Beaming into the rat world: enabling real-time intereaction between rat and human each at their own scale

Immersive virtual reality (IVR) typically generates the illusion in participants that they are in the displayed virtual scene where they can experience and interact in events as if they were really happening. Teleoperator (TO) systems place people at a remote physical destination embodied as a robotic device, and where typically participants have the sensation of being at the destination, with the ability to interact with entities there. In this paper, we show how to combine IVR and TO to allow a new class of application. The participant in the IVR is represented in the destination by a physical robot (TO) and simultaneously the remote place and entities within it are represented to the participant in the IVR. Hence, the IVR participant has a normal virtual reality experience, but where his or her actions and behaviour control the remote robot and can therefore have physical consequences. Here, we show how such a system can be deployed to allow a human and a rat to operate together, but the human interacting with the rat on a human scale, and the rat interacting with the human on the rat scale. The human is represented in a rat arena by a small robot that is slaved to the human"s movements, whereas the tracked rat is represented to the human in the virtual reality by a humanoid avatar. We describe the system and also a study that was designed to test whether humans can successfully play a game with the rat. The results show that the system functioned well and that the humans were able to interact with the rat to fulfil the tasks of the game. This system opens up the possibility of new applications in the life sciences involving participant observation of and interaction with animals but at human scale.

Beaming into the rat world: enabling real-time intereaction between rat and human each at their own scale

Immersive virtual reality (IVR) typically generates the illusion in participants that they are in the displayed virtual scene where they can experience and interact in events as if they were really happening. Teleoperator (TO) systems place people at a remote physical destination embodied as a robotic device, and where typically participants have the sensation of being at the destination, with the ability to interact with entities there. In this paper, we show how to combine IVR and TO to allow a new class of application. The participant in the IVR is represented in the destination by a physical robot (TO) and simultaneously the remote place and entities within it are represented to the participant in the IVR. Hence, the IVR participant has a normal virtual reality experience, but where his or her actions and behaviour control the remote robot and can therefore have physical consequences. Here, we show how such a system can be deployed to allow a human and a rat to operate together, but the human interacting with the rat on a human scale, and the rat interacting with the human on the rat scale. The human is represented in a rat arena by a small robot that is slaved to the human"s movements, whereas the tracked rat is represented to the human in the virtual reality by a humanoid avatar. We describe the system and also a study that was designed to test whether humans can successfully play a game with the rat. The results show that the system functioned well and that the humans were able to interact with the rat to fulfil the tasks of the game. This system opens up the possibility of new applications in the life sciences involving participant observation of and interaction with animals but at human scale.

Géotourisme et utilisation de sites naturels d'intérêt pour les sciences de la Terre: les régions de Crans-Montana-Sierre (Valais, Alpes suisses) et Chamonix-Mont-Blanc (Haute-Savoie, Alpes françaises)

Résumé : Au travers de l'étude des régions de Crans-Montana-Sierre (Valais, Suisse) et de Chamonix-Mont-Blanc (Haute-Savoie, France), cette recherche considère les liens existants entre activités touristiques et sciences de la Terre. Ainsi, les sites géologiques et géomorphologiques pris en compte sont perçus comme ayant non seulement une valeur scientifique, mais aussi un intérêt scénique, culturel et économique. D'un point de vue (géo)touristique, différents modèles d'analyse sont proposés pour expliciter les composantes de l'offre et de la demande et comprendre le cycle de vie des objets étudiés. L'offre que constituent ces sites est tout d'abord présentée afin d'évaluer leurs différents potentiels, ainsi que l'utilisation spatio-temporelle, didactique et économique qui en est faite. Ensuite, les logiques d'acteurs sont analysées au travers des phases de valorisation, d'exploitation et de transformation, dans le but de comprendre les facteurs et les projets d'utilisation les concernant. Enfin, la demande des différents publics cibles, de même que leurs caractéristiques socio-touristiques et (géo)didactiques, sont discutées. Pour ce faire, des méthodes d'inventaire, d'évaluation, d'entretien et de questionnaire ont été utilisées, à différentes échelles d'analyse. On constate d'abord que le pôle des valeurs scénique et économique présente une plus forte mise à contribution, par rapport à l'utilisation didactique. De plus, le niveau de protection des sites ne restreint généralement pas leur exploitation, au contraire du facteur risque. Du point de vue des publics cibles, une forte demande d'explications didactiques est exprimée, s'orientant vers une approche multithématique des potentiels à mettre en valeur; des biens et services de base sont ainsi demandés. Enfin, force est de constater que seuls de grands projets peuvent rendre les activités (géo)touristiques rentables. A l'avenir, sachant que le géotourisme peut répondre à une demande touristique liée au rêve et à l'émotion, l'approche de l'offre devrait intégrer une réflexion en didactique des sciences de la Terre, d'autant que cette forme de tourisme tend à devenir une composante du développement économique régional, notamment en dehors de la saison d'hiver. Idéalement, l'utilisation touristique de la géodiversité devrait s'accompagner d'une politique de protection dynamique, combinant préservation et mise en valeur. A terme, le but ultime de cette entreprise est notamment d'élargir la notion de patrimoine culturel, pour favoriser une approche transdisciplinaire du paysage Abstract : Based on the study of the areas of Crans-Montana-Sierre (Valais, Switzerland) and Chamonix-Mont-Blanc (Haute-Savoie, France), this study considers the links between tourism activities and Earth science. Thus, the studied geological and geomorphological sites have not only a scientific va1ue, but also scenic, cultural and economic value. From a point of view of tourism, different models of analysis are examined in order to explain the components of the supply and the demand, and to understand the life cycles of the considered objects. The primary product of these sites is first presented, in order to assess their different potential as well as their didactic, economic, spatial and temporal use. The stakeholders' behaviour is then analysed to understand the factors and projected use, with the help of the optimisation, exploitation and transformation phases. Finally, the demand of the different target markets as well as their socio-tourist and (geo)didactic characteristics are discussed. To complete this study, methods of census, assessment, interviewing and questionnaire surveying are used, at different scales of analysis. The main results appear to demonstrate that the scenic and economic values present a higher value relative to the didactic use. Moreover, the required conservation measures for the studied sites do not generally restrict the use, on the contrary to the "risk" factor. From the point of view of the target market, a relevant requirement for explanatory commentary is expressed and tends towards an approach optimising different themes to utilise potential; basic popular goods and services are also requested. Finally, it is clearly demonstrated that only relevant projects are able to make this kind of activity profitable. For the future, geotourism may be marketed to a tourist demand for imagination and emotion. Consequently, the product approach should integrate a reflection on Earth science popularisation given that this branch of tourism tends to receive a component of the economic and regional development, notably during the summer period. However, the use of geodiversity should include a concept of dynamic management, taking into account conservation as well as tourism development. Thus, the final aim of this process is to r,r'iden the notion of cultural heritage, in order to stimulate a multidisciplinary approach to the landscape.