997 resultados para Chateaubriand, François-René, vicomte de, 1768-1848.


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Historically political song has often been perceived negatively, as a disturbance of the peace, summed up by the legendary line from Goethe’s Faust: “Politisches Lied – ein garstiges Lied”. In the period in Germany of the Vormärz (from 1815 up to the revolution of March 1848), however, we see how this perception may be changing as it increasingly becomes a means of self-expression in public life. This was the era of restauration, in which broader sections of German society are striving for political emancipation from the princes and kings. A whole host of political themes emerge in the songs (Freiheitslieder) of that period in which a new oppositional political consciousness is reflected. The themes range from freedom of speech, freedom from censorship, and the need for democratic and national self-determination to critiques of injustice and hunger, and parodies of political convention and opportunism. Sources of reception give indications about the social and political milieus in which these songs circulated. Such sources include broadsheets, handwritten manuscripts, song collections, commemoration events, advertisements in political press, memoires, police reports and general literature of the time. In many cases we see how these songs reflect the emerging social and political identities of those who sing them. One also sees the use of well known melodies in the popular dissemination of these songs. An intertextual function of music often becomes apparent in the practice of contrefacture whereby melodies with particular semantic associations are used to either underline the message or parody the subject of the song.

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A survey of the use of the term democracy in Irish politics in the late eighteenth and early ninetenth centuries

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To estimate the prevalence of refractive error in adults across Europe. Refractive data (mean spherical equivalent) collected between 1990 and 2013 from fifteen population-based cohort and cross-sectional studies of the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium were combined in a random effects meta-analysis stratified by 5-year age intervals and gender. Participants were excluded if they were identified as having had cataract surgery, retinal detachment, refractive surgery or other factors that might influence refraction. Estimates of refractive error prevalence were obtained including the following classifications: myopia ≤−0.75 diopters (D), high myopia ≤−6D, hyperopia ≥1D and astigmatism ≥1D. Meta-analysis of refractive error was performed for 61,946 individuals from fifteen studies with median age ranging from 44 to 81 and minimal ethnic variation (98 % European ancestry). The age-standardised prevalences (using the 2010 European Standard Population, limited to those ≥25 and <90 years old) were: myopia 30.6 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 30.4–30.9], high myopia 2.7 % (95 % CI 2.69–2.73), hyperopia 25.2 % (95 % CI 25.0–25.4) and astigmatism 23.9 % (95 % CI 23.7–24.1). Age-specific estimates revealed a high prevalence of myopia in younger participants [47.2 % (CI 41.8–52.5) in 25–29 years-olds]. Refractive error affects just over a half of European adults. The greatest burden of refractive error is due to myopia, with high prevalence rates in young adults. Using the 2010 European population estimates, we estimate there are 227.2 million people with myopia across Europe.

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PURPOSE: To investigate whether myopia is becoming more common across Europe and explore whether increasing education levels, an important environmental risk factor for myopia, might explain any temporal trend.

DESIGN: Meta-analysis of population-based, cross-sectional studies from the European Eye Epidemiology (E(3)) Consortium.

PARTICIPANTS: The E(3) Consortium is a collaborative network of epidemiological studies of common eye diseases in adults across Europe. Refractive data were available for 61 946 participants from 15 population-based studies performed between 1990 and 2013; participants had a range of median ages from 44 to 78 years.

METHODS: Noncycloplegic refraction, year of birth, and highest educational level achieved were obtained for all participants. Myopia was defined as a mean spherical equivalent ≤-0.75 diopters. A random-effects meta-analysis of age-specific myopia prevalence was performed, with sequential analyses stratified by year of birth and highest level of educational attainment.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Variation in age-specific myopia prevalence for differing years of birth and educational level.

RESULTS: There was a significant cohort effect for increasing myopia prevalence across more recent birth decades; age-standardized myopia prevalence increased from 17.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.6-18.1) to 23.5% (95% CI, 23.2-23.7) in those born between 1910 and 1939 compared with 1940 and 1979 (P = 0.03). Education was significantly associated with myopia; for those completing primary, secondary, and higher education, the age-standardized prevalences were 25.4% (CI, 25.0-25.8), 29.1% (CI, 28.8-29.5), and 36.6% (CI, 36.1-37.2), respectively. Although more recent birth cohorts were more educated, this did not fully explain the cohort effect. Compared with the reference risk of participants born in the 1920s with only primary education, higher education or being born in the 1960s doubled the myopia prevalence ratio-2.43 (CI, 1.26-4.17) and 2.62 (CI, 1.31-5.00), respectively-whereas individuals born in the 1960s and completing higher education had approximately 4 times the reference risk: a prevalence ratio of 3.76 (CI, 2.21-6.57).

CONCLUSIONS: Myopia is becoming more common in Europe; although education levels have increased and are associated with myopia, higher education seems to be an additive rather than explanatory factor. Increasing levels of myopia carry significant clinical and economic implications, with more people at risk of the sight-threatening complications associated with high myopia.

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This speech by Mr. Memminger offers resolutions on the issue of rechartering the bank of the state of South Carolina. The issues presented are the Bank of the State is founded on an erroneous policy, unwise for a state to engage in banking, not practical to recharter the Bank of the State and a special committee of each house should be appointed to advise how to carry out these resolutions at the next session.

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Längs de finländska vattendragen och den finländska havskusten har identifierats 21 områden med betydande översvämningsrisk. För varje område med betydande översvämningsrisk har utarbetats en plan för hantering av översvämningsrisker. Den här planen för hantering av översvämningsrisker i Helsingfors och Esbo kustområde innehåller mål och åtgärder för att minimera översvämningsriskerna i huvudstadsregionens strandområden och i den närmaste skärgården. I gruppen som utsetts för att utarbeta planen har ingått företrädare för Nylands förbund, städerna Helsingfors och Esbo, Helsingfors och Nylands räddningsverk samt NTM-centralen i Nyland. Dessutom har Samkommunen Helsingforsregionens miljötjänster HRM deltagit i arbetet i egenskap av expert. Viktiga intressentgrupper har hörts enligt behov. Strandområdena i Helsingfors och Esbo har en mångformig natur som varierar från branta klippstränder till vassbevuxna och grunda havsvikar. En del av bäckarna som mynnar ut i havet från de låglänta landskapen når sig långt in i landet vilket gör att det område som påverkas av havsöversvämningar sträcker sig till och med flera kilometer från kusten. Strandområdena i huvudstadsregionen karaktäriseras av en allt tätare bosättning. I närheten av kusten finns utöver bosättning även bland annat flera industri- och samhällsteknikobjekt, låglänta vägar och hamnar. Därtill är underjordiska utrymmen och tunnlar typiska drag för Helsingfors. Målet med hanteringen av översvämningsriskerna är bland annat att trygga bostadsbyggnader, objekt som är svåra att evakuera, samhällsteknikstrukturer, viktiga trafikförbindelser, hamnar, objekt som är farliga för miljön, kulturarvsobjekt och annat byggnadsbestånd om havsvattenståndet stiger. Därtill har man bland annat som mål att minimera egendomsskadorna och att beakta klimatförändringen i det översvämningssäkra byggandet. Man strävar mot målen genom beredskap samt genom åtgärder såväl under som efter översvämningen. Åtgärderna strider inte mot målen för vattenvården. En av de viktigaste åtgärderna som minskar översvämningsrisken i Helsingfors och Esbo kustområde är beaktandet av översvämningsområden och klimatförändringen i planeringen av markanvändningen. Utgångspunkten är att man bör undvika byggande i områden med översvämningsrisk och vid placeringen av funktioner bör man beakta rekommendationerna för lägsta grundläggningsnivå. I fråga om riskobjekt bör man säkerställa att det finns uppdaterade och fungerande beredskapsplaner. Förutsättningarna för invånarnas egen beredskap ska förbättras bland annat genom ökad medvetenhet om översvämningar. I planen identifieras också flera regionala och lokala skyddsbehov.

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1914/01 (T66)-1914/07.