Ultra-deep sequencing provides insights into the virology of hepatitis C super-infections in a case of three sequential infections with different genotypes

The current epidemic of Hepatitis C infection in HIV-positive men who have sex with men is associated with increasing use of recreational drugs. Multiple HCV infections have been reported in haemophiliacs and intravenous drug users. Using ultra-deep sequencing analysis, we present the case of an HIV-positive MSM with evidence of three sequential HCV infections, each occurring during the acute phase of the preceding infection, following risk exposures. We observed rapid replacement of the original strain by the incoming genotype at subsequent time points. The impact of HCV super-infection remains unclear and UDS may provide new insights.

Did We Fail? (Counter-)Transference in a Qualitative Media Research Interview

Drawing on Joke Hermes’ (2006) account of a troubling interview, this article reproduces and reflects on passages from a qualitative interview with a user of a social networking site that was experienced as uncomfortable by both interviewee and interviewer (myself). The psychoanalytic concept of (counter-)transference is used to analyse the possible processes that led to the emergence of two narratives by the interviewee and interviewer and resulted in an unsuccessful research encounter. It is suggested that the analysis of the interview narratives may contribute to Wanda S. Pillow’s (2003) notion of an ‘uncomfortable reflexivity’. It may further add to methodological discussions of the interview in media research by placing an emphasis on a complex theory of the subject and intersubjective dynamics.

From the high ground to the swamp: A model for immersive journalism research

This article examines a reflexive, praxis-based methodology for conducting journalism research from a practitioner-academic perspective. Journalism research methods that are interactive, iterative and which rest on a dynamic communicative partnership between academics and practitioners, offer the best way for understanding change in our dynamic field. This permits the researcher to coalesce and strengthen their identity as a practitioner-academic and develop research projects that are mutually beneficial for advancing scholarship and practice. Drawing on reflexive methodologies in the human sciences, such as hermeneutics, cybernetics and constructivism, this article envisions an immersive approach embracing phenomenology and Gestalt as a fully reflexive method of data collection.

‘The Party’s Over’: Critical Junctures, Crises and the Politics of Housing Policy

The key argument set out in this article is that historical and comparative forms of investigation are necessary if we are to better understand the ambitions and scope of contemporary housing interventions. To demonstrate the veracity of our claim we have set out an analysis of UK housing polices enacted in the mid 1970s as a basis for comparison with those pursued forty years later. The article begins with a critical summary of some of the methodological approaches adopted by researchers used to interpret housing policy. In the main section we present our critical analysis of housing policy reforms (implemented by the Labour government between 1974 and 1979) noting both their achievements and limitations. In the concluding section, we use our interpretation of this period as a basis to judge contemporary housing policy and reflect on the methodological issues that arise from our analysis.

A protocol guided by transpulmonary thermodilution and lactate levels for resuscitation of patients with severe burns.

Over-resuscitation is deleterious in many critically ill conditions, including major burns. For more than 15 years, several strategies to reduce fluid administration in burns during the initial resuscitation phase have been proposed, but no single or simple parameter has shown superiority. Fluid administration guided by invasive hemodynamic parameters usually resulted in over-resuscitation. As reported in the previous issue of Critical Care, Sánchez-Sánchez and colleagues analyzed the performance of a 'permissive hypovolemia' protocol guided by invasive hemodynamic parameters (PiCCO, Pulsion Medical Systems, Munich, Germany) and vital signs in a prospective cohort over a 3-year period. The authors' results confirm that resuscitation can be achieved with below-normal levels of preload but at the price of a fluid administration greater than predicted by the Parkland formula (2 to 4 mL/kg per% burn). The classic approach based on an adapted Parkland equation may still be the simplest until further studies identify the optimal bundle of resuscitation goals.

Automatic measurement of key ski jumping phases and temporal events with a wearable system.

We propose a new method, based on inertial sensors, to automatically measure at high frequency the durations of the main phases of ski jumping (i.e. take-off release, take-off, and early flight). The kinematics of the ski jumping movement were recorded by four inertial sensors, attached to the thigh and shank of junior athletes, for 40 jumps performed during indoor conditions and 36 jumps in field conditions. An algorithm was designed to detect temporal events from the recorded signals and to estimate the duration of each phase. These durations were evaluated against a reference camera-based motion capture system and by trainers conducting video observations. The precision for the take-off release and take-off durations (indoor < 39 ms, outdoor = 27 ms) can be considered technically valid for performance assessment. The errors for early flight duration (indoor = 22 ms, outdoor = 119 ms) were comparable to the trainers' variability and should be interpreted with caution. No significant changes in the error were noted between indoor and outdoor conditions, and individual jumping technique did not influence the error of take-off release and take-off. Therefore, the proposed system can provide valuable information for performance evaluation of ski jumpers during training sessions.

Development and current use of parenteral nutrition in critical care - an opinion paper.

Critically ill patients depend on artificial nutrition for the maintenance of their metabolic functions and lean body mass, as well as for limiting underfeeding-related complications. Current guidelines recommend enteral nutrition (EN), possibly within the first 48 hours, as the best way to provide the nutrients and prevent infections. EN may be difficult to realize or may be contraindicated in some patients, such as those presenting anatomic intestinal continuity problems or splanchnic ischemia. A series of contradictory trials regarding the best route and timing for feeding have left the medical community with great uncertainty regarding the place of parenteral nutrition (PN) in critically ill patients. Many of the deleterious effects attributed to PN result from inadequate indications, or from overfeeding. The latter is due firstly to the easier delivery of nutrients by PN compared with EN increasing the risk of overfeeding, and secondly to the use of approximate energy targets, generally based on predictive equations: these equations are static and inaccurate in about 70% of patients. Such high uncertainty about requirements compromises attempts at conducting nutrition trials without indirect calorimetry support because the results cannot be trusted; indeed, both underfeeding and overfeeding are equally deleterious. An individualized therapy is required. A pragmatic approach to feeding is proposed: at first to attempt EN whenever and as early as possible, then to use indirect calorimetry if available, and to monitor delivery and response to feeding, and finally to consider the option of combining EN with PN in case of insufficient EN from day 4 onwards.

The use of mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: recommendations from the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia.

INTRODUCTION: Timely diagnosis of invasive candidiasis (IC) remains difficult as the clinical presentation is not specific and blood cultures lack sensitivity and need a long incubation time. Thus, non-culture-based methods for diagnosing IC have been developed. Mannan antigen (Mn) and anti-mannan antibodies (A-Mn) are present in patients with IC. On behalf of the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia, the performance of these tests was analysed and reviewed. METHODS: The literature was searched for studies using the commercially available sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Platelia™, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) for detecting Mn and A-Mn in serum. The target condition of this review was IC defined according to 2008 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group criteria. Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratios (DOR) were calculated for Mn, A-Mn and combined Mn/A-Mn testing. RESULTS: Overall, 14 studies that comprised 453 patients and 767 controls were reviewed. The patient populations included in the studies were mainly haematological and cancer cases in seven studies and mainly intensive care unit and surgery cases in the other seven studies. All studies but one were retrospective in design. Mn sensitivity was 58% (95% confidence interval [CI], 53-62); specificity, 93% (95% CI, 91-94) and DOR, 18 (95% CI 12-28). A-Mn sensitivity was 59% (95% CI, 54-65); specificity, 83% (95% CI, 79-97) and DOR, 12 (95% CI 7-21). Combined Mn/A-Mn sensitivity was 83% (95% CI, 79-87); specificity, 86% (95% CI, 82-90) and DOR, 58 (95% CI 27-122). Significant heterogeneity of the studies was detected. The sensitivity of both Mn and A-Mn varied for different Candida species, and it was the highest for C. albicans, followed by C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. In 73% of 45 patients with candidemia, at least one of the serological tests was positive before the culture results, with mean time advantage being 6 days for Mn and 7 days for A-Mn. In 21 patients with hepatosplenic IC, 18 (86%) had Mn or A-Mn positive test results at a median of 16 days before radiological detection of liver or spleen lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Mn and A-Mn are useful for diagnosis of IC. The performance of combined Mn/A-Mn testing is superior to either Mn or A-Mn testing.

Disrupting the EMMPRIN (CD147)-cyclophilin A interaction reduces infarct size and preserves systolic function after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.

Objective-Inflammation and proteolysis crucially contribute to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. The extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer EMMPRIN (CD147) and its ligand cyclophilin A (CyPA) may be involved in both processes. The aim of the study was to characterize the role of the CD147 and CyPA interplay in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.Methods and Results-Immunohistochemistry showed enhanced expression of CD147 and CyPA in myocardial sections from human autopsies of patients who had died from acute myocardial infarction and from mice at 24 hours after I/R. At 24 hours and 7 days after I/R, the infarct size was reduced in CD147(+/-) mice vs CD147(+/+) mice (C57Bl/6), in mice (C57Bl/6) treated with monoclonal antibody anti-CD147 vs control monoclonal antibody, and in CyPA(-/-) mice vs CyPA(+/+) mice (129S6/SvEv), all of which are associated with reduced monocyte and neutrophil recruitment at 24 hours and with a preserved systolic function at 7 days. The combination of CyPA(-/-) mice with anti-CD147 treatment did not yield further protection compared with either inhibition strategy alone. In vitro, treatment with CyPA induced monocyte chemotaxis in a CD147-and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent manner and induced monocyte rolling and adhesion to endothelium (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) under flow in a CD147-dependent manner.Conclusion-CD147 and its ligand CyPA are inflammatory mediators after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion and represent potential targets to prevent myocardial I/R injury.

Le livre de la description des pays / de Gilles Le Bouvier, dit Berry... ; publié pour la première fois avec une introduction et des notes, et suivi de l'"Itinéraire brugeois" et de la "Table de Velletri" et de plusieurs autres documents géographiques, inédits ou mal connus du XVe siècle, recueillis et commentés par le Dr E.-T. Hamy,...

Collection : Recueil de voyages et de documents pour servir à l'histoire de la géographie depuis le XIIIe siècle jusqu'à la fin du XVIe siècle ; 22

Le livre de la description des pays / de Gilles Le Bouvier, dit Berry... ; publié pour la première fois avec une introduction et des notes, et suivi de l'"Itinéraire brugeois" et de la "Table de Velletri" et de plusieurs autres documents géographiques, inédits ou mal connus du XVe siècle, recueillis et commentés par le Dr E.-T. Hamy,...

Collection : Recueil de voyages et de documents pour servir à l'histoire de la géographie depuis le XIIIe siècle jusqu'à la fin du XVIe siècle ; 22

L'Écho de Paris

1888/03/26 (Numéro 1466).

L'Écho de Paris

1888/01/06 (Numéro 1386).

Compendio di gesti del magnanimo et gloriosissimo Signore Sforza, inc[ipiente] dal tempo de la sua natiuità fine a la morte sua, compiliato in vulgare per Antonio Placentino nel anne MCCCCLVIII in Milano sotto lo Illustrissimo Signore Francesco Sforza Duca Duca quarto. (In fine: " Bartholomeus Gambagnola Cremonensis scripsit mandato Mag[nifi]ci domini Marchisini stanghe ducalis secretarii Die uigesimo septembris MCCCCLXXXX primo ". Membran. Con finissime miniature a f. 1 e 5. Il f. 4 è occupato da una mirabile miniatura rappresentante un guerriero a cavallo; sotto, leggesi: " Sfortia Atendolus italicorum ducum clarissimus ". Il suo ritratto è miniato anche a f. 5: nel margine inferiore della prima pagina è quello di Francesco Sforza. Nel corpo del testo molte lettere iniziali sono miniate).

Visconti. Saisi par Louis XII dans la bibliothèque des ducs de Milan à Pavie . N° 1466 du catalogue de 1544 et cote "Des vulgaires italiens pulpito 1°" de la Librairie royale de Blois ; — n° 2826 du catalogue de la Bibliothèque du roi à Paris à la fin du XVIe s.

Horae ad usum romanum.

F. 1 Extraits des IV Évangiles et Passion selon s. Jean, suivie d'oraison. F. 8 Prières à la Vierge : « Obsecro te... », etc. F. 15 Matines et laudes de la Vierge. F. 41v Matines de la Croix (abrégées). F. 44 Matines du Saint-Esprit (abrégées). F. 46 Psaumes de la pénitence. F. 54v Litanies et « preces ». — L'office des morts et les suffrages manquent. F. 62 Calendrier (en français).