Changes of Soluble CD40 Ligand in the Progression of Acute Myocardial Infarction Associate to Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Polymorphisms and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor But Not to Platelet CD62P Expression

Reported in vitro data implicated soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) in endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis. However, whether sCD40L could exert that influence in endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis after injury in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients remains unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the association of sCD40L with markers of platelet activation, endothelial, and vascular function during a recovery period early after AMI. To achieve this goal, the time changes of soluble, platelet-bound, and microparticle-bound CD40L levels over 1 month were assessed in AMI patients and correlated with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) polymorphisms, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations, and platelet expression of P-selectin (CD62P). The association of soluble form, platelet-bound, and microparticle-bound CD40L with CD62P expression on platelets, a marker of platelet activation, was also assessed to evaluate the role of CD40L in the thrombosis, whereas the association with eNOS and VEGF was to evaluate the role of CD40L in vascular dysfunction. This work shows for the first time that time changes of sCD40L over 1 month after myocardial infarct onset were associated with G894T eNOS polymorphism and with the VEGF concentrations, but not to the platelet CD62P expression. These results indicate that, in terms of AMI pathophysiology, the sCD40L cannot be consider just as being involved in thrombosis and inflammation but also as having a relevant role in vascular and endothelial dysfunction.

High glucose mediates prooxidant and antioxidant enzyme activities in coronary endothelial cells

Objective: Excess levels of free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O2-)are associated with the pathogenesis of endothelial cell dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. This study was designed to investigate the underlying causes of oxidative stress in coronary microvascular endothelial cells (CMEC) exposed to hyperglycaemia. Methods: CMEC were cultured under normal (5.5 mmol/L) or high glucose (22 mmol/L)concentrations for 7 days. The activity and expression (protein level) of eNOS, iNOS, NAD(P)H oxidase and antioxidant enzymes, namely, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutahione peroxidase (GPx) were investigated by specific activity assays and Western analyses,respectively while the effects of hyperglycaemia on nitrite and O2 - generation were investigated by Griess reaction and cytochrome C reduction assay, respectively. Results: Hyperglycaemia did not alter eNOS or iNOS protein expressions and overall nitrite generation, an index of NO production. However, it significantly reduced the levels of intracellular antioxidant glutathione by 50% (p<0.05) and increased the protein expressions and/or activities of p22-phox, a membrane-bound component of pro-oxidant NAD(P)H oxidase and antioxidant enzymes (p<0.05). Free radical-scavengers, namely, Tiron and MPG (0.1-1 mol/L) reduced hyperglycaemia-induced antioxidant enzyme activity and increased glutathione and nitrite generation to the levels observed in CMEC cultured in normoglycaemic medium (p<0.01). The differences in enzyme activity and expressions were independent of the increased osmolarity generated by high glucose levels as investigated by using equimolar concentrations of mannitol in parallel experiments. Conclusions: These results suggest that hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress may arise in CMEC as a result of enhanced prooxidant enzyme activity and diminished generation of 3 antioxidant glutathione. By increasing the antioxidant enzyme capacity CMEC may protect themselves against free radical-induced cell damage in diabetic conditions. The definitive version is available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com

Nitric oxide synthase and NAD(P)H oxidase modulate coronary endothelial cell growth

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) including nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O2-) are associated with cell migration, proliferation and many growth-related diseases. The objective of this study was to determine whether there was a reciprocal relationship between rat coronary microvascular endothelial cell (CMEC) growth and activity/expressions (mRNA and protein) of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and NAD(P)H oxidase enzymes. Proliferating namely, 50% confluent CMEC possessed approximately three-fold increased activity and expression of both enzymes compared to 100% confluent cells. Treatment of CMEC with an inhibitor of eNOS (L-NAME, 100M) increased cell proliferation as assessed via three independent methods i.e. cell counting, determination of total cellular protein levels and [3H]thymidine incorporation. Similarly, treatment of CMEC with pyrogallol (0.3-3 mM), a superoxide anion (O2-)- generator, also increased CMEC growth while spermine NONOate (SpNO), a NO donor, significantly reduced cell growth. Co-incubation of CMEC with a cell permeable superoxide dismutase mimetic (Mn-III-tetrakis-4-benzoic acid-porphyrin; MnTBAP) plus either pyrogallol or NO did not alter cell number and DNA synthesis thereby dismissing the involvement of peroxynitrite (OONO-) in CMEC proliferation. Specific inhibitors of NAD(P)H oxidase but not other ROS-generating enzymes including cyclooxygenase and xanthine oxidase, attenuated cell growth. Transfection of CMEC with antisense p22-phox cDNA, a membrane-bound component of NAD(P)H oxidase, resulted in substantial reduction in [3H]thymidine incorporation, total cellular protein levels and expression of p22-phox protein. These data demonstrate a cross-talk between CMEC growth and eNOS and NAD(P)H oxidase enzyme activity and expression, thus suggesting that the regulation of these enzymes may be critical in preventing the initiation and/or progression of coronary atherosclerosis.

Oxidative stress and its haemodynamic consequences in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in comparison with the general population. This can be observed even in the early stages of CKD, and rises in proportion to the degree of renal impairment. Not only is cardiovascular disease (CVD) more prevalent in CKD, but its nature differs too, with an excess of morbidity and mortality associated with congestive cardiac failure, arrhythmia and sudden death, as well as the accelerated atherosclerosis which is also observed. Conventional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, glycaemia and smoking, are highly prevalent amongst patients with CKD, although in many of these examples the interaction between risk factor and disease differs from that which exists in normal renal function. Nevertheless, the extent of CVD cannot be fully explained by these conventional risk factors, and non-conventional factors specific to CKD are now recognised to contribute to the burden of CVD. Oxidative stress is a state characterised by excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other radical species, a reduction in the capacity of antioxidant systems, and disturbance in normal redox homeostasis with depletion of protective vascular signalling molecules such as nitric oxide (NO). This results in oxidative damage to macromolecules such as lipids, proteins and DNA which can alter their functionality. Moreover, many enzymes are sensitive to redox regulation such that oxidative modification to cysteine thiol groups results in activation of signalling cascades which result in adverse cardiovascular effects such as vascular and endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress are present in association with many conventional cardiovascular risk factors, and can be observed even prior to the development of overt, clinical, vascular pathology, suggesting that these phenomena represent the earliest stages of CVD. In the presence of CKD, there is increased ROS production due to upregulated NADPH oxidase (NOX), increase in a circulating asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) as well as other mechanisms. There is also depletion in exogenous antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and tocopherol, and a reduction in activity of endogenous antioxidant systems regulated by the master gene regulator Nrf-2. In previous studies, circulating markers of oxidative stress have been shown to be increased in CKD, together with a reduction in endothelial function in a stepwise fashion relating to the severity of renal impairment. Not only is CVD linked to oxidative stress, but the progression of CKD itself is also in part dependent on redox sensitive mechanisms. For example, administration of the ROS scavenger tempol attenuates renal injury and reduces renal fibrosis seen on biopsy in a mouse model of CKD, whilst conversely, supplementation with the NOS inhibitor L-NAME causes proteinuria and renal impairment. Previous human studies examining the effect of antioxidant administration on vascular and renal function have been conflicting however. The work contained in this thesis therefore examines the effect of antioxidant administration on vascular and endothelial function in CKD. Firstly, 30 patients with CKD stages 3 – 5, and 20 matched hypertensive controls were recruited. Participants with CKD had lower ascorbic acid, higher TAP and ADMA, together with higher augmentation index and pulse wave velocity. There was no difference in baseline flow mediated dilatation (FMD) between groups. Intravenous ascorbic acid increased TAP and O2-, and reduced central BP and augmentation index in both groups, and lowered ADMA in the CKD group only. No effect on FMD was observed. The effects of ascorbic acid on kidney function was then investigated, however this was hindered by the inherent drawbacks of existing methods of non-invasively measuring kidney function. Arterial spin labelling MRI is an emerging imaging technique which allows measurement of renal perfusion without administration of an exogenous contrast agent. The technique relies upon application of an inversion pulse to blood within the vasculature proximal to the kidneys, which magnetically labels protons allowing measurement upon transit to the kidney. At the outset of this project local experience using ASL MRI was limited and there ensued a prolonged pre-clinical phase of testing with the aim of optimising imaging strategy. A study was then designed to investigate the repeatability of ASL MRI in a group of 12 healthy volunteers with normal renal function. The measured T1 longitudinal relaxation times and ASL MRI perfusion values were in keeping with those found in the literature; T1 time was 1376 ms in the cortex and 1491 ms in the whole kidney ROI, whilst perfusion was 321 mL/min/100g in the cortex, and 228 mL/min/100g in the whole kidney ROI. There was good reproducibility demonstrated on Bland Altman analysis, with a CVws was 9.2% for cortical perfusion and 7.1% for whole kidney perfusion. Subsequently, in a study of 17 patients with CKD and 24 healthy volunteers, the effects of ascorbic acid on renal perfusion was investigated. Although no change in renal perfusion was found following ascorbic acid, it was found that ASL MRI demonstrated significant differences between those with normal renal function and participants with CKD stages 3 – 5, with increased cortical and whole kidney T1, and reduced cortical and whole kidney perfusion. Interestingly, absolute perfusion showed a weak but significant correlation with progression of kidney disease over the preceding year. Ascorbic acid was therefore shown to have a significant effect on vascular biology both in CKD and in those with normal renal function, and to reduce ADMA only in patients with CKD. ASL MRI has shown promise as a non-invasive investigation of renal function and as a biomarker to identify individuals at high risk of progressive renal impairment.

El papel de la angiogénesis en la patogenia del actinomicetoma por nocardia brasiliensis

Objetivo: Investigar el papel de la angiogénesis durante el desarrollo del actinomicetoma y sobre el actinomicetoma establecido en un modelo experimental. Material y métodos: se determinó si el fenofibrato inhibe el crecimiento de la bacteria mediante la técnica de microdilución en placa. Se administró una suspensión de fenofibrato vía orogástrica cada 24 h durante el establecimiento del actinomicetoma y sobre el actinomicetoma establecido en ratones BALB/c infectados con la cepa N. brasiliensis HUJEG-1 (ATCC 700358). El tratamiento en ambos casos tuvo una duración de 45 días, tiempo en el que se evaluaron las diferencias en inflamación y la evolución clínica de las lesiones, empleando un vernier y la ecuación elipsoidea. También se realizó el análisis histológico en el sitio de la infección mediante tinciones con hematoxilina y eosina. El proceso de angiogénesis fue evaluado a diferentes tiempos en la administración del tratamiento mediante inmunohistoquímica, buscando como marcadores de vasos sanguíneos las moléculas VEGF, eNOS, y LYVE-1, este último como un marcador indirecto del proceso angiogénico. Resultados: se comprobó que el fenofibrato no inhibe el crecimiento de la bacteria a la concentración correspondiente a EC50 en ratones. Las lesiones características de la enfermedad se desarrollaron en un menor número de ratones que recibieron el tratamiento de fenofibrato, durante el establecimiento del actinomicetoma y sobre el actinomicetoma establecido. Además, se observó una disminución en las medidas de inflamación y en la aparición de lesiones histológicas, así como una disminución en el número de vasos sanguíneos en los sitios de la infección. Conclusiones: La angiogénesis contribuye a la patogenia del actinomicetoma por N. brasiliensis; la disminución de la formación de vasos sanguíneos por el tratamiento con fenofibrato limita el grado de la lesión.

AS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS E O TURISMO LITORÂNEO NA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE FORTALEZA - CEARÁ

Este trabalho resulta de estudos realizados no Laboratório de Planejamento Urbano e Regional no Departamento de Geografia, inserido no Núcleo Fortaleza do projeto nacional: “Observatório das Metrópoles: Território, Coesão Social e Governança”. A linha de pesquisa que este trabalho se insere é o “estudo comparativo sobre o papel das atividades imobiliário-turísticas na transformação do espaço social das metrópoles nordestinas” que objetiva as análises turísticas na produção dos espaços litorâneos metropolitanos do Nordeste brasileiro pelo viés do mercado imobiliário, investimentos públicos e privados e políticas públicas direcionadas ao planejamento turístico. A Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza é uma destas metrópoles que se destacam no contexto nordestino quanto às atividades turísticas. A RMF é composta por 15 municípios, dos quais 5 são litorâneos e os fluxos turísticos metropolitanos concentram-se principalmente nos municípios litorâneos de Fortaleza, Aquiraz e Caucaia, e os outros municípios litorâneos de São Gonçalo do Amarante e Cascavel possuem menores fluxos que os primeiros, mas possuem relevância no contexto turístico. Desta forma, a partir das análises das políticas públicas, os agentes imobiliários, os fluxos turísticos e as tipologias dos empreendimentos hoteleiros e turísticos buscam-se a compreensão das relações socioespaciais das atividades turísticas nos espaços litorâneos metropolitanos de Fortaleza.

ALTERACIONES DE LOS INDICADORES AGROCLIMÁTICOS EN AÑOS CON PRESENCIA DEL FENÓMENO EL NIÑO EN LA REGIÓN CENTRO-OCCIDENTE DE MÉXICO

 Las variaciones climáticas, se han asociado a las alteraciones oceánicos-atmosféricos regionales; en México la presencia de fenómenos meteorológicos anómalos y/o severos se han relacionado con el Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS). En los últimos años se han presenciado veranos más cálidos y secos; estas variaciones causan preocupación en el sector agropecuario por las bajas en la producción. El trabajo tiene el objetivo de investigar la variación espacial del temporal, acumulación de horas frío e incidencia de sequías en años catalogados bajo los efectos del fenómeno El Niño y su impacto en la producción agrícola de la región Centro-Occidente. Se analizaron las condiciones de la atmósfera prevalecientes durante la presencia de este evento, se calculó y analizó la normal histórica de algunos indicadores agroclimáticos entre ellos: la duración e inicio de la estación de crecimiento, acumulación de horas  frío y sequía intraestival.  Las variaciones de los elementos del clima han impactado históricamente a la producción agrícola en la región Centro-Occidente, en particular en los años con presencia de El Niño.  Los indicadores agroclimáticos analizados mostraron disminución de precipitación, desfase del temporal y mayores extensiones afectadas por la sequía.

Lecciones aprendidas al enfrentar los efectos de eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos en los sistemas agrícolas y servicios ecosistémicos en América Latina.

Se realizó una exploración inicial sobremedidas de adaptación implementadas frente a Eventos Hidrometeorológicos Extremos (EHE) en zonas rurales, extraídas de sitios seleccionados en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia y Ecuador; el primer desafío encontrado fue la definición de EHE; puesto que la misma cambia si se la enfoca desde el punto de vistameteorológico o hidrológico; además, no existe acuerdo en la definición de valores límites para caracterizar estos eventos dentro de la región; finalmente, en muchos de los sitios donde se realizó este estudio no existen registros lo suficientemente largos y confiables para poder cuantificar los EHE; en consecuencia se decidió utilizar una definición "empírica" de EHE, dejando que sean los actores sociales que vivieron la experiencia los que determinen cuando ocurrió un evento de esa naturaleza. A pesar de las diferencias en la vulnerabilidad y los impactos sobre los paisajes rurales de cada sitio, las evidencias sugieren que la gestión integrada de los paisajes a nivel comunitario permite a los productores agrícolas adoptar medidas de adaptación a su debido tiempo y preparar a las comunidades rurales para enfrentarse y responder ante la ocurrencia de EHE. Entre las lecciones aprendidas más importantes se identificaron: La demanda de una adecuada transferencia de información relacionada a EHE; la necesidad de promoción del capital social; la importancia de tener un Estado desempeñando un rol proactivo; la relevancia de tener una prensa que oriente y no escandalice; y la necesidad de contar con mecanismos óptimos para estimación de costos.