916 resultados para Cooking (Seafood)


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Sometimes, technological solutions to practical problems are devised that conspicuously take into account the constraints to which a given culture is subjecting the particular task or the manner in which it is carried out. The culture may be a professional culture (e.g., the practice of law), or an ethnic-cum-professional culture (e.g., dance in given ethnic cultures from South-East Asia), or, again, a denominational culture prescribing an orthopraxy impinging on everyday life through, for example, prescribed abstinence from given categories of workday activities, or dietary laws. Massimo Negrotti's Theory of the artificial is a convenient framework for discussing some of these techniques. We discuss a few examples, but focus on the contrast of two that are taken from the same cultural background, namely, technological applications in compliance with Jewish Law orthopraxy. •Soya-, mycoprotein- or otherwise derived meat surrogates are an example ofnaturoid; they emulate the flavours and olfactory properties, as well as the texture and the outer and inner appearance, of the meat product (its kind, cut, form) they set out to emulate (including amenability to cooking in the usual manner for the model), while satisfying cultural dietary prohibitions. •In contrast, the Sabbath Notebook, a writing surrogate we describe in this paper, is atechnoid: it emulates a technique (writing to store alphanumeric information), while satisfying the prohibition of writing at particular times of the liturgical calendar (the Sabbath and the major holidays).

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Wild leafy vegetables play a vital role in the livelihoods of many communities in Africa. The focus of this study was to investigate the nutritional value of wild vegetables commonly consumed by the people of Buhera District in the Manicaland province of Zimbabwe. A variety of vegetables including Amaranthus hybridus, Cleome gynandra, Bidens pilosa, Corchorus tridens, and Adansonia digitata were collected during a survey in Buhera District. Samples were processed employing traditional methods of cooking and drying, then subjected to proximate and micronutrient analyses. The results indicate that these vegetables were particularly high in calcium, iron, and vitamin C. Compared with Brassica napus (rape), Amaranthus hybridus contained twice the amount of calcium, with other nutrients almost in the same range. Compared with Spinacia oleracea (spinach), Amaranthus hybridus contained three times more vitamin C (44 mg/100 g). Calcium levels were 530 mg/100 g. Amaranthus hybridus was also found to contain 7, 13, and 20 times more vitamin C, calcium, and iron respectively compared with Lactuca sativa (lettuce). Cleome gynandra contained 14 mg/100 g, 115 mg/100 g, 9 mg/100 g of vitamin C, calcium, and iron respectively. Bidens pilosa was found to be a valuable source of vitamin C (63 mg/100 g), iron (15 mg/100 g), and zinc (19 mg/100 g), compared with Brassica oleracea (cabbage). The leaves of Corchorus tridens were an excellent source of vitamin C (78 mg/100 g), calcium (380 mg/100 g), and iron (8 mg/100 g). The Adansonia digitata leaves were also rich in vitamin C (55 mg/100 g), iron (23 mg/ 100 g), and calcium (400 mg/100 g). Based on these nutrient contents, the above vegetables will have potential benefits as part of feeding programmes, as well as their promotion as part of composite diet for vulnerable groups.

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Nistor, N., Dascalu, M., Stavarache, L.L., Serafin, Y., & Trausan-Matu, S. (2015). Informal Learning in Online Knowledge Communities: Predicting Community Response to Visitor Inquiries. In G. Conole, T. Klobucar, C. Rensing, J. Konert & É. Lavoué (Eds.), 10th European Conf. on Technology Enhanced Learning (pp. 447–452). Toledo, Spain: Springer.

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The rise of food security up international political, societal and academic agendas has led to increasing interest in novel means of improving primary food production and reducing waste. There are however, also many 'post-farm gate' activities that are critical to food security, including processing, packaging, distributing, retailing, cooking and consuming. These activities all affect a range of important food security elements, notably availability, affordability and other aspects of access, nutrition and safety. Addressing the challenge of universal food security, in the context of a number of other policy goals (e.g. social, economic and environmental sustainability), is of keen interest to a range of UK stakeholders but requires an up-to-date evidence base and continuous innovation. An exercise was therefore conducted, under the auspices of the UK Global Food Security Programme, to identify priority research questions with a focus on the UK food system (though the outcomes may be broadly applicable to other developed nations). Emphasis was placed on incorporating a wide range of perspectives ('world views') from different stakeholder groups: policy, private sector, non-governmental organisations, advocacy groups and academia. A total of 456 individuals submitted 820 questions from which 100 were selected by a process of online voting and a three-stage workshop voting exercise. These 100 final questions were sorted into 10 themes and the 'top' question for each theme identified by a further voting exercise. This step also allowed four different stakeholder groups to select the top 7-8 questions from their perspectives. Results of these voting exercises are presented. It is clear from the wide range of questions prioritised in this exercise that the different stakeholder groups identified specific research needs on a range of post-farm gate activities and food security outcomes. Evidence needs related to food affordability, nutrition and food safety (all key elements of food security) featured highly in the exercise. While there were some questions relating to climate impacts on production, other important topics for food security (e.g. trade, transport, preference and cultural needs) were not viewed as strongly by the participants.

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The oceans and coastal seas provide mankind with many benefits including food for around a third of the global population, the air that we breathe and our climate system which enables habitation of much of the planet. However, the converse is that generation of natural events (such as hurricanes, severe storms and tsunamis) can have devastating impacts on coastal populations, while pollution of the seas by pathogens and toxic waste can cause illness and death in humans and animals. Harmful effects from biogenic toxins produced by algal blooms (HABs) and from the pathogens associated with microbial pollution are also a health hazard in seafood and from direct contact with water. The overall global burden of human disease caused by sewage pollution of coastal waters has been estimated at 4 million lost person-years annually. Finally, the impacts of all of these issues will be exacerbated by climate change. A holistic systems approach is needed. It must consider whole ecosystems, and their sustainability, such as integrated coastal zone management, is necessary to address the highly interconnected scientific challenges of increased human population pressure, pollution and over-exploitation of food (and other) resources as drivers of adverse ecological, social and economic impacts. There is also an urgent and critical requirement for effective and integrated public health solutions to be developed through the formulation of politically and environmentally meaningful policies. The research community required to address "Oceans & Human Health" in Europe is currently very fragmented, and recognition by policy makers of some of the problems, outlined in the list of challenges above, is limited. Nevertheless, relevant key policy issues for governments worldwide include the reduction of the burden of disease (including the early detection of emerging pathogens and other threats) and improving the quality of the global environment. Failure to effectively address these issues will impact adversely on efforts to alleviate poverty, sustain the availability of environmental goods and services and improve health and social and economic stability; and thus, will impinge on many policy decisions, both nationally and internationally. Knowledge exchange (KE) will be a key element of any ensuing research. KE will facilitate the integration of biological, medical, epidemiological, social and economic disciplines, as well as the emergence of synergies between seemingly unconnected areas of science and socio-economic issues, and will help to leverage knowledge transfer across the European Union (EU) and beyond. An integrated interdisciplinary systems approach is an effective way to bring together the appropriate groups of scientists, social scientists, economists, industry and other stakeholders with the policy formulators in order to address the complexities of interfacial problems in the area of environment and human health. The Marine Board of the European Science Foundation Working Group on "Oceans and Human Health" has been charged with developing a position paper on this topic with a view to identifying the scientific, social and economic challenges and making recommendations to the EU on policy-relevant research and development activities in this arena. This paper includes the background to health-related issues linked to the coastal environment and highlights the main arguments for an ecosystem-based whole systems approach.

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The European Marine Board recently published a position paper on linking oceans and human health as a strategic research priority for Europe. With this position paper as a reference, the March 2014 Cornwall Oceans and Human Health Workshop brought together key scientists, policy makers, funders, business, and non governmental organisations from Europe and the US to review the recent interdisciplinary and cutting edge research in oceans and human health specifically the growing evidence of the impacts of oceans and seas on human health and wellbeing (and the effects of humans on the oceans). These impacts are a complex mixture of negative influences (e.g. from climate change and extreme weather to harmful algal blooms and chemical pollution) and beneficial factors (e.g. from natural products including seafood to marine renewable energy and wellbeing from interactions with coastal environments). Integrated approaches across disciplines, institutions, and nations in science and policy are needed to protect both the oceans and human health and wellbeing now and in the future.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs), those proliferations of algae that can cause fish kills, contaminate seafood with toxins, form unsightly scums, or detrimentally alter ecosystem function have been increasing in frequency, magnitude, and duration worldwide. Here, using a global modeling approach, we show, for three regions of the globe, the potential effects of nutrient loading and climate change for two HAB genera, pelagic Prorocentrum and Karenia, each with differing physiological characteristics for growth. The projections (end of century, 2090-2100) are based on climate change resulting from the A1B scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Institut Pierre Simon Laplace Climate Model (IPCC, IPSL-CM4), applied in a coupled oceanographic-biogeochemical model, combined with a suite of assumed physiological 'rules' for genera-specific bloom development. Based on these models, an expansion in area and/or number of months annually conducive to development of these HABs along the NW European Shelf-Baltic Sea system and NE Asia was projected for both HAB genera, but no expansion (Prorocentrum spp.), or actual contraction in area and months conducive for blooms (Karenia spp.), was projected in the SE Asian domain. The implications of these projections, especially for Northern Europe, are shifts in vulnerability of coastal systems to HAB events, increased regional HAB impacts to aquaculture, increased risks to human health and ecosystems, and economic consequences of these events due to losses to fisheries and ecosystem services.

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This study examines the potential effects of ocean acidification on countries and fisheries of the Mediterranean Sea. The implications for seafood security and supply are evaluated by examining the sensitivity of the Mediterranean to ocean acidification at chemical, biological, and macro-economic levels. The limited information available on impacts of ocean acidification on harvested (industrial, recreational, and artisanal fishing) and cultured species (aquaculture) prevents any biological impact assessment. However, it appears that non-developed nations around the Mediterranean, particularly those for which fisheries are increasing, yet rely heavily on artisanal fleets, are most greatly exposed to socioeconomic consequences from ocean acidification.

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The European Marine Board recently published a position paper on linking oceans and human health as a strategic research priority for Europe. With this position paper as a reference, the March 2014 Cornwall Oceans and Human Health Workshop brought together key scientists, policy makers, funders, business, and non governmental organisations from Europe and the US to review the recent interdisciplinary and cutting edge research in oceans and human health specifically the growing evidence of the impacts of oceans and seas on human health and wellbeing (and the effects of humans on the oceans). These impacts are a complex mixture of negative influences (e.g. from climate change and extreme weather to harmful algal blooms and chemical pollution) and beneficial factors (e.g. from natural products including seafood to marine renewable energy and wellbeing from interactions with coastal environments). Integrated approaches across disciplines, institutions, and nations in science and policy are needed to protect both the oceans and human health and wellbeing now and in the future.

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Food is one of the main exogenous sources of genotoxic compounds. In heated food products, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a priority group of genotoxic, mutagenic and/or carcinogenic chemical pollutants with adverse long-term health effects. People can be exposed to these compounds through different environments and via various routes: inhalation, ingestion of foods and water and even percutaneously. The presence of these compounds in food may be due to environmental contamination, to industrial handling and processing of foods and to oil processing and refining. The highest levels of these compounds are found in smoked foods, in seafood which is found in polluted waters, in grilled meats and, to a lesser extent, in vegetable fats and oils. Lower levels of PAHs are found in vegetables and in cereals and its products.

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The potential of Raman spectroscopy for the determination of meat quality attributes has been investigated using data from a set of 52 cooked beef samples, which were rated by trained taste panels. The Raman spectra, shear force and cooking loss were measured and PLS used to correlate the attributes with the Raman data. Good correlations and standard errors of prediction were found when the Raman data were used to predict the panels' rating of acceptability of texture (R-2 = 0.71, Residual Mean Standard Error of Prediction (RMSEP)% of the mean (mu) = 15%), degree of tenderness (R-2 = 0.65, RMSEP% of mu = 18%), degree of juiciness (R-2 = 0.62, RMSEP% of mu = 16%), and overall acceptability (R-2 = 0.67, RMSEP% of mu = 11%). In contrast, the mechanically determined shear force was poorly correlated with tenderness (R-2 = 0.15). Tentative interpretation of the plots of the regression coefficients suggests that the alpha-helix to beta-sheet ratio of the proteins and the hydrophobicity of the myofibrillar environment are important factors contributing to the shear force, tenderness, texture and overall acceptability of the beef. In summary, this work demonstrates that Raman spectroscopy can be used to predict consumer-perceived beef quality. In part, this overall success is due to the fact that the Raman method predicts texture and tenderness, which are the predominant factors in determining overall acceptability in the Western world. Nonetheless, it is clear that Raman spectroscopy has considerable potential as a method for non-destructive and rapid determination of beef quality parameters.

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Tubers of two cultivars (Estima and Maris Piper) of potato were cooked by three different procedures, ie boiling, conventional baking and microwave baking. Peeled and sliced tubers were boiled, while intact potatoes were baked in their skins. Flavour components from the boiled slices and the flesh of the baked tubers were isolated by headspace adsorption onto Tenax and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For all cooking procedures, Estima gave stronger isolates than Maris Piper. The two main sources of flavour compounds (regardless of cooking procedure) were lipid degradation and the Maillard reaction and/or sugar degradation. The ratio (yield derived from lipid)/(yield derived from Maillard reaction and/or sugar) decreased from 8.5-9.1 (boiling) to 2.7-3.4 (microwave baking) and to 0.4-1.1 (conventional baking). Quantitative and qualitative differences among the cooking procedures are explained in terms of the variations in heat and mass transfer processes that occurred. Each cooking procedure resulted in a unique profile of flavour compounds. (C) 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.

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The spontaneous formation of the neurotoxic carcinogen acrylamide in a wide range of cooked foods has recently been discovered, leading to dietary exposure estimates of 30.8 mu g of acrylamide day(-1) for an average 77 kg human male. This is considerably higher than the European legal limit of acrylamide in drinking water, which is approximately 0.2 mu g of acrylamide person(-1) day(-1). A recent study of 62,573 women over 11.3 years has observed an increased risk of postmenopausal endometrial and ovarian cancer (but not breast cancer) with increasing dietary acrylamide intake, demonstrating significant risk to human health. As individual acrylamide exposure is affected by dietary habits, cooking methods, and cigarette consumption; accurate extrapolation from estimated dietary exposure is extremely difficult. Quantifying biomarkers of acrylamide exposure therefore remains the most effective means of rapidly determining individual exposure to acrylamide, and correlating exposure with lifestyle choices. Current methodologies for the analysis of blood biomarkers of acrylamide are focused on expensive, slower chromatographic techniques such as GC and LC coupled to mass spectrometry. This paper describes the first successful development of two monoclonal antibodies specific to acrylamide-adducted haemoglobin (IC50 of 94 ng ml(-1) and 198 ng ml(-1)), that are suitable for use in a high-throughput biomarker immunoassay to determine individual acrylamide exposure. Further development of acrylamide-haemoglobin standards with defined levels of acrylamide adduction will enable a fully quantitative assay, and allow sensitivity comparisons with alternative chromatographic methods of analysis. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Saxitoxin and its analogs, the causative agents of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), are a worldwide threat to seafood safety. Effective monitoring of potentially contaminated fishing areas as well as screening of seafood samples is necessary to adequately protect the public. While many analytical methods exist for detecting paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), each technique has challenges associated with routine use. One recently developed method [1] that overcomes ethical or performance-related issues of other techniques is the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bioassay. Notwithstanding the advantages of this method, much research remains in optimizing the sensor substrate and assay conditions to create a robust technique for rapid and sensitive measurement of PSTs. This manuscript describes a more rigorous and stable SPR inhibition immunoassay through optimization of the surface chemistry as well as determination of optimum mixture ratios and mixing times. The final system provides rapid substrate formation (18 h saxitoxin conjugation with low reagent consumption), contains a reference channel for each assay, and is capable of triplicate measurements in a single run with detection limits well below the regulatory action level. Published by Elsevier B.V.

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This article gives an extensive overview of the wide range of analytical procedures developed for the detection of amphenicol antibiotic residues (chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, and florfenicol) in many different types of foodstuffs (milk, meat, eggs, honey, seafood). Screening methods such as microbial inhibition methods, antibody-based immunoassays using conventional and biosensor-based detection systems, and some methods based on alternative recognition systems are described. The relative advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed and compared. The current status and future trends and developments in the need for accurate and rapid detection of this group of antimicrobials are also discussed.