INTERACTIONS OF BIOCHAR AND ORGANIC COMPOUND FOR SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION OF Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil.

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that biochar, applied with cattle manure, promotes better development of seedlings of Magonia pubescens St. Hil. The experiment was conducted at the State University of Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil, in 2011. We used a completely randomized design, with twelve treatments and three replications. The substrates formed by the higher levels of cattle manure plus biochar (30%) provided better results of height, diameter and aerial biomass. However, the Dickson Quality Index has not confirmed the quality of seedlings in these treatments. We also observed that the doses of biochar (20 and 30%) when added separately to the Latosol, are not efficient for the growth improvement of the seedlings. Based on the present results, we validate the hypothesis that substrates formed with a mixture of cattle manure and biochar are effective to improve the production of seedlings of M. pubescens.

Lapsuuden rajoilla. Normaalin ja poikkeavan määrittyminen huostaanottoasiakirjoissa

Lasten ja lapsiperheiden hyvin- ja pahoinvointi on säilynyt julkisen keskustelun keskiössä viime vuosikymmenet. Näkemykset lapselle riittävistä kasvuolosuhteista tässä keskustelussa vaihtelevat. Tämän tutkimuksen kohteena ovat lapset, joiden kohdalla on päädytty lastensuojelun äärimmäiseen ja viimesijaiseen toimenpiteeseen, huostaanottoon, sillä näen sen edustavan tapahtumaa, jossa yhteisön normatiivisten ihanteiden rajat ylittyvät. Tutkimuksessani kysyn: Millä tavalla lasten huostaanotto vetää rajaa toisaalta poikkeavan ja normaalin kasvuyhteisön ja toisaalta poikkeavan ja normaalin lapsuuden välille? Tavoitteena on selvittää, millä ongelmatekijöillä lastensuojelutoimia perustellaan ja miten näitä ongelmia kuvataan. Lisäksi olen jäljittänyt sitä hetkeä, jossa normaalin lapsuuden määrittelyn kohteeksi päätyy lapsen kasvuympäristön sijasta itse lapsi ja hänen käyttäytymisensä. Kolmanneksi olen pyrkinyt nimeämään ne institutionaaliset toimijat, jotka osallistuvat normaalin ja poikkeavan lapsuuden määrittelyprosessiin. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu vuonna 2004 huostassa olleen 178 lapsen huostaanoton päätösasiakirjoista sekä sosiaalityöntekijöiden huostaanottoa koskevista lausunnoista. Hahmotan asiakirjat tarinoina, jotka kertovat kulttuurista ”totuutta” normaalista ja poikkeavasta lapsuudesta. Empiirisessä analyysissäni sovellan narratiivista lähestymistapaa, jossa aihetta tarkastellaan konstruktionistisesta näkökulmasta korostaen lapsuuden kontekstisidonnaista, historiallista ja kulttuurista luonnetta. Teoreettinen tulkintakehykseni pohjautuu Pierre Bourdieun ideaan sosiaalisesta kentästä, jonka rajat piirtyvät Edwin M. Lemertin teorian tarjoilemissa yhteisöreaktioiden prosesseissa. Omassa tulkinnassani ne tilanteet, joissa yhteisö reagoi lapsen tai vanhemmuuden olosuhteisiin, osoittavat rajat sille sosiaaliselle tilalle, jonka miellän bourdieulaisittain normaalin lapsuuden kentäksi. Analyysi osoitti, etteivät lastensuojeluongelmat näyttäydy selvärajaisina, ja lapselle haitalliset elinolot on vaikeasti konkretisoitavissa selkeiksi näytöiksi. Lastensuojeluongelmat määrittyvät ongelmiksi vasta kun joku niihin reagoi. Reagoimalla lapsen ja perheen elämän olosuhteisiin yhteisön muut jäsenet osallistuvat lastensuojelun tai huostaanoton tarpeen määrittelyyn, näin ollen normaalin ja poikkeavan lapsuuden tuottamiseen. Eri toimijat kohtaavat lapsen ja perheen erilaisissa sosiaalisissa tilanteissa ja niinpä eri toimijat myös kiinnittävät huomiota eri asioihin. Lisäksi poikkeavuuden määrittyminen siirtyy pikkuhiljaa lapsen kasvuoloista lapseen itseensä, riippuen siitä, mitä katsotaan ja mihin reagoidaan. Raja ongelmakodin ja ongelmalapsen välille piirtyy vaiheittain. Mitä enemmän lastensuojelullista puuttumista edellyttävät ongelmat painottuvat kodin olosuhteiden sijasta lapsen käyttäytymiseen, sitä virallisemmaksi asiantuntija- ja viranomaisverkostoksi käy tilannetta arvioivien toimijoiden joukko. Normaalin ja poikkeavan lapsuuden välisten rajojen asettuminen riippuu erityisesti siitä, minkä instituution kanssa lapsi tai perhe päätyy tekemisiin. Normaali lapsuus on vaikeasti tavoiteltavaa siksi, että eri tahot tuottavat erilaista tietoa.

Bönelivet i senmedeltida bondesamhällen

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Aceitação sensorial de reestruturados empanados elaborados com filé de peito de galinhas matrizes de corte e poedeiras comerciais

Em 2005, no Brasil, o alojamento de galinhas poedeiras comerciais e de matrizes de corte somados foi de 109 milhões de cabeças, sendo que um número próximo a este deve ter sido descartado no mesmo período. Este grande número de galinhas descartadas contrasta com a falta de mercado consumidor e o baixo valor comercial alcançado por estas aves. A utilização da carne de galinhas na elaboração de produtos de conveniência poderia agregar valor e ampliar o consumo desta matéria-prima. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar produtos empanados tipo nuggets, utilizando carne de galinhas de descarte (matrizes de corte e poedeiras comercias brancas) e avaliar a aceitação pelo consumidor destes produtos, em comparação com nuggets elaborados com carne de frango. Os produtos desenvolvidos foram avaliados por análise sensorial, utilizando testes de aceitação e de intenção de compra em localização central (400 provadores). Não foram encontradas diferenças (p > 0,05) na aceitação sensorial nem na intenção de compra entre os três diferentes produtos avaliados. Concluiu-se que a elaboração de produtos empanados pode representar uma boa alternativa para a utilização de filés de peito de galinhas, agregando maior valor a estas aves ao final do ciclo de postura.

Processamento do queijo coalho regional empregando leite pasteurizado e cultura lática endógena

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer uma proposta para o processamento do queijo Coalho regional seguindo-se os procedimentos adequados para a obtenção de um produto final de qualidade. Empregou-se leite de vaca padronizado e pasteurizado e culturas láticas endógenas. Foram isoladas, identificadas e caracterizadas culturas láticas endógenas de leite de vaca cru e de queijos Coalho artesanais. Algumas culturas foram avaliadas para a fabricação do queijo Coalho, seguindo-se o fluxograma de fabricação estabelecido neste estudo. O produto final foi submetido a análises físico-químicas, teste de aceitação e teste de fritura. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é viável a padronização do produto tradicional, proporcionando redução de custos, qualidade microbiológica e a manutenção das características sensoriais do queijo Coalho regional, com o uso de culturas láticas nacionais.

Efeito do cozimento na qualidade do músculo Semitendinosus

O presente experimento foi realizado para determinar a efetividade do tratamento térmico em água e vapor a 80 °C tendo como objetivo a inativação do Clostridium botulinum tipo E, utilizando-se amostras de Semintendinosus. Foram realizadas ainda a avaliação da maciez objetiva, utilizando-se a análise de força de cisalhamento, e a avaliação sensorial dos atributos de suculência, maciez subjetiva, "flavor" e presença de colágeno. O tratamento a 80 °C foi efetivo na eliminação do microrganismo, contudo não houve diferença significativa no atributo maciez objetiva (força de cisalhamento) avaliado nos dois tratamentos utilizados. A avaliação sensorial apresentou correlação positiva entre os atributos maciez e suculência, enquanto o colágeno apresentou correlação negativa com a maciez. O "flavor" não apresentou correlação com os atributos maciez, suculência e presença de colágeno.

Thermophysical and rheological properties of dulce de leche with and without coconut flakes as a function of temperature

Dulce de leche (DL), a dairy dessert highly appreciated in Brazil, is a concentrated product containing about 70% m/m of total solids. Thermophysical and rheological properties of two industrial Brazilian Dulce de leche formulations (classic Dulce de leche and Dulce de leche added with coconut flakes 1.5% m/m) were determined at temperatures comprised between 28.4 and 76.4 °C. In general, no significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the presence of coconut flakes in the two formulations. Heat capacity varied from 2633.2 to 3101.8 J/kg.°C; thermal conductivity from 0.383 to 0.452 W/m.°C; specific mass from 1350.7 to 1310.7 kg/m³; and, thermal diffusivity from (1.082 × 10-7 to 1.130 × 10-7) m²/s. The Bingham model was used to properly describe the non-Newtonian behavior of both formulations, with yielding stress values varying from 27.3 to 17.6 Pa and plastic viscosity from 19.9 to 5.9 Pa.s.

Politbyroon oopperat

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Alan Greenspan, the confidence strategy

To evaluate the Greenspan era, we nevertheless need to address three questions: Is his success due to talent or just luck? Does he have a system of monetary policy or is he himself the system? What will be his legacy? Greenspan was certainly lucky, but he was also clairvoyant. Above all, he has developed a profoundly original monetary policy. His confidence strategy is clearly opposed to the credibility strategy developed in central banks and the academic milieu after 1980, but also inflation targeting, which today constitutes the mainstream monetary policy regime. The question of his legacy seems more nuanced. However, Greenspan will remain 'for a considerable period of time' a highly heterodox and original central banker. His political vision, his perception of an uncertain world, his pragmatism and his openness form the structure of a powerful alternative system, the confidence strategy, which will leave its mark on the history of monetary policy.

L'amiral [Robert] Peary, explorateur [décédé le 20 février 1920] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 58588

George Arthur Chapman, Jr.

Portrait of George Arthur Chapman, Jr. taken in the studio of Edwin Williams [Pasadena, Califorina?], 1932.

What I saw in california : being the journal of a tour... in the year 1846-1847

UANL

Historia de Holanda

UANL

The Foundation of Latin : a book for beginners

UANL

By indirections find directions out : thinkable worlds in Abbott and Vonnegut

This thesis is concerned with the interaction between literature and abstract thought. More specifically, it studies the epistemological charge of the literary, the type of knowledge that is carried by elements proper to fictional narratives into different disciplines. By concentrating on two different theoretical methods, the creation of thought experiments and the framing of possible worlds, methods which were elaborated and are still used today in spheres as varied as modal logics, analytic philosophy and physics, and by following their reinsertion within literary theory, the research develops the theory that both thought experiments and possible worlds are in fact short narrative stories that inform knowledge through literary means. By using two novels, Abbott’s Flatland and Vonnegut’s The Sirens of Titan, that describe extra-dimensional existence in radically different ways, respectively as a phenomenologically unknowable space and as an outward perspective on time, it becomes clear that literature is constitutive of the way in which worlds, fictive, real or otherwise, are constructed and understood. Thus dimensions, established through extensional analogies as either experimental knowledge or modal possibility for a given world, generate new directions for thought, which can then take part in the inductive/deductive process of scientia. By contrasting the dimensions of narrative with the way that dimensions were historically constituted, the research also establishes that the literary opens up an infinite potential of abstract space-time domains, defined by their specific rules and limits, and that these different experimental folds are themselves partaking in a dimensional process responsible for new forms of understanding. Over against science fiction literary theories of speculation that posit an equation between the fictive and the real, this thesis examines the complex structure of many overlapping possibilities that can organise themselves around larger compossible wholes, thus offering a theory of reading that is both non-mimetic and non-causal. It consequently examines the a dynamic process whereby literature is always reconceived through possibilities actualised by reading while never defining how the reader will ultimately understand the overarching structure. In this context, the thesis argues that a causal story can be construed out of any one interaction with a given narrative—underscoring, for example, the divinatory strength of a particular vision of the future—even as this narrative represents only a fraction of the potential knowledge of any particular literary text. Ultimately, the study concludes by tracing out how novel comprehensions of the literary, framed by the material conditions of their own space and time, endlessly renew themselves through multiple interactions, generating analogies and speculations that facilitate the creation of new knowledge.