。 4)合并数据集支持D. angor 种组为单系群，其中D. angor A 和D. velox 的姐妹种 关系得到较高的支持。但是该种组内部的其它物种间关系还需要进一步研究。 5) 分子系统发育分析结果清楚地表明robusta 种组属于多系发生。该种组被分为 三个种亚组：okadai 种亚组，robusta 种亚组和lacertosa 种亚组。在lacertosa 种亚组 内，D. bai 与其它成员相对远缘。okadai 种亚组的物种由于具有2n = 12 条染色体，且X 染色体为棒状，因而被认为是robusta 种组中较早分化出来的类群。但是我们的 分子数据并不支持这种观点。D. moriwakii 最初被描述为robusta 种组物种，后被订正 至melanica 种组。我们的系统发育分析显示该种与robusta 种亚组具有较近的关系， 而与melanica 种组物种的关系相对较远。除D. moriwakii 外，melanica 种组新旧大陆 物种各自形成单系。在系统树上，中国品系D. tsigana 与D. longiserrata 关系较近， 而与日本品系D. tsigana 的关系较远。杂交实验结果显示D. tsigana 中国品系和日本 品系间存在不对称的交配倾向，表明该种不同的地理群体间可能正处于分化阶段，而 中国品系则有可能已经演化为不同的物种。 6)果蝇quadrisetata 种组为单系发生，其内部分为两个明显的亚世系。第一个亚 世系包括D. sp T，D. barutani，D. potamophila 和D. spIZU；另一个亚世系包括D. beppui，D. karakasa，D. quadrisetata，D. multidentata，D. perlucida 和D. pilosa，其 中D. beppui 为该谱系中最早分化出的物种。 通过估计谱系间的分歧时间，本文推测果蝇virilis section 的祖先大约于中新世早 期起源于热带地区，virilis section 内许多物种可能栖息在旧大陆的低纬度地区，然后 通过适应性辐射扩散到各地。几乎所有的新大陆virilis section 物种是旧大陆物种通过 白令陆桥迁移到新大陆而演化形成的。