Cédula Real sobre la exención del tributo de media anata al Colegio Mayor del Rosario

El rey manda a los oficiales de la Real Hacienda de Santafé que restituyan el dinero de la meda anata (tributo) que se le cobró al Colegio Mayor del Rosario por la pensión de 500 ducados, ya que al prorrogarse dicha pensión en 1715, también se hizo exención del pago del tributo al Colegio Mayor, cuyas rentas afrontaban una difícil situación.

La cooperación descentralizada: un nuevo instrumento de desarrollo. Estudio sobre el proyecto del Vallée de L’Orb y Cane-Iguaque para el tratamiento y purificación de agua y manejo de cuencas hidrográficas.

El propósito de este estudio de caso es identificar los retos y estrategias de los gobiernos locales para definir la cooperación descentralizada como un instrumento de desarrollo territorial en Colombia. Para ello, se analiza el proyecto Cane-Iguaque y Vallée de L’Orb et du Libron para el tratamiento y purificación de agua y manejo de cuencas hidrográficas, y se explica la manera en que se refuerzan las relaciones de cooperación colombo-francesas enmarcadas particularmente en el fortalecimiento institucional a partir del intercambio de experiencias, para generar nuevas y mayores capacidades de participación en el escenario internacional de las entidades territoriales del país.

Natural resources, redistribution and Human capital formation

How do resource booms affect human capital accumulation? We exploit time and spatial variation generated by the commodity boom across local governments in Peru to measure the effect of natural resources on human capital formation. We explore the effect of both mining production and tax revenues on test scores, finding a substantial and statistically significant effect for the latter. Transfers to local governments from mining tax revenues are linked to an increase in math test scores of around 0.23 standard deviations. We find that the hiring of permanent teachers as well as the increases in parental employment and improvements in health outcomes of adults and children are plausible mechanisms for such large effect on learning. These findings suggest that redistributive policies could facilitate the accumulation of human capital in resource abundant developing countries as a way to avoid the natural resources curse.

Tecnología : primer ciclo secundaria obligatoria.

Documento orientativo para el profesorado de Tecnología del primer ciclo de la ESO en el que se recoge la organización de contenidos y el desarrollo de unidades didácticas del área. En la introducción se expone qué es la tecnología, qué valor educativo tiene en el sistema escolar y en qué marco de referencia se inscribe. Seguidamente se presenta un ejemplo de programación de ciclo compuesta por diez unidades didácticas. Y a continuación y como núcleo del documento, se expone el diseño y los materiales de la unidad didáctica 1, puesta en práctica en un grupo de 28 alumnos de 7õ de EGB (futuro primer año de secundaria) del Colegio Público José Simón Cabarga de Santander de febrero a abril de 1993, con unos resultados satisfactorios. Finalmente, se exponen de manera somera los principales recursos necesarios para desarrollar la unidad.

El vídeo en el aula : formación del profesorado.

Programa de Nuevas Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación

¿Dónde está el niño que yo fui? : poemas para leer en la escuela.

Resumen tomado parcialmente de la publicación

Planificaci??n de la docencia en la universidad : elaboraci??n de gu??as docentes de las materias

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

La Lengua y Literatura españolas en la Enseñanza Media : reuniones de Inspectores y Catedráticos en Madrid.

Se reproducen las ponencias que se presentaron en dos reuniones de Catedráticos de Lengua y Literatura Español, organizadas por el Centro de Orientación Didáctica, en 1964, con el fin de estudiar los problemas metodológicos que planteaba, en aquel momento, la enseñanza de dicha disciplina. Cada una de las reuniones abarcaba: el Grado Elemental del Bachillerato y el Superior, respectivamente. Estas reuniones pretendían ser una prolongación de las del Profesorado de la materia, interrumpidas en 1957. El texto de las ponencias está organizado en tres divisiones referidas a: Bachillerato Elemental, Bachillerato Superior y Curso Preuniversitario. Los temas tratados se reiteran en las tres grados: la revisión de los cuestionarios y lecturas recomendadas en la asignatura Lengua y Literatura española; la Lengua y Gramática: la teoría y la técnica de la Literatura; la enseñanza de la Literatura; comentario de textos, etc.

Valores relativos ao trabalho enquanto antecedentes do comprometimento organizacional

A presente investigação incide no estudo da influência dos valores relativos ao trabalho, propostos por Arciniega e González (2000)no comprometimento organizacional afectivo, calculativo e normativo, propostos por Meyer e Allen (1991) bem como na dimensão ausência psicológica proposta por Rego (2003). Os dados foram obtidos através da aplicação de duas escalas avaliativas : A "Escala de valores hacia el Trabajo" (EVAT) e a adaptação para português da versão proposta por Meyer e Allen (1997) por Nascimento, Lopes e Salgueiro (2008). O estudo incidiu numa amostra de conveniência , constituída por 121 colaboradores pertencentes a uma instituição de saúde.Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os valores do trabalho revelaram relações de antecedência com algumas das componentes do comprometimento organizacional, sendo o Comprometimento Afectivo influenciado pela Auto-Transcendência , o Comprometimento Calculativo influenciado pela Abertura à Mudança e Conservação, o Comprometimento Normativo influenciado pela Conservação e a Ausência Psicológica influenciada pela Auto-Transcendência e pela Auto-Realização. Os resultados conduziram à confirmação do "Modelo do Comprometimento Organizacional" sugerido por Meyer e Allen (1991). Foram discutidas algumas das implicações dos resultados obtidos.

A novel component of cannabis extract potentiates excitatory synaptic transmission in rat olfactory cortex in vitro

Cannabis is a potential treatment for epilepsy, although the few human studies supporting this use have proved inconclusive. Previously, we showed that a standardized cannabis extract (SCE), isolated Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), and even Delta(9)-THC-free SCE inhibited muscarinic agonist-induced epileptiform bursting in rat olfactory cortical brain slices, acting via CB1 receptors. The present work demonstrates that although Delta(9)-THC (1microM) significantly depressed evoked depolarizing postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in rat olfactory cortex neurones, both SCE and Delta(9)-THC-free SCE significantly potentiated evoked PSPs (all results were fully reversed by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A, 1microM); interestingly, the potentiation by Delta(9)-THC-free SCE was greater than that produced by SCE. On comparing the effects of Delta(9)-THC-free SCE upon evoked PSPs and artificial PSPs (aPSPs; evoked electrotonically following brief intracellular current injection), PSPs were enhanced, whereas aPSPs were unaffected, suggesting that the effect was not due to changes in background input resistance. Similar recordings made using CB1 receptor-deficient knockout mice (CB1(-/-)) and wild-type littermate controls revealed cannabinoid or extract-induced changes in membrane resistance, cell excitability and synaptic transmission in wild-type mice that were similar to those seen in rat neurones, but no effect on these properties were seen in CB1(-/-) cells. It appears that the unknown extract constituent(s) effects over-rode the suppressive effects of Delta(9)-THC on excitatory neurotransmitter release, which may explain some patients' preference for herbal cannabis rather than isolated Delta(9)-THC (due to attenuation of some of the central Delta(9)-THC side effects) and possibly account for the rare incidence of seizures in some individuals taking cannabis recreationally

Force constants and dipole‐moment derivatives of molecules from perturbed Hartree–Fock calculations

General expressions for the force constants and dipole‐moment derivatives of molecules are derived, and the problems arising in their practical application are reviewed. Great emphasis is placed on the use of the Hartree–Fock function as an approximate wavefunction, and a number of its properties are discussed and re‐emphasised. The main content of this paper is the development of a perturbed Hartree–Fock theory that makes possible the direct calculation of force constants and dipole‐moment derivatives from SCF–MO wavefunctions. Essentially the theory yields ∂ϕi / ∂RJα, the derivative of an MO with respect to a nuclear coordinate.

The phylogeography of salmonid proliferative kidney disease in Europe and North America

Salmonid proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is caused by the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. Given the serious and apparently growing impact of PKD on farmed and wild salmonids, we undertook a phylogeographic study to gain insights into the history of genealogical lineages of T. bryosalmonae in Europe and North America, and to determine if the global expansion of rainbow trout farming has spread the disease. Phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer 1 sequences revealed a clade composed of all North American sequences plus a subset of Italian and French sequences. High genetic diversity in North America and the absence of genotypes diagnostic of the North American clade in the rest of Europe imply that southern Europe was colonized by immigration from North America; however, sequence divergence suggests that this colonization substantially pre-dated fisheries activities. Furthermore, the lack of southern European lineages in the rest of Europe, despite widespread rainbow trout farming, indicates that T. bryosalmonae is not transported through fisheries activities. This result strikingly contrasts with the commonness of fisheries-related introductions of other pathogens and parasites and indicates that fishes may be dead-end hosts. Our results also demonstrate that European strains of T. bryosalmonae infect and induce PKD in rainbow trout introduced to Europe.

Binocular coordination of the eyes during reading

Saccadic eye movements and fixations are the behavioral means by which we visually sample text during reading. Human oculomotor control is governed by a complex neurophysiological system involving the brain stem, superior colliculus, and several cortical areas [1, 2]. A very widely held belief among researchers investigating primate vision is that the oculomotor system serves to orient the visual axes of both eyes to fixate the same target point in space. It is argued that such precise positioning of the eyes is necessary to place images on corresponding retinal locations, such that on each fixation a single, nondiplopic, visual representation is perceived [3]. Vision works actively through a continual sampling process involving saccades and fixations [4]. Here we report that during normal reading, the eyes do not always fixate the same letter within a word. We also demonstrate that saccadic targeting is yoked and based on a unified cyclopean percept of a whole word since it is unaffected if different word parts are delivered exclusively to each eye via a dichoptic presentation technique. These two findings together suggest that the visual signal from each eye is fused at a very early stage in the visual pathway, even when the fixation disparity is greater than one character (0.29 deg), and that saccade metrics for each eye are computed on the basis of that fused signal.

Mozzarella-type curd made from buffalo, cows’ and ultrafiltered cows’ milk. 1. Rheology and microstructure

Rennet-induced curd was made from both natural buffalo and cows’ milk, and ultrafiltered cows’ milk (cows’ milk was concentrated such that it had a chemical composition approximately equivalent to that of the buffalo milk). These milk samples were compared on the basis of their rheology, physicochemical characteristics and curd microstructure. The ionic and soluble calcium contents were found to be similar in all milk samples studied. The total and casein bound calcium were higher in concentrated cows’ milk than in standard cows’ milk. Both cows’ milk types were found to have lower total and casein bound calcium than the buffalo milk. This is probably due to concentration of the colloidal part of milk (casein), during the ultrafiltration (UF) process. The rennet coagulation time was similar in UF cows’ and buffalo milk while both were shorter when compared with that of the cows’ milk. The dynamic moduli (G′, G″) values were higher in both the buffalo and UF cows’ milk than in the cows’ milk after 90 min coagulation. The loss tangent, however, was found to be similar in both the UF cows’ and buffalo milk curds and was lower than that observed for the cows’ milk (0.42, 0.42 and 0.48, respectively). The frequency profile of each type of curd was recorded 90 min after the enzyme addition (0.1–10 Hz); all samples were found to be “weak” viscoelastic, frequency dependent gels. The yield stress was also measured 95 min after the enzyme addition, and a higher value was observed in buffalo milk curd when compared with other curd samples made from both the natural cows’ milk and the UF cows’ milk. The cryo-scanning electron and confocal laser scanning micrographs showed that curd structure appeared to be more “dense” and less porous in buffalo milk than cows’ milk even after concentration to equivalent levels of protein/total solids to those found in the buffalo milk.