Low-Temperature Fluorination Of Some Nonmetals And Nonmetal Compounds With Fluorine

Low temperature fluorination with elemental fluorine of elemental phosphorus, sulphur, silicon, amorphous carbon and phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentoxide, triphenylphosphine, hexafluorodisilane, hexachlorodisilane, hexabromodisilane, tetrasulphur tetranitride, sulphur dioxide, thionyl chloride and sulphuryl chloride has been carried out in freon-11 medium. The corresponding fluoro compounds have been isolated in near quantitative yields, purified by low temperature fractional condensation and characterised by IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis.

Sodium-alginate-based proton-exchange membranes as electrolytes for DMFCs

Novel mixed-matrix membranes prepared by blending sodium alginate (NaAlg) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and certain heteropolyacids (HPAs), such as phosphomolybdic acid (PMoA), phosphotungstic acid (PWA) and silicotungstic acid (SWA), followed by ex-situ cross-linking with glutaraldehyde (GA) to achieve the desired mechanical and chemical stability, are reported for use as electrolytes in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). NaAlg-PVA-HPA mixed matrices possess a polymeric network with micro-domains that restrict methanol cross-over. The mixed-matrix membranes are characterised for their mechanical and thermal properties. Methanol cross-over rates across NaAlg-PVA and NaAlg-PVA-HPA mixed-matrix membranes are studied by measuring the mass balance of methanol using a density meter. The DMFC using NaAlg-PVA-SWA exhibits a peak power-density of 68 mW cm(-2) at a load current-density of 225 mA cm(-2), while operating at 343 K. The rheological properties of NaAlg and NaAlg-PVA-SWA viscous solutions are studied and their behaviour validated by a non-Newtonian power-law.

Photocatalytic treatment of municipal wastewater using modified neodymium doped TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles

Photocatalytic degradation of municipal wastewater was investigated using reagent grade TiO2 and modified neodymium doped TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles. For the first time, surface modification of Nd3+ doped TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles were carried out with n-butylamine as surface modifier under mild hydrothermal conditions. The modified nanoparticles obtained were characterized by Powder XRD, FTIR, DLS, TEM, BET surface area, zeta potential and UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The characterization results indicated better morphology, particle size distribution and low agglomeration of the nanoparticles synthesized. It was found that photodegradation of wastewater using surface modified neodymium doped TiO2 nanoparticles was more compared to pure TiO2, which can be attributed to the doping and modification with n-butylamine.