Molecular epidemiology and evolution of HIV-1 in Portugal and portuguese speaking african countries

The aims of this thesis were to better characterize HIV-1 diversity in Portugal, Angola, Mozambique and Cape Verde and to investigate the origin and epidemiological history of HIV-1 in these countries. The impact of these issues in diagnosis, disease progression and susceptibility to ARV therapy was also investigated. Finally, the nature, dynamics and prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) was determined in untreated HIV-1 infected patients. In Angola, practically all HIV-1 genetic forms were found, including almost all subtypes, untypable (U) strains, CRFs and URFs. Recombinants (first and second generation) were present in 47.1% of the patients. HIV/AIDS epidemic in Angola probably started in 1961, the major cause being the independence war, subsequently spreading to Portugal. In Maputo, 81% of the patients were infected with subtype C viruses. Subtype G, U and recombinants such as CRF37_cpx, were also present. The results suggest that HIV-1 epidemic in Mozambique is evolving rapidly in genetic complexity. In Cape Verde, where HIV-1 and HIV-2 co-circulate, subtype G is the prevailed subtype. Subtypes B, C, F1, U, CRF02_AG and other recombinant strains were also found. HIV-2 isolates belonged to group A, some being closely related to the original ROD isolate. In all three countries numerous new polymorphisms were identified in the RT and PR of HIV-1 viruses. Mutations conferring resistance to the NRTIs or NNRTIs were found in isolates from 2 (2%) patients from Angola, 4 (6%) from Mozambique and 3 (12%) from Cape Verde. None of the isolates containing TDR mutations would be fully sensitive to the standard first-line therapeutic regimens used in these countries. Close surveillance in treated and untreated populations will be crucial to prevent further transmission of drug resistant strains and maximize the efficacy of ARV therapy. In Portugal, investigation of a seronegative case infection with rapid progression to AIDS and death revealed that the patient was infected with a CRF14_BG-like R5-tropic strain selectively transmitted by his seropositive sexual partner. The results suggest a massive infection with a highly aggressive CRF14_BG like strain and/or the presence of an unidentified immunological problem that prevented the formation of HIV-1-specific antibodies. Near full-length genomic sequences obtained from three unrelated patients enabled the first molecular and phylogenomic characterization of CRF14_BG from Portugal; all sequences were strongly related with CRF14_BG Spanish isolates. The mean date of origin of CRF14_BG was estimated to be 1992. We propose that CRF14_BG emerged in Portugal in the early 1990s, spread to Spain in late 1990s as a consequence of IDUs migration and then to the rest of Europe. Most CRF14_BG strains were predicted to use CXCR4 and were associated with rapid CD4 depletion and disease progression. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that the X4 tropism of CRF14_BG may have resulted from convergent evolution of the V3 loop possibly driven by an effective escape from neutralizing antibody response.

Avaliação Ambiental em Cabo Verde – Aplicação à Actividade Turistica

O Ambiente é um elemento de suporte que deve ser considerado no processo de desenvolvimento tendo em vista a manutenção da sua sustentabilidade para as gerações futuras. A avaliação ambiental tem sido um instrumento amplamente utilizado para análise da viabilidade ambiental, especialmente a AIA, no caso de empreendimentos diversos e como subsídio à tomada de decisão nos procedimentos de licenciamento ambiental. Este trabalho é uma pesquisa exploratória, que tem como objectivos identificar a evolução da avaliação ambiental em Cabo Verde e avaliar criticamente o grau de articulação entre a sustentabilidade ambiental e o desenvolvimento da actividade turística, tido como eixo central do crescimento do país. Utilizou-se como base para a fundamentação teórica, a análise evolutiva de conceitos fundamentais como, a avaliação ambiental estratégica, avaliação de impacte ambiental e turismo sustentável em regiões insulares. O método de análise comparada entre duas ilhas: uma sujeita a maior pressão turística (Sal) e outra que está sob auspícios de um turismo ambientalmente sustentável (Boa Vista), foi desenvolvido através da análise da tomada de decisão da AIA de projectos turísticos propostos entre 2006 e 2010. O resultado obtido permite uma visão geral da aplicação dos instrumentos de avaliação ambiental e acções relevantes deste processo em Cabo Verde, evidenciando, no entanto, a necessidade de melhorias, nomeadamente, na capacitação técnica, na fiscalização e na articulação entre os actores, para uma maior eficiência e garantia do desenvolvimento do turismo em favor do ambiente

Detalles técnicos de un plan de crucero para estimar la biomasa desovante de anchoveta

Se presenta la metodología para diseñar un plan de crucero para estimar la biomasa desovante de anchoveta y se incluyen programas de computación BASIC. Los programas permiten la selección de estaciones de cualquier área. La posición de estaciones está impresa para el uso del capitán y oficiales del barco en el orden establecido por el Jefe científico.

Una retrospectiva a El Niño 1982-83: ¿qué hemos aprendido?

El "Niño del siglo" 1982-83, debido a sus peculiaridades inesperadas, sorprendió fuertemente a la comunidad científica. Como consecuencia, incluso en las ciencias biológicas marinas, donde los efectos fueron drásticos y a menudo obvios, en general se colectó menos información de lo que hubiera sido posible y deseable. De este panorama hay algunas excepciones, principalmente en lo referente al estudio de las comunidades bénticas y costeras. La reciente información acumulada en estos campos forma la base para una evaluación crítica del avance científico durante y después del fenómeno. Al mismo tiempo permite la ubicación de problemas y la formulación de proyectos de investigación para el futuro. Si bien es evidente que en este momento ya disponemos de una visión más clara de los efectos inmediatos, sean positivos o negativos, de un fenómeno extraordinariamente fuerte, la incertidumbre ante un nuevo El Niño mucho más tenue en 1986-87, nos dió una lección que hay que evaluar. Por otro lado, se ha avanzado muy poco en el estudio de los mecanismos que desencadenan elevadas mortandades de algunas especies y la proliferación inusual de otras. Sin embargo, ya tenemos alguna visión más integral sobre el efecto latitudinal, la gradiente vertical, los efectos previos a la llegada de las ondas Kelvin, los efectos post-Niño y los efectos de largo plazo. No obstante, hasta el momento, sólo podemos hipotetizar tanto sobre la historia evolutiva de El Niño, como sobre su significancia para el origen de las comunidades marinas del presente. Las investigaciones futuras deben tener un enfoque multidisciplinario, sin descuidar los aspectos básicos. Esto debería implicar: un mayor esfuerzo de las universidades a lo largo del litoral pacífico; investigaciones más continuadas; trabajos experimentales comparativos en diferentes lugares, a fin de saber más sobre los mecanismos involucrados; una mayor cooperación entre los científicos que trabajan en comunidades y problemas semejantes de las diversas latitudes; y un mayor intercambio de información entre los investigadores de comunidades actuales, paleontólogos, sedimentólogos y arqueólogos. Se concluye que sin duda hemos aprendido algo durante El Niño 1982-83; sin embargo, estaríamos aprovechando muy poco si no aceptamos nuestro reto de continuar profundizando estas investigaciones.

Parallelizing remote sensing image geometric correction

Remote sensing spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions of images, acquired over a reasonably sized image extent, result in imagery that can be processed to represent land cover over large areas with an amount of spatial detail that is very attractive for monitoring, management, and scienti c activities. With Moore's Law alive and well, more and more parallelism is introduced into all computing platforms, at all levels of integration and programming to achieve higher performance and energy e ciency. Being the geometric calibration process one of the most time consuming processes when using remote sensing images, the aim of this work is to accelerate this process by taking advantage of new computing architectures and technologies, specially focusing in exploiting computation over shared memory multi-threading hardware. A parallel implementation of the most time consuming process in the remote sensing geometric correction has been implemented using OpenMP directives. This work compares the performance of the original serial binary versus the parallelized implementation, using several multi-threaded modern CPU architectures, discussing about the approach to nd the optimum hardware for a cost-e ective execution.

Estudi de cloud cumputing i desenvolupament d'un gestor de currículums en eyeOS

El Cloud Computing o computació en el núvol és un conjunt de tecnologies que busca tenir tots els nostres arxius i informació a Internet sense dependre de tenir la capacitat suficient per emmagatzemar informació, tan sols d'oferir-nos el servei que volem en el moment que necessitem. En aquest projecte es detalla l'estudi de les diferents solucions cloud a nivell personal necessàries pel nostre dia a dia amb l'objectiu d'obtenir una eina que ens permeti posteriorment desenvolupar una petita aplicació per a gestionar els nostres currículums vitae.

Las formaciones travertínicas del valle de Cogolls (Girona): caracterización y relaciones con la dinámica de la cuenca

The influence of geomorphological and hydrologic conditions on travertine deposit formation has been studied in Cogolls Valley (Girona, Spain). Results indicate an evolutive sequence of the Quaternary materials, that is related to instabilities created by progresive changes into the valley system

Sistema de información sobre los desembarques de los recursos marinos en el litoral peruano

El presente trabajo está referido a los Desembarques Pesqueros a nivel nacional a lo largo de Litoral peruano desde Tumbes a Tacna hasta las 200 millas; generando una data en base a la recolección de informaciones básicas de diferentes fuentes y en diversos formatos, esto con la finalidad de cubrir el mayor ámbito geográfico posible. Esta información es estandarizada a un solo formato denominado F-31 (documentos), que sirven como registros de entrada para la generación del archivo de data debidamente organizada consistenciada, que genera los procesos de reportes de cuadros estadísticos varios.

El agua: un medio de intervención para el psicomotricista

A partir de algunas de las ya clásicas definiciones de la psicomotricidad, la comunicación constata que lo que define la intervención psicomotriz no es su espacio físico de desarrollo sino su acción, su enfoque y su finalidad. Concretamente, la comunicación reflexiona sobre la función y actividad del psicomotricista proponiendo un nuevo espacio de intervención: el medio acuático. Se analizan sus propiedades en base a la definición de unas dimensiones física, evolutiva y simbólica para, en último, orientar las posibilidades de intervención psicomotriz en el medio acuático.

Traducción técnica del capítulo III del libro Advanced Data Warehouse design: from conventional to spatial and temporal applications

The proposal to work on this final project came after several discussions held with Dr. Elzbieta Malinowski Gadja, who in 2008 published the book entitled Advanced Data Warehouse Design: From Conventional to Spatial and Temporal Applications (Data-Centric Systems and Applications). The project was carried out under the technical supervision of Dr. Malinowski and the direct beneficiary was the University of Costa Rica (UCR) where Dr. Malinowski is a professor at the Department of Computer Science and Informatics. The purpose of this project was twofold: First, to translate chapter III of said book with the intention of generating educational material for the use of the UCR and, second, to venture in the field of technical translation related to data warehouse. For the first component, the goal was to generate a final product that would eventually serve as an educational tool for the post-graduate courses of the UCR. For the second component, this project allowed me to acquire new skills and put into practice techniques that have helped me not only to perfom better in my current job as an Assistant Translator of the Inter-American BAnk (IDB), but also to use them in similar projects. The process was lenggthy and required torough research and constant communication with the author. The investigation focused on the search of terms and definitions to prepare the glossary, which was the basis to start the translation project. The translation process itself was carried out by phases, so that comments and corrections by the author could be taken into account in subsequent stages. Later, based on the glossary and the translated text, illustrations had been created in the Visio software were translated. In addition to the technical revision by the author, professor Carme Mangiron was in charge of revising the non-technical text. The result was a high-quality document that is currently used as reference and study material by the Department of Computer Science and Informatics of Costa Rica.

Alteração superficial e pedogeomorfologia no sul do Complexo Bação - Quadrilátero Ferrífero (MG)

Alguns aspectos dos processos de alteração superficial e seus reflexos na pedogeomorfologia Quaternária na sub-bacia do alto Ribeirão Maracujá, no Complexo Bação, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, MG, são aqui caracterizados. São investigados caracteres relativos à dinâmica evolutiva de três vertentes (toposseqüências 1, 2 e 3), situadas sobre gnaisses, mas com graus de erodibilidade diferenciados. Nos segmentos de alta vertente das toposseqüências 1 e 2, os perfis de solos são pouco desenvolvidos e autóctones. Na toposseqüência 3, no mesmo segmento, ocorre um Latossolo com feições de aloctonia. Nos segmentos de meia vertente, das três toposseqüências ocorrem perfis latossólicos espessos, desenvolvidos a partir de sedimentos coluviais provindos da alta vertente. Nos segmentos de baixa vertente, há ruptura nos processos de transporte e deposição dos sedimentos, sendo o perfil de solo da toposseqüência 2 um Latossolo Câmbico autóctone e, nas toposseqüências 1 e 3, perfis desenvolvidos a partir de materiais alúvio-coluviais depositados sobre o saprolito gnáissico. Apesar de a dinâmica evolutiva das três vertentes corroborar os modelos geomorfológicos tropicais até o segmento de meia vertente, a jusante, a ruptura do coluvionamento na baixa vertente evidencia um recente desequilíbrio morfodinâmico. Além disso, as evidências micromorfológicas e mineralógicas não sinalizam correlação com susceptibilidade erosiva diferenciada verificada na área.

Evolución y tendencias en la interacción persona-ordenador

La autora resume en este artículo los diversos hitos en la historia de la interacción persona-ordenador, desde sus inicios a la etapa actual, en base a tres factores: la creatividad humana, la evolución de a tecnología y el uso de los ordenadores. En la etapa actual (a partir de 1989) el artículo analiza la influencia del entorno www y de la computación ubicua, nuevo paradigma computacional de gran impacto en la interacción persona¿ordenador. Finalmente presenta algunas tendencias que empiezan a configurar la interfaz post¿WIMP

Tipología documental citada en tesis doctorales de informática: bases empíricas para la gestión equilibrada de colecciones

A partir del análisis de citas bibliográficas presentes en las tesis doctorales de informática de la Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya (UPC), leídas entre 1996-1998, se determina el uso de información según la tipología y el soporte documental. Los datos obtenidos son consistentes con las características apuntadas en la bibliografía sobre los investigadores del área de ciencias de la computación: una elevada obsolescencia de la bibliografía profesional, el control de la bibliografía mediante las citas en las lecturas efectuadas, la prioridad por las fuentes más próximas y accesibles, la consulta de buscadores de recursos web, la visita a sitios web de investigadores e instituciones de solvencia en su terreno, y el contacto con los colegas mediante la comunicación electrónica. Todo ello configura un uso por categorías documentales que prima los congresos y la literatura gris en mayor medida que otras áreas científico-técnicas.

RPS4Y gene family evolution in primates

Background: The RPS4 gene codifies for ribosomal protein S4, a very well-conserved protein present in all kingdoms. In primates, RPS4 is codified by two functional genes located on both sex chromosomes: the RPS4X and RPS4Y genes. In humans, RPS4Y is duplicated and the Y chromosome therefore carries a third functional paralog: RPS4Y2, which presents a testis-specific expression pattern. Results: DNA sequence analysis of the intronic and cDNA regions of RPS4Y genes from species covering the entire primate phylogeny showed that the duplication event leading to the second Y-linked copy occurred after the divergence of New World monkeys, about 35 million years ago. Maximum likelihood analyses of the synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions revealed that positive selection was acting on RPS4Y2 gene in the human lineage, which represents the first evidence of positive selection on a ribosomal protein gene. Putative positive amino acid replacements affected the three domains of the protein: one of these changes is located in the KOW protein domain and affects the unique invariable position of this motif, and might thus have a dramatic effect on the protein function.Conclusion: Here, we shed new light on the evolutionary history of RPS4Y gene family, especially on that of RPS4Y2. The results point that the RPS4Y1 gene might be maintained to compensate gene dosage between sexes, while RPS4Y2 might have acquired a new function, at least in the lineage leading to humans.

Evolutionary dynamics of molecular markers during local adaptation: a case study in Drosophila subobscura

Background: Natural selection and genetic drift are major forces responsible for temporal genetic changes in populations. Furthermore, these evolutionary forces may interact with each other. Here we study the impact of an ongoing adaptive process at the molecular genetic level by analyzing the temporal genetic changes throughout 40 generations of adaptation to a common laboratory environment. Specifically, genetic variability, population differentiation and demographic structure were compared in two replicated groups of Drosophila subobscura populations recently sampled from different wild sources. Results: We found evidence for a decline in genetic variability through time, along with an increase in genetic differentiation between all populations studied. The observed decline in genetic variability was higher during the first 14 generations of laboratory adaptation. The two groups of replicated populations showed overall similarity in variability patterns. Our results also revealed changing demographic structure of the populations during laboratory evolution, with lower effective population sizes in the early phase of the adaptive process. One of the ten microsatellites analyzed showed a clearly distinct temporal pattern of allele frequency change, suggesting the occurrence of positive selection affecting the region around that particular locus. Conclusion: Genetic drift was responsible for most of the divergence and loss of variability between and within replicates, with most changes occurring during the first generations of laboratory adaptation. We also found evidence suggesting a selective sweep, despite the low number of molecular markers analyzed. Overall, there was a similarity of evolutionary dynamics at the molecular level in our laboratory populations, despite distinct genetic backgrounds and some differences in phenotypic evolution.