The relation of attentional, emotional, and social regulation to cognitive competence, from infancy to school entry

Recent research on the sources of cognitive competence in infancy and early childhood has highlighted the role of social and emotional factors (for example, Lewis, 1993b). Exploring the roots of competence requires a longitudinal and multivariate approach. To deal with the resulting complexity, potentially integrative theoretical constructs are required. One logical candidate is self-regulation. Three key developmental questions were the focus of this investigation. 1) Does infant self-regulation (attentional, emotional, and social) predict preschool cognitive competence? 2) Does infant self-regulation predict preschool self-regulation? 3) Does preschool self-regulation predict concurrent preschool cognitive competence? One hundred preschoolers (46 females, 54 males; mean age = 5 years, 11 months) who had participated at 9- and/ or 12-months of age in an object permanence task were recruited to participate in this longitudinal investigation. Each subject completed four scales of the WPPSI-R and two social cognitive tasks. Parents completed questionnaires about their preschoolers' regulatory behaviours (Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist [1991] and selected items from Eisenberg et ale [1993] and Derryberry & Rothbart [1988]). Separate behavioural coding systems were developed to capture regulatory capabilities in infancy (from the object permanence task) and preschool (from the WPPSIR Block Design). Overall, correlational and multiple regression results offered strong affirmative answers to the three key questions (R's = .30 to .38), using the behavioural observations of self-regulation. Behavioural regulation at preschool substantially predicted parental reports of regulation, but the latter variables did not predict preschool competence. Infant selfregulation and preschool regulation made statistically independent contributions to competence, even though regulation at Time 1 and Time 2 ii were substantially related. The results are interpreted as supporting a developmental pathway in which well-regulated infants more readily acquire both expertise and more sophisticated regulatory skills. Future research should address the origins of these skills earlier in infancy, and the social contexts that generate them and support them during the intervening years.

An examination of transcriptional and translational regulation of the 70kDa heat shock proteins following amputation of the tail and forelimb in the newt Notophthalmus viridescens

Several stresses to tissues including hyperthermia, ischemia, mechanical trauma and heavy metals have been demonstrated to affect the regulation of a subset of the family of heat shock proteins of70kOa (hsp70). In several organisms following some of these traumas, the levels of hsp70 mRNA and proteins are dramatically upregulated. However, the effects of the stress on limb and tail amputation in the newt Notophthalmus viridescens, involving mechanical tissue damage, have not adequately been examined. In the present study, three techniques were utilized to quantitate the levels of hsp70 mRNA and protein in the tissues of the forelimbs and tails of newts during the early post-traumatic events following surgical resection of these:: appendages. These included quantitative Western blotting of proteins separated by both one and twodimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and quantitative Northern blot analysis of total RNA. In tissues of both the limb and tail one hour after amputation, there were no significant differences in the levels of hsp70 protein measured by one-dimensional SOSPAGE followed by Western blotting, when compared to the levels measured in the unamputated limb. A 30 minute heat shock at 35°C failed to elicit an increase in the levels of hsp70 protein in these tissues. Further analysis using the more sensitive 20 PAGE separation of stump tissue proteins revealed that at least some of the five hsp70 isoforms of the newt may be differentially regulated in limbs and tails in response to trauma. It appears also that amputation of the tail and limb tissues leads to slight 3 elevation in the levels of HSP70 mRNA when compared to those of their respective unstressed tissues.

An examination of the role of personality and self-regulation in the gambling behaviours of late adolescents and emerging adults

The purposes of this study were: a) to examine the role of personality and selfregulation in the gambling behaviour participation of late adolescents and emerging adults. In particular, the present study examined i f certain personality traits were more prevalent in high-risk gamblers than in young people considered low or at-risk gamblers; and, b) to examine i f the ability to self-regulate helped distinguish differences among the three groups of gamblers (low-risk, at-risk, and high-risk gamblers). A sample of late adolescents and emerging adults (N = 100) attending Brock University, completed a survey that assessed current gambling behaviour (both frequency and consequence experience), personality, self-esteem, and self-regulation. It was found that high-risk gamblers had lower scores on the personality dimensions Emotionality, Conscientiousness (especially on its Prudence facet), and Honesty-Humility (especially on its Fairness, Greed Avoidance, and Modesty facets) than at-risk or low-risk gamblers and higher scores on impulsive sensation seeking and impulsivity than at-risk or low-risk gamblers. Similarly, high-risk gamblers reported lower levels of self-regulation than both at-risk and low-risk gamblers. The findings from this study support past research which suggests that young people who gamble at problematic levels differ on many personality traits and often have more difficulty self-regulating than young people who do not participate at problematic levels. Findings may aid in the development of intervention and prevention programs that utilize specific self-regulation techniques with a young gambling population.

Bargaining Power Dynamics and the Negotiation of Commercial Rights and Obligations: A Case of Athlete Agreements

This qualitative case study explored how the structural power imbalance in high performance sport influenced the bargaining process and resulting commercial rights and obligations of a single Canadian national sport organization’s (NSO1) Athlete Agreement. Principles comprising the doctrine of unconscionability, specifically the identification of a power imbalance between contracting parties, and the exploration of how that power imbalance influenced the terms of the contract, provided a framework to analyze factors influencing the commercial contents of NSO1’s Athlete Agreement. The results of this analysis revealed that despite the overarching influence of the inherent structural power imbalance on all aspects of NSO1 and its membership, an athletes’ level of commercial appeal can reach such heights as to balance the bargaining positions of both parties and subsequently influence the commercial contents of the Athlete Agreement.

Supporting social-cognitive development in the elementary years: The role of executive function and self-regulation

Every day we make decisions that have repercussions. Sometimes the effects are immediate and intended; other times the effects might be unintended or might not be apparent for years. As parents or educators, part of our role is to support the development of children’s decision-making skills, helping them to develop patterns of adaptive decision-making that will serve them well in their current lives and into the future. Part of successful decision-making involves self-control, a system served by the brain’s executive functions (EF). This involves the ability to put aside immediate reactions and base decisions on a variety of important considerations. Social-cognitive development, the ongoing improvement of the ability to get along with others and to understand others’ emotions, expressions, motivations, and intents, relies, to a large degree, on the same EF systems. The current paper explores the interaction of these two factors (the role of EF in social-cognitive development), explores the research to determine the most effective approaches to improving both factors, and develops a handbook providing activities for educators to use while supporting the growth of both EF and social-cognitive skills. Results of a needs assessment reveal that the majority (59%) of educators surveyed had never used a social skills improvement program in their classrooms, while a full 95% believed that social skills are important or very important for a student’s academic success.

Pitman's commercial correspondance and comercial english

UANL

Les politiques commerciales, industrielles, régionales, et d'adaptation dans le Rapport de la Commission MacDonald: un Commentaire

The effect of long discussions between commissioners with divergent views on certain issues is obvious in the report: it is more oriented towards the short term than expected. Undue attention was paid to trade liberalization with the U.S., a region of the world which the report describes as one in relative decline. The report does not deal with a scenario wherein trade liberalization with the U.S.A. is seen as a necessary transitory measure leading towards diversification of Canada's trade relation away from North America. Such an examination would point to a different approach to the U.S.A. in the short term. The report does not deal with services, information and te telecommunication which are fundamental to the economic development of Canada. There is also overemphasis on commercial policy and relative neglect on the use of domestic policies, among them industrial policy, in the pursuit of Canada's objectives. The report notes the interdependence between commercial and domestic policies and rightly recommend that provinces must, as a consequence, be involved in trade liberalization discussions. It is argued that the report underestimates the pressures for extra- territorial application of U.S. policies to Canada and the pressure for harmonization of policies which would follow trade liberalization. The report pays no attention to the implications of offshore investment going primarily to the U.S.A. and does not pay adequate attention to the role of investment to deal with adjustment problems. Available studies would have allowed the commissioners to clarify the determinants of investment decisions by Canadian head offices who have established subsidiaries in the U.S.A. but they were not examined. Little attention was paid to the role of transnationals and intrafirm trade in examining the implications of trade liberalization. The importance given to the reduction of regional disparities in earned incomes is welcome. However, the recommandation to leave regional development to provinces and municipalities denies the importance of national policies in the attainment of regionalization job equilization the impact of new CAD-CAM-telecommunications technologies on location decisions for the production of goods and services was not examined. Nor were the extent of and changes in interregional (i.e. interprovincial and more particularly province-state) trade flows examined. Knowledge of these patterns is essential in the formulation of industrial and adjustment policies in light of trade liberalization. The report recommends passive industrial adjustment policies focussed on the U.S., a reflection of the concern of the commissioners for the short term and the U.S.A. The implementation of the report's recommendations would lead to a centralization of economic power at the nationallevel, hence the need to establish a renewed senate to favour the formulation of regionally sensitive national policies.

The role of transcription factor Pitx1 and its regulation by hypoxia in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

La scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent (SIA) est définie comme une courbure de la colonne vertébrale supérieure à 10 degrés, qui est de cause inconnue et qui affecte de façon prépondérante les adolescents. Des études précédentes sur des modèles murins ont démontré une inactivation partielle du gène Pitx1. Cette inactivation partielle provoque une déformation spinale sévère lors du développement des souris Pitx1+/-, ce qui est grandement similaire au phénotype de la SIA. En se basant sur ces observations, nous postulons que la perte de fonction de Pitx1 pourrait avoir un rôle dans la SIA et pourrait être régulée par des mécanismes moléculaires spécifiques. En effet, des études faites sur l’expression de Pitx1 révèlent une perte de son expression dans les ostéoblastes dérivés de patients SIA au niveau de l’ARNm. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que la perte de Pitx1 dans la SIA pourrait être déclenchée par des facteurs hypoxiques puisqu’il est connu que Pitx1 est réprimé par l’hypoxie et que HIF-2 alpha est surexprimés dans les ostéoblastes des patients SIA même dans des conditions normoxiques. De plus, nous avons découvert une mutation dans le domaine ODD des HIF-1 alpha chez certains patients SIA (3,1%). Une fonction connue de ce domaine est de stabiliser et d’augmenter l’activité transcriptionnelle de HIF-1 alpha dans des conditions normoxiques. Nous avons confirmé, par la technique EMSA, l’existence d’un élément de réponse fonctionnel à l’hypoxie au niveau du promoteur de Pitx1. Cependant, des co-transfections avec des vecteurs d’expression pour HIF-1 alpha et HIF-2 alpha, en présence de leur sous-unité beta ARNT, ont conduit à une activation du promoteur de Pitx1 dans la lignée cellulaire MG-63 ainsi que dans les ostéoblastes des sujets contrôles. Il est intéressant de constater qu’aucune activité du promoteur de Pitx1 dans les ostéoblastes SIA n’a été observée, même après la co-expression de HIF-2 alpha et ARNT, confirmant le fait que l’expression de Pitx1 est abrogée dans la SIA. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats démontrent un rôle important de Pitx1 dans la SIA et une possible régulation par des facteurs hypoxiques.

Monoacylglycerol, alpha/beta-hydrolase domain-6, and the regulation of insulin secretion and energy metabolism

Le cycle glycérolipides/acides gras libres (GL/FFA) est une voie métabolique clé qui relie le métabolisme du glucose et des acides gras et il est composé de deux processus métaboliques appelés lipogenèse et lipolyse. Le cycle GL/FFA, en particulier la lipolyse des triglycérides, génère diverses molécules de signalisation pour réguler la sécrétion d'insuline dans les cellules bêta pancréatiques et la thermogenèse non-frissonnante dans les adipocytes. Actuellement, les lipides provenant spécifiquement de la lipolyse impliqués dans ce processus sont mal connus. L’hydrolyse des triglycérides dans les cellules β est réalisée par les actions successives de la triglycéride lipase adipocytaire pour produire le diacylglycérol, ensuite par la lipase hormono-sensible pour produire le monoacylglycérol (MAG) et enfin par la MAG lipase (MAGL) qui relâche du glycerol et des acides gras. Dans les cellules bêta, la MAGL classique est très peu exprimée et cette étude a démontré que l’hydrolyse de MAG dans les cellules β est principalement réalisée par l'α/β-Hydrolase Domain-6 (ABHD6) nouvellement identifiée. L’inhibition d’ABHD6 par son inhibiteur spécifique WWL70, conduit à une accumulation des 1-MAG à longues chaines saturées à l'intérieur des cellules, accompagnée d’une augmentation de la sécrétion d'insuline stimulée par le glucose (GSIS). Baisser les niveaux de MAG en surexprimant ABHD6 dans la lignée cellulaire bêta INS832/13 réduit la GSIS, tandis qu’une augmentation des niveaux de MAG par le « knockdown » d’ABHD6 améliore la GSIS. L'exposition aiguë des monoacylglycérols exogènes stimule la sécrétion d'insuline de manière dose-dépendante et restaure la GSIS supprimée par un inhibiteur de lipases appelé orlistat. En outre, les souris avec une inactivation du gène ABHD6 dans tous les tissus (ABHD6-KO) et celles avec une inactivation du gène ABHD6 spécifiquement dans la cellule β présentent une GSIS stimulée, et leurs îlots montrent une augmentation de la production de monoacylglycérol et de la sécrétion d'insuline en réponse au glucose. L’inhibition d’ABHD6 chez les souris diabétiques (modèle induit par de faibles doses de streptozotocine) restaure la GSIS et améliore la tolérance au glucose. De plus, les résultats montrent que les MAGs non seulement améliorent la GSIS, mais potentialisent également la sécrétion d’insuline induite par les acides gras libres ainsi que la sécrétion d’insuline induite par divers agents et hormones, sans altération de l'oxydation et l'utilisation du glucose ainsi que l'oxydation des acides gras. Nous avons démontré que le MAG se lie à la protéine d’amorçage des vésicules appelée Munc13-1 et l’active, induisant ainsi l’exocytose de l'insuline. Sur la base de ces observations, nous proposons que le 1-MAG à chaines saturées agit comme facteur de couplage métabolique pour réguler la sécrétion d'insuline et que ABHD6 est un modulateur négatif de la sécrétion d'insuline. En plus de son rôle dans les cellules bêta, ABHD6 est également fortement exprimé dans les adipocytes et son niveau est augmenté avec l'obésité. Les souris dépourvues globalement d’ABHD6 et nourris avec une diète riche en gras (HFD) montrent une faible diminution de la prise alimentaire, une diminution du gain de poids corporel et de la glycémie à jeun et une amélioration de la tolérance au glucose et de la sensibilité à l'insuline et ont une activité locomotrice accrue. En outre, les souris ABHD6-KO affichent une augmentation de la dépense énergétique et de la thermogenèse induite par le froid. En conformité avec ceci, ces souris présentent des niveaux élevés d’UCP1 dans les adipocytes blancs et bruns, indiquant le brunissement des adipocytes blancs. Le phénotype de brunissement est reproduit dans les souris soit en les traitant de manière chronique avec WWL70 (inhibiteur d’ABHD6) ou des oligonucléotides anti-sense ciblant l’ABHD6. Les tissus adipeux blanc et brun isolés de souris ABHD6-KO montrent des niveaux très élevés de 1-MAG, mais pas de 2-MAG. L'augmentation des niveaux de MAG soit par administration exogène in vitro de 1-MAG ou par inhibition ou délétion génétique d’ABHD6 provoque le brunissement des adipocytes blancs. Une autre évidence indique que les 1-MAGs sont capables de transactiver PPARα et PPARγ et que l'effet de brunissement induit par WWL70 ou le MAG exogène est aboli par les antagonistes de PPARα et PPARγ. L’administration in vivo de l’antagoniste de PPARα GW6471 à des souris ABHD6-KO inverse partiellement les effets causés par l’inactivation du gène ABHD6 sur le gain de poids corporel, et abolit l’augmentation de la thermogenèse, le brunissement du tissu adipeux blanc et l'oxydation des acides gras dans le tissu adipeux brun. L’ensemble de ces observations indique que ABHD6 régule non seulement l’homéostasie de l'insuline et du glucose, mais aussi l'homéostasie énergétique et la fonction des tissus adipeux. Ainsi, 1-MAG agit non seulement comme un facteur de couplage métabolique pour réguler la sécrétion d'insuline en activant Munc13-1 dans les cellules bêta, mais régule aussi le brunissement des adipocytes blancs et améliore la fonction de la graisse brune par l'activation de PPARα et PPARγ. Ces résultats indiquent que ABHD6 est une cible prometteuse pour le développement de thérapies contre l'obésité, le diabète de type 2 et le syndrome métabolique.

5-HT1A AND 5-HT2C RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTIONAL REGULATION DURING RAT HEPATOCYTE PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS

The work is an attempt to understand the role of 5-HT, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors in the regulation of liver cell proliferation using in vivo and in vitro models. The work also focuses on the brain serotonergic changes associated with hapatocyte proliferation and apoptosis to delineate its regulatory function. The investigation of mechanisms involving different models of hepatocyte proliferation contributes to our knowledge about serotonergic regulation of cell growth, apoptosis and carcinogenesis of liver. The study reveals that the alteration of the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptor function and gene expression in the brain stem, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus play an important role in the sympathetic regulation of cell proliferation, neoplastic transformation and apoptosis. The functional balance between 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptor plays an important role in regulating hepatocyte proliferation, neoplastic transformation and hepatic apoptosis. The regulatory role of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptor during neoplastic transformation and apoptosis could lead to possible therapeutic intervention in the treatment of cancers and have immense clinical importance.

Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptor Gene Expression and cGMP, IP3 and Ca2+ Regulation in the Brain Regions of Hypoxic Neonatal Rats: Role of Glucose, Oxygen and Epinephrine Supplementation

Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology