Victorian Fairy Tales to develop the speaking skill for children of sixth level of basic education at Maria Auxiliadora High School

Este trabajo de investigación analiza los resultados de un estudio realizado en el Colegio Privado María Auxiliadora en la ciudad de Cuenca, en el uso de la narración como una estrategia comunicativa para mejorar la habilidad de hablar Inglés de los estudiantes de Inglés como lengua extranjera. En este trabajo se intentará demostrar que la narración es un método pedagógico adecuado para desarrollar las habilidades de hablar en estudiantes de sexto nivel que están inscritos en las clases de inglés como lengua extranjera. Los resultados significativos se reportan usando una Rúbrica dos veces: antes del proceso y después del mismo. La prueba estadística utilizada fue de Wilcoxon y el valor crítico fue 0,05. Los resultados mostraron una mejora en todos los cinco componentes diferentes de la rúbrica. La conclusión más importante es que los cuentos de hadas victorianos pueden ser incluidos dentro de la clase y que motiva a hablar el idioma Inglés.

Quality of Life Profile, Overweight-Obesity and Sedentary Behavior in Elementary and High School Children of Guanacaste

The purpose of this study was to identify the quality of life profile, overweight-obesity and sedentary behavior in a group of elementary and high school children of Guanacaste. 635 students participated in the study. The participants completed a protocol by which they were anthropometrically evaluated, and also filled up a questionnaire related to sedentary behavior and quality of life. In general, the findings reflected a prevalence of overweight and obesity of 13, 9%. The most important sedentary activities were, in descending order, the small screen (watching TV, video games, computer), and certain social and cultural activities. The self-reported quality of life index was within acceptable limits but not exceeding 80 points on a scale of 1-100. There was no significant relationship between the rate of the overall quality of life, overweight, obesity and some sedentary behaviors, although some anthropometric parameters like percentage of body fat and body weight showed significant correlation with sedentary behavior and specific aspects belonging to quality of life. The study provides valuable information to health authorities, directors of educational institutions and parents about key issues related to child development.

Depressão pós-parto e estado nutricional infantil no segundo mês de vida

INTRODUÇÃO: As chances de adoecer e de mortalidade são maiores, em crianças com estado nutricional (EN) inadequado nos primeiros meses de vida. Fatores de risco para o EN inadequado, incluem os aspectos psicossociais maternos, como a ansiedade, a depressão pós-parto (DPP), a ausência de suporte social. No entanto, são poucos os estudos sobre o papel destes fatores na determinação do EN infantil e seus resultados controversos. OBJETIVO: Investigar a relação entre depressão no pós-parto e o estado nutricional infantil inadequado no segundo mês de vida. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo seccional com 466 crianças aos dois meses de vida (média= 65 dias; DP=0,5) oriundas de unidades básicas de saúde do município do Rio de Janeiro, realizado entre junho de 2005 e dezembro de 2009. Para compor o desfecho, médias de peso-para-idade foram expressas em escores z e comparadas às informações da nova curva de referência WHO (2006) para menores de cinco anos. Foram classificadas como estado nutricional inadequado, crianças com escore z abaixo de -2, baixo peso-para-idade, e crianças com escore z acima de +2, excesso de peso-para- idade. Informações referentes à DPP foram obtidas por meio da aplicação da versão em português do instrumento EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale). As análises das associações entre a DPP e os desfechos foram verificadas via modelos de regressão logística multinomial, mediante estimativas de razões de chances (OR) brutas e ajustadas e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95). RESULTADOS: A amostra revelou escores z médios de -0,22 para peso-para-idade, 4,51%(n=21) apresentaram baixo peso-para- idade e 1,72% (n=8) de excesso de peso-para-idade. A prevalência de depressão foi de 27,6%. Nas análises brutas, filhos de mães deprimidas apresentavam 2,45 mais chance (OR=2,45; I.C. 95%=1,01-5,93;p-valor=0,050) de baixo peso-para-idade e 0,38 chance de excesso de peso-para-idade (OR=0,38;I.C. 95%=0,04-3,17;p-valor=0,38), do que os filhos de mães não deprimidas, porém esta associação apresentou nível de significância maior que 5%. Após ajuste pelo peso ao nascer, condições ambientais, posse de utensílios, prematuridade, idade materna e escolaridade materna a associação entre depressão e estado nutricional infantil não apresentou significância estatística (OR=2,39;I.C. 95%=0,74-7,71;p- valor>0,05).CONCLUSÃO: A DPP não foi associada ao estado nutricional infantil.

Effets de l'activité physique durant la grossesse sur le cerveau de la mère et de l'enfant

La grossesse est un moment charnière de la vie où la femme reconsidère les bienfaits de chacune de ses habitudes de vie. Il est bien connu que l'activité physique apporte des bénéfices pour la cognition des enfants et des adultes, mais est-ce aussi le cas des femmes enceintes? Et qu'en est-il de l'enfant à naitre? L’objectif général de cette thèse était d’examiner l'effet de l'interaction entre l'activité physique et la grossesse sur les fonctions cognitives de la mère et de l'enfant. Une première étude démontre que la cognition de la femme enceinte diminue lors du troisième trimestre sans effet de condition physique. Une seconde étude présente les effets d'une séance d'activité physique sur plusieurs habiletés cognitives des femmes enceintes. On retrouve chez elles une diminution de la mémoire de travail et de la capacité d'attention soutenue alors qu'il n'y a pas d'effet chez la femme non enceinte. Enfin, une dernière étude présente l'impact de l'activité physique pratiquée tout au long de la grossesse sur le cerveau du nouveau-né. Cette étude démontre que les nouveau-nés de mères actives présentent des réponses neurophysiologiques plus matures que les enfants de mères sédentaires. L'ensemble de ces résultats démontre que la grossesse entraine des déficits cognitifs. De plus, les fonctions cognitives de la femme enceinte seront réduites à la suite d'une séance d'activité physique. Il serait donc préférable pour elle de ne pas prévoir son activité physique avant une activité qui nécessite ses capacités cognitives. Elle devrait tout de même effectuer de l'activité physique tout au long de sa grossesse afin d'offrir le meilleur départ possible dans la vie à son enfant.

Éclaircissement de l’association entre la relation enseignant-élève, le partenariat mère-enfant, et l’adaptation scolaire auprès d’une clientèle à risque.

Résumé L'association entre la relation mère-enfant, la relation enseignant-élève et l'adaptation scolaire (compétences cognitives et sociaux) a reçu ultérieurement une attention considérable dans la littérature scientifique. En dépit de la quantité de recherches effectuées, il subsiste un besoin afin de mieux connaître les processus sous-jacent qui jouent un rôle dans cette relation. L’objectif de la recherche actuelle consiste en l’éclaircissement de l’association entre la relation enseignant-élève, le partenariat mère-enfant, et l’adaptation scolaire. Les différentes hypothèses de recherche étaient : la qualité de la relation enseignant-élève servira de facteur de protection à l’adaptation scolaire (ou à une des composantes) chez les enfants nés de mères adolescentes dont le partenariat mère-enfant est de moindre qualité; la deuxième hypothèse était que le partenariat mère-enfant prédirait la qualité de la relation enseignant-élève, qui prédirait par la suite l’adaptation à la maternelle des enfants nés de mères adolescentes. Finalement, la troisième hypothèse de recherche est que les deux relations (partenariat mère-enfant et relation enseignant-élève) contribuent de façon unique à l’adaptation scolaire. Ainsi, trois modèles d’association possibles ont été testé (modération, médiation et contributions uniques et additives) auprès d’une population à risque, soit les enfants de 5 ans nés d’une mère adolescente. L’échantillon provient d’un projet longitudinal prospectif, la «Mère-Veille,» et est composé de 30 dyades mère-enfant (N=30). La qualité du partenariat mère-enfant, évalué en laboratoire lorsque les enfants avaient 4 ans, a été mesurée à l’aide des récits narratifs co-construits. La qualité de la relation enseignant-élève a été mesurée via l’adaptation française du student teacher relationship scale à 5 ans. Finalement, la mesure de l’adaptation scolaire (comme variable dépendante) comprenant les compétences en numération et les dimensions comportementales (comportements intériorisés, extériorisés et compétences sociales) ont été évalué respectivement par l’entremise de l’adaptation française du number knowledge test et du profil socioaffectif. Une série de régressions linéaires (avec et sans variables contrôles) ont été effectuées pour estimer les trois modèles. La réponse aux hypothèses varie en fonction des différentes composantes de l’adaptation scolaire. Sommes toutes, nos résultats ne suggèrent aucune relation significative ni processus intermédiaires.

Factores perinatales como predictores de severidad de la enfermedad de membrana hialina

Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a la mayor severidad de EMH. Materiales y Métodos: estudio observacional con componente analítico tipo casos y controles. Resultados: total de pacientes 64, 13 (20.3%) con EMH severa y 51 EMH leve moderada. Se encontró relación entre la ruptura prematura de membranas, la cesárea sin trabajo de parto, la asfixia-acidosis fetal y la infección neonatal temprana con mayor requerimiento surfactante p<0.05. La PMVA requerida fue mayor en los hijos de madre diabética y los recién nacidos con asfixia-acidosis fetal p<0.05. El tiempo de ventilación mecánica fue menor en los que recibieron esteroides antenatales p<0.05. Se encontró una tendencia para presentar EMH severa en los pacientes con diabetes gestacional, quienes tuvieron un parto por cesárea sin haber iniciado el trabajo de parto o tuvieron el antecedente de hemorragia del tercer trimestre. Conclusiones: no se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables de Diabetes gestacional, Hemorragia del tercer trimestre y cesárea sin trabajo de parto, probablemente por el tamaño de la muestra. Se considera entonces la posibilidad de realizar más estudios a futuro que relacionen estos factores con la severidad de la enfermedad de membrana hialina. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a la mayor severidad de EMH. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional con componente analítico tipo casos y controles. Resultados: Total de pacientes 64, 13 (20.3%) con EMH severa y 51 EMH leve moderada. Se encontró relación entre la ruptura prematura de membranas, la cesárea sin trabajo de parto, la asfixia-acidosis fetal y la infección neonatal temprana con mayor requerimiento surfactante p<0.05. La PMVA requerida fue mayor en los hijos de madre diabética y los recién nacidos con asfixia-acidosis fetal p<0.05. El tiempo de ventilación mecánica fue menor en los que recibieron esteroides antenatales p<0.05. Se encontró una tendencia para presentar EMH severa en los pacientes con diabetes gestacional, quienes tuvieron un parto por cesárea sin haber iniciado el trabajo de parto o tuvieron el antecedente de hemorragia del tercer trimestre. Conclusiones: No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables de Diabetes gestacional, Hemorragia del tercer trimestre y cesárea sin trabajo de parto, probablemente por el tamaño de la muestra. Se considera entonces la posibilidad de realizar más estudios a futuro que relacionen estos factores con la severidad de la enfermedad de membrana hialina. Palabras Claves: Enfermedad de membrana hialina, ruptura prematura de membranas, diabetes gestacional.

A meniralização dental e a atividade salivar estão reduzidas em filhotes de ratas espontaneamente hipertensas (SHR)

Several pathologies have been diagnosed in children of hypertensive mothers; however, some studies that evaluated the alterations in their oral health are not conclusive. This study analyzed the salivary gland activity and dental mineralization of offsprings of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Thirty-day-old SHR males and Wistar rats were studied. The salivary flow was evaluated by injection of pilocarpine, the protein concentration and salivary amylase activity, by the Lowry method and kinetic method at 405 nm, respectively. Enamel and dentin mineralization of the mandibular incisors was quantified with aid of the microhardness meter. The results were analyzed by the ANOVA or Student's t test (p<0.05). It was noticed that the salivary flow rate (0.026 mL/min/100 g±0.002) and salivary protein concentration (2.26mg/mL±0.14) of SHR offspring were reduced compared to Wistar normotensive offspring (0.036 mL/min/100 g±0.003 and 2.91 mg/mL±0.27, respectively), yet there was no alteration in amylase activity (SHR: 242.4 U/mL±36.9; Wistar: 163.8 U/mL±14.1). Microhardness was lower both in enamel (255.8 KHN±2.6) and dentin (59.9 KHN±0.8) for the SHR teeth compared to the Wistar teeth (enamel: 328.7 KHN±3.3 and dentin: 67.1 KHN±1.0). These results suggest that the SHR offspring are more susceptible to development of pathologies impairing oral health, once they presented lesser flow and salivary protein concentration and lower dental mineralization.

Influência de variáveis maternais e da família sobre o desenvolvimento de bebês

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Crescimento de prematuros de baixo peso ao nascer nos dois primeiros anos de vida: influência da Síndrome hipertensiva gestacional

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Diferenças no desenvolvimento de meninos e meninas em condição de risco

This study aimed to evaluate the development of infants aged between 30 and 59 days, who presented some kind of risk factor threatening their development. Participated in the project 82 children, being 42 boys and 40 girls, presenting the following risk conditions: low birth weight, preterm birth or children of adolescent mothers. The protocol "Stimulation for kids" from "The Operationalized Portage Inventory" was administered. The girls presented a better performance in all conditions, however, no significant differences between genders were observed among the adolescent mothers' children. These results are consistent with those described in the literature and they indicate that the male population is more vulnerable to developmental damage. Public policies regarding early intervention to minimize the likelihood of future cognitive difficulties and consequently its impact in such population are essential.

Variáveis sociodemográficas, depressão pós-parto e a interação entre mães e bebês de quatro a seis meses de idade

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Inequality, the Welfare State, and Demographic Change

This dissertation is a three-part analysis examining how the welfare state in advanced Western democracies has responded to recent demographic changes. Specifically, this dissertation investigates two primary relationships, beginning with the influence of government spending on poverty. I analyze two at-risk populations in particular: immigrants and children of single mothers. Next, attention is turned to the influence of individual and environmental traits on preferences for social spending. I focus specifically on religiosity, religious beliefs and religious identity. I pool data from a number of international macro- and micro-data sources including the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), International Social Survey Program (ISSP), the World Bank Databank, and the OECD Databank. Analyses highlight the power of the welfare state to reduce poverty, but also the effectiveness of specific areas of spending focused on addressing new social risks. While previous research has touted the strength of the welfare state, my analyses highlight the need to consider new social risks and encourage closer attention to how social position affects preferences for the welfare state.

Concord Grape Juice, cognitive function and driving performance: a 12 week, placebo controlled, randomised, crossover trial in mothers of pre-teen children

Background: Daily consumption of Concord grape juice (CGJ) over three to four months has been shown to improve memory function in adults with mild cognitive impairment, and reduce blood pressure in hypertensive adults. These benefits are likely due to the high concentration of polyphenols in CGJ. Increased stress can impair cognitive function and elevate blood pressure. Thus we examined the potential beneficial effect of CGJ in individuals experiencing somewhat stressful demanding lifestyles. Objective: To examine the effects of twelve weeks’ daily consumption of CGJ on cognitive function, driving performance, and blood pressure in healthy, middle-aged working mothers. Design: Twenty five healthy mothers of pre-teen children, aged 40-50 years, who were employed for > 30 hours/week consumed 12oz (355ml) CGJ (containing 777mg total polyphenols) or an energy, taste and appearance matched placebo daily for twelve weeks according to a randomised, crossover design with a four week washout. Verbal and spatial memory, executive function, attention, blood pressure and mood were assessed at baseline, six weeks and twelve weeks. Immediately following the cognitive battery, a subsample of seventeen females completed a driving performance assessment in the University of Leeds Driving Simulator. The twenty five minute driving task required participants to match the speed and direction of a lead vehicle. Results: Significant improvements in immediate spatial memory and driving performance were observed following CGJ relative to placebo. There was evidence of an enduring effect of CGJ such that participants who received CGJ in arm 1 maintained better performance in the placebo arm. Conclusions: Cognitive benefits associated with chronic consumption of flavonoid-rich grape juice are not exclusive to adults with mild cognitive impairment. Moreover, these cognitive benefits are apparent in complex everyday tasks such as driving. Effects may persist beyond cessation of flavonoid consumption and future studies should carefully consider the length of washout within crossover designs.

Mothers of young children with special health care needs : maternal well-being and engagement in work

This thesis reports research focused on the well-being and employment experiences of mothers who have a child with special health care needs. Data are drawn from Growing Up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). This is a public access database. The thesis uses the social ecological theory of Bronfenbrenner (1984) and the work of Zubrick et al. (2000) on human and social capital to inform the conceptual framework developed for the research. Four studies are reported. LSAC has a nationally representative sample of Australian children and their families. The study is tracking the development of 10,000 children, with data collected every two years, from 2004 to 2018. This thesis uses data from the Kindergarten Cohort of LSAC. The 4,983 children in the Kindergarten Cohort were aged 4 years at recruitment into the study in 2004. The analyses in this thesis use child and family data from Wave 1 (2004) and Wave 2 (2006) for a subsample of the children who are identified as having special health needs. This identification is based on a short screening questionnaire included in the Parent 1 Interview at each wave of the data collection. It is the children who are identified as having special health care needs which can be broadly defined as chronic health conditions or developmental difficulties. However, it is the well-being and employment experiences of the mothers of these children that are the primary focus in three of the four studies reported in this thesis.

Composing maternal identities : the living realities of mothers with young adult-children in twenty-first century Australia

There is an abundance of books available on the topic of motherhood and mothering; the majority of these books focus on the vulnerability of babies and young children and the motherwork such vulnerability demands. In particular they focus on what it is right to do in the interests of the child, and particularly his or her growth and development. Such a focus is consistent in Western culture with modern moral frameworks where understandings of goodness have been assimilated to dimensions of human action rather than dimensions of human being, selfhood, or specific forms of life. As Charles Taylor has observed, much modern moral philosophy has focused =on what it is right to do rather than the nature of the good life‘ (1989, 13). The master narratives of motherhood and the prevailing social discourses of intensive1 and sacrificial2 mothering exemplify this view as such narratives and discourses depict =what mothers are expected to do [and] how mothers are supposed to be‘ (Nelson 2001, 140). From such infant/child-focused accounts a canonical maternal identity can be discerned; arguably, it is a restricted one. The majority of these books fail to address questions related to what it means be a mother in particular situated, existing, living realities. For instance, ask a mother with young children what being a mother means to her and she may speak of the challenges she faces balancing paid employment and her role as a mother, or the impact of the demands being made on her time and energy. However, ask a mother with young adult-children3 what being a mother means to her and she may speak in similar tones, but she may also speak in differing tones. For example, a "mature" mother may speak of the "empty nest", the "crowded house" and/or "its revolving front door". She may speak of issues related to the vulnerability of the long term marriage, elder care, or grandparenting, or even disillusionment and disenchantment. The purpose of this research is to explore the identity challenges and prospects of some mothers with young adult-children aged between 18 and 30 years of age in twenty-first century Australia. In interpreting the identity challenges and prospects this particular cohort of mothers encounter in their ordinary, everyday living, a diverse and particular range of maternal experiences.my own included5.have been traced, along with the social and ethical meanings ascribed in them. With an understanding and appreciation of voice as the medium which connects one's inner and outer worlds, this research illuminates the plurality of voices and the multiple layers of meaning in each of these mother's particular living and existing realities. Specifically, this research addresses the narrowly constructed, canonical maternal identity through a critical exploration and reflection on stories, shared in a research context, of the living realities of a group of self-identified "mature", middle-class, Australian mothers with children aged between 18 and 30 years of age6. By appraising the broader familial, historical, social, cultural, institutional, and, importantly, moral contexts in which these mothers are situated, 'thick descriptions' (Geertz 1973, 27)7 of maternal identities, and the challenges and prospects these mothers are negotiating, are provided. In terms of its ethical orientation, the frameworks which support and frame this research reject, repudiate and contest (Nelson 2001) the reduction of ethical concerns to individual or intellectual problems or dilemmas to be solved through the application of a theory derived from reasoned thinking. In dismissing deductive and =theoretical-juridical‘8 approaches, the individualistic orientation entrenched in contemporary Western moral thinking, expressed in the notion of '"what ought I to do" when faced with a problem, issue or dilemma of practical urgency' (Isaacs & Massey 1994, 1), is simultaneously rejected, repudiated and contested (Nelson 2001). In countering such understandings, this research reorients us to the illumination and articulation of who it is good to be, for each of these mothers, in allegiance with those goods which guide and inspire her orientations towards living a good life—a life which embraces and enhances the flourishing of herself and her significant others. With an understanding and appreciation that 'mind is never free of precommitment[—t]here is no innocent eye, nor is there one that penetrates aboriginal reality' (Bruner 1987, 32), this thesis is written with the voices of other interlocutors9. These interlocutors include the voices of my research participants whom I refer to as "research interlocutors", my textual "friends" — those scholars whose work resonates strongly with my orientations—as well as the myriad other voices that speak to mothers, for mothers and about mothers, such as those found in popular and mainstream press and culture. Sometimes these voices resonate; other times dissonance may be heard. In situating this research within these complementary frameworks, this research invites readers to join with me in considering, appreciating and appraising the narrow construction of maternal identity. I seek for this engagement, like the engagements with my research interlocutors, to be 'a meeting of voices, an authentic dialogue that is inclusive of the voices of all concerned participants' (Isaacs 2001, 6). I hope that the voices in this thesis resonate with yours (although, at times, you may feel some dissonance) and that together we can draw closer to the accounting, re-counting and re-stor(y)ing of maternal identities; like concentric circles of witness, the dialogue, ...will thus be expanded rippling into corners where one might both imagine, and least expect. Possibilities, then, are vast; the future exciting (Smith 2007, 397). This research is also shaped and guided by maternal scholarship, a relatively new field of inquiry known as 'motherhood studies' (O'Reilly 2011, xvii) which has its origins within the broader terrain of feminist scholarship. As a work of maternal scholarship, this thesis draws upon and continues the tradition of examining motherhood as it is experienced 'in a social context, as embedded in a political institution: in feminist terms' (Rich 1995, ix). It values mothers, their experiences, their stories, their lives. As such, this research is oriented towards 'matricentric feminism', a particular form of feminist inquiry, politics and theory which is consistent with and receptive to feminist frameworks of care and equal rights (O‘Reilly 2011, 25). A number of complementary conceptual frameworks have been engaged in this research with the thesis presented in three parts: the pre-figurative, configurative and re-configurative. As my particular living experiences provided the initial motivation for this research, an account of the challenges I experienced as a mother with young adult-children are outlined as a Prelude to this thesis. Attention then turns to Part One – Pre-figuring Maternal Identities in which the contextual, conceptual and methodological foundations underpinning this research are explored and outlined. In Chapter One, the prevailing cultural narratives and social discourses supporting and shaping the construction of the canonical maternal identity are outlined. Next, in setting the scholarly context, the critiques — arising from feminist and maternal scholarship — of motherhood as a patriarchal institution, mothering as experience, and mothering as work, are explored. As this research engaged with participants who are embedded in particular middle-class, heterosexual, familial and cultural structures, an exploration of family life cycle theory and main stream media accounts are also incorporated. The terrain in which "mature" mothering within an Australian context is experienced is also outlined, including the notions of "empty nests" and "crowded houses", grandparenting, elder care and women's midlife transition. Chapter Two gives an account of the conceptual ontological, ethical, identity and narrative frameworks underpinning this research. In setting the context for rich interpretations, the characteristics of being human10 are outlined before attention turns to our embodiment and embeddedness in our shared human condition11. From this point, attention then turns to understanding the moral form of human living12. In appreciating the vulnerability inherent in our shared human condition, the ways in which we may experience trouble in our lives is noted. The framing of identity constitution13 as complex, multi-faceted, relationally negotiated and composed is then outlined, followed by an understanding of why narrative is a valuable interpretive tool for interpreting and understanding human experiences. This chapter concludes with an appreciation of the ethical significance of storytelling. The research methodology is then outlined in Chapter Three. The rationale underpinning the adoption of the narrative interviewing technique of in-depth interviewing is explored. In exploring these methodological frameworks, the recruitment and interview processes involved in gathering and interpreting the recorded transcripts of ten Australian mothers with young adult-children are outlined. The method of analysis known as the Listening Guide14 best complements the multi-layered, pluri-vocal nature of narrative accounting. The final section of Chapter Three outlines The Guide, with one mother's recorded transcript used to illustrate this method's step-by-step process. Having gathered an understanding and appreciation of the pluri-vocal, multi-layered nature of narrative and identity constitution, the tone of this thesis changes in Part Two . Configuring Maternal Identities. This section consists of Chapters Four and Five and seeks to find meaning in, and make sense of, the differences and commonalities across these particular accounts. Chapter Four explores the living realities of four Australian mothers with young adult-children: Poppy, Honey, Lily and Heather. In presenting a thick description of these mothers' situated realities, the frameworks.the familial, social, cultural, historical and institutional backgrounds.which have supported and shaped each mother's experiences are illuminated. Simultaneously revealed through these particular accounts are the plurality of goods focusing and moving each mother to the moral form of life, a life of meaning and purpose. The harms challenging some mothers' moral motivations are also revealed in this chapter. Specifically illustrated in Chapter Four are the unique and qualitative differences of particular maternal identity configurations. Chapter Five reveals the commonalities amongst all of the research interlocutors' accounts. This chapter contests the individualistic orientation of many contemporary accounts of motherhood which are aimed at defining or contesting what a "good" mother ought to do. By turning away from such individualistic orientations, the chapter does not seek to define 'the content of obligation' (Taylor 1989, 3) but rather seeks to illuminate and articulate a richer, deeper understanding and appreciation of maternal be-ing and be-coming - that is, who it is good to be, for each of these mothers - in allegiance with those goods that focus and inspire her moral motivations. Part Three - Re-Configuring Maternal Identities, which is comprised of Chapter Six, draws this thesis to a close. In this final chapter, the preconceptions, conditions and aspirations for this mother-centred account of the living realities of a small, local cohort of mothers are reiterated. The insights gathered from the rich, descriptive accounts are illuminated and articulated, and the chapter closes with some suggestions for future research. In a Postlude, I reflect on how this research has been a transformative learning experience in my own life.an experience in which I have been able to not only deeply understand and appreciate the challenges and disorientation I was experiencing but also to identify and reorient my stance in relation to the good. In a practical sense, by offering thick descriptions of the living realities of this cohort of "mature" mothers, this research challenges the canonical maternal identity and questions its relevance for, and effect on, "mature" mothers' identity constitution. By bringing to light the complex existing realities of these particular mothers, this research critiques the canonical maternal identity by illustrating that each mother's life and her identity constitutions are complex, relationally negotiated and composed and that motherhood is an enduring way of being. Through these illustrations, this research engages with and extends understandings of difference feminism. This research, however, not only rejects, repudiates and contests (Nelson 2001) the narrowly defined canonical maternal identity. By illuminating and articulating the goods which shape and inspire these "mature" mothers' motherwork, this research offers a matricentric account which is consistent with and respectful of the particular, situated realities—the broader familial, social, institutional, but most importantly, moral values and frameworks—in which each mother‘s life is embedded and her motherwork oriented. By understanding and appreciating the complex and multiple webs of relationships in which each mother exists, this matricentric re-stor(y)ing of maternal experiences not only understands and appreciates the unique nature of each mother‘s existing realities, it is oriented to the continuing enhancing of the shared pursuit of the good which underpins particular maternal practices and particular maternal ways of being.