Avaliação da origem de hidrocarbonetos observados na região limítrofe entre as bacias de Almada e Jequitinhonha, BA

O presente estudo aborda a caracterização geológica em termos estruturais e estratigráficos do sistema petrolífero responsável pela ocorrência de exsudações de óleos encontradas sobre o embasamento cristalino na região limítrofe entre as bacias de Almada e Jequitinhonha. A partir das amostras de óleo coletadas no campo, foram feitas análises geoquímicas (Isótopos e biomarcadores) que permitiram definir duas famílias de óleo: (a) Família I, com altas proporções de esteranos C28, predominância do terpanos tricíclico C23 e proporções elevadas do Hopano C29, características de óleos gerados em ambiente marinho carbonático, provavelmente de idade albiana a turoniana; e (b) Família II, com valores δ13C de -26,8, e presença marcante de gamacerano, que sugere uma rocha geradora formada em um ambiente hipersalino, característico do Aptiano. A interpretação das linhas sísmicas possibilitou a definição de um sistema de migração, para os óleos analisados, da rocha geradora até a superfície. O arcabouço estrutural sugere um processo de migração das falhas do rifte para os altos estruturais ao longo de um sistema de falhas NW-SE, encontradas na região associada às zonas de transferência de Ilhéus. A ausência de um selo efetivo favoreceu a migração do óleo até a superfície. A interpretação geológica integrada à caracterização geoquímica dos óleos indica a existência de sistemas petrolíferos ativos e sugere o controle estrutural na distribuição das exsudações de óleo. Adicionalmente, se fez uma caracterização faciológica, palinológica e geoquímica (%COT, RI, %S, isótopos de carbono e biomarcadores) dos sedimentos aflorantes entre as cidades de Ilhéus e Una, que foram associados neste estudo à Formação Rio Doce. A partir da correlação dos afloramentos estudados observa-se que os mesmos representariam a porção mais superior da Formação Rio Doce depositada no Mioceno, segundo as análises palinológicas. Esta deposição ocorreu dentro de uma progressiva tendência de raseamento, no contexto de um trato de sistema de mar alto, onde teriam-se desenvolvido espessos pacotes de folhelhos sílticos de água rasa, intercalados com barras arenosas em um contexto estuarino.

Estudo em Escala Piloto de Parâmetros de Monitoramento e Operação de Biopilhas no Tratamento de Solos Contaminados por Hidrocarbonetos de Petróleo

O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar ferramentas e indicadores adequados ao monitoramento e à otimização de processos de biorremediação, incluindo parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos definidos em estudos de tratabilidade de solos contaminados por óleo cru em escala de laboratório e comparar estratégias de biorremediação, tais como bioestímulo e bioaumento conduzidas em simulações de biopilhas dinâmicas ou estáticas. Quando três métodos de extração de hidrocarbonetos de petróleo de solo arenoso e franco-argiloso para análise cromatográfica (Soxhlet-SOX, microondas-MARS e extração acelerada por solvente-ASE) foram comparados entre si, concluiu-se que a técnica que promove a melhor recuperação depende da fração de interesse (n-alcanos, HRP, MCNR, HPA), das características texturais do solo (teores de areia, silte e argila) e da idade da contaminação. Dentre os indicadores de densidade populacional microbiana (microrganismos heterotróficos totais-PHT, população de fungos-PF e população microbiana degradadora de óleo (PDO) passíveis de utilização para indicar a taxa de degradação de compostos orgânicos presentes no solo tais como os hidrocarbonetos de petróleo, o PDO mostrou-se o mais adequado em conjunto com a produção de CO2 aferida pelo método respirométrico. Quando a estratégia de biorremediação de solo franco-argiloso contaminado com óleo cru a 3% (m m-1) utilizando bioestímulo (ajuste de pH, umidade e taxa C:N:P) foi comparada ao bioaumento (bioestímulo e adição de inóculo de microrganismos extraídos, enriquecidos e aclimatizados ao óleo cru como fonte de carbono), em sistemas de bancada simulando biopilha dinâmica (microcosmo M) e biopilha estática com aeração forçada (reator B), o tratamento que apresentou melhor remoção (32%) de HTP após 121 dias foi o bioaumento em biopilha estática. Para HPA, o tratamento que alcançou a melhor remoção (33%) foi com bioestímulo também em biopilha estática. A avaliação da taxa de mortalidade (%) de Eisenia andrei exposta tanto a solos recém-contaminados por óleo cru e preparados para bioestímulo (BIOS) e bioaumento (BIOA) a serem tratados em biopilhas dinâmicas e estáticas em escala de laboratório mostrou que após 56 dias de exposição da E. andrei, todos os solos produziram letalidade de 100%, quer fossem os solos recém-contaminados e preparados para os diferentes tratamentos (BIOS M, BIOS B, BIOA M, BIOA B) ou após 121 dias de tratamento. Tal resultado confirma que a biorremediação foi incipiente também do ponto de vista de remoção da ecotoxicidade. Em linhas gerais, a biorremediação de solo franco-argiloso contaminado por óleo cru, contendo tanto contaminação antiga quanto recente, reúne os maiores desafios à biorremediação, tanto do ponto de vista da composição textural do solo quanto da natureza do contaminante. Os processos são aparentemente lentos e requerem ferramentas auxiliares para aceleração dos mesmos. Recomenda-se no futuro, condução de experimentos com o uso de diferentes surfactantes, com ênfase em biosurfactantes

Evolutionary associations between sand seatrout (Cynoscion arenarius) and silver seatrout (C. nothus) inferred from morphological characters, mitochondrial DNA, and microsatellite markers

The evolutionary associations between closely related fish species, both contemporary and historical, are frequently assessed by using molecular markers, such as microsatellites. Here, the presence and variability of microsatellite loci in two closely related species of marine fishes, sand seatrout (Cynoscion arenarius) and silver seatrout (C. nothus), are explored by using heterologous primers from red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Data from these loci are used in conjunction with morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes to explore the extent of genetic exchange between species offshore of Galveston Bay, TX. Despite seasonal overlap in distribution, low genetic divergence at microsatellite loci, and similar life history parameters of C. arenarius and C. nothus, all three data sets indicated that hybridization between these species does not occur or occurs only rarely and that historical admixture in Galveston Bay after divergence between these species was unlikely. These results shed light upon the evolutionary history of these fishes and highlight the genetic properties of each species that are influenced by their life history and ecology.

Spatial and seasonal abundance of sand seatrout (Cynoscion arenarius) and silver seatrout (C. nothus) off the coast of Texas, determined with twenty years of data (1987–200

Sand seatrout (Cynoscion arenarius) and silver seatrout (C. nothus) are both found within the immediate offshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico, especially around Texas; however information is limited on how much distributional overlap really occurs between these species. In order to investigate spatial and seasonal differences between species, we analyzed twenty years of bay and offshore trawl data collected by biologists of the Coastal Fisheries Division, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Sand seatrout and silver seatrout were distributed differently among offshore sampling areas, and salinity and water depth appeared to correlate with their distribution. Additionally, within the northernmost sampling area of the gulf waters, water depth correlated significantly with the presence of silver seatrout, which were found at deeper depths than sand seatrout. There was also an overall significant decrease in silver seatrout abundance during the summer season, when temperatures were at their highest, and this decrease may have indicated a migration farther offshore. Sand seatrout abundance had an inverse relationship with salinity and water depth offshore. In addition, sand seatrout abundance was highest in bays with direct passes to the gulf and correlated with corresponding abundance in offshore areas. These data highlight the seasonal and spatial differences in abundance between sand and silver seatrout and relate these differences to the hydrological and geological features found along the Texas coastline.

Importance of shoreface sand ridges as habitat for fishes off the northeast coast of the United States

To determine if shoreface sand ridges provide unique habitats for fish on the inner continental shelf, two cross-shelf trawl surveys (23 km in length) were conducted in southern New Jersey (July and September 1991−95 with a beam trawl and July and September 1997−06 with an otter trawl) to assess whether species abundance, richness, and assemblages differed on and away from the ridge. The dominant species collected with both gears were from the families Paralichthyidae, Triglidae, Gobiidae, Serranidae, Engraulidae, Stromateidae, and Sciaenidae. Overall abundance (n=41,451 individuals) and species richness (n=61 species) were distributed bimodally across the nearshore to offshore transect, and the highest values were found on either side of the sand ridge regardless of gear type. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed three species assemblages: inshore (<5 meters depth), near-ridge (9−14 meters depth), and offshore (>14 meters depth), and variation in species composition between gear types. Environmental factors that corresponded with the assemblage changes included depth, temperature, distance from the top of the ridge, and habitat complexity. The most abundant near-ridge assemblages were distinct and included economically important species. Sand ridges of the inner continental shelf appear to be important habitat for a number of fish species and therefore may not be a suitable area for sand and gravel mining.

The relationships between fish assemblages and the amount of bottom horizontal beam exposed at California oil platforms: fish habitat preferences at man-made platforms and (by inference) at natural reefs

Between 1995 and 2002, we surveyed fish assemblages at seven oil platforms off southern and central California using the manned research submersible Delta. At each platform, there is a large horizontal beam situated at or near the sea floor. In some instances, shells and sediment have buried this beam and in other instances it is partially or completely exposed. We found that fish species responded in various ways to the amount of exposure of the beam. A few species, such as blackeye goby (Rhinogobiops nicholsii), greenstriped rockfish (Sebastes elongatus), and pink seaperch (Zalembius rosaceus) tended to avoid the beam. However, many species that typically associate with natural rocky outcrops, such as bocaccio (S. paucispinis), cowcod (S. levis), copper (S. caurinus), greenblotched (S. rosenblatti), pinkrose (S. simulator) and vermilion (S. miniatus) rockfishes, were found most often where the beam was exposed. In particular, a group of species (e.g., bocaccio, cowcod, blue (Sebastes mystinus), and vermilion rockfishes) called here the “sheltering habitat” guild, lived primarily where the beam was exposed and formed a crevice. This work demonstrates that the presence of sheltering sites is important in determining the species composition of man-made reefs and, likely, natural reefs. This research also indicates that adding structures that form sheltering sites in and around decommissioned platforms will likely lead to higher densities of many species typical of hard and complex structure.

Do oil and gas platforms off California reduce recruitment of bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) to natural habitat? An analysis based on trajectories derived from high-frequency radar

To investigate the possibility that oil and gas platforms may reduce recruitment of rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) to natural habitat, we simulated drift pathways termed “trajectories” in our model) from an existing oil platform to nearshore habitat using current measurements from high-frequency (HF) radars. The trajectories originated at Platform Irene, located west of Point Conception, California, during two recruiting seasons for bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis): May through August, 1999 and 2002. Given that pelagic juvenile bocaccio dwell near the surface, the trajectories estimate transport to habitat. We assumed that appropriate shallow water juvenile habitat exists inshore of the 50-m isobath. Results from 1999 indicated that 10% of the trajectories represent transport to habitat, whereas 76% represent transport across the offshore boundary. For 2002, 24% represent transport to habitat, and 69% represent transport across the offshore boundary. Remaining trajectories (14% and 7% for 1999 and 2002, respectively) exited the coverage area either northward or southward along isobaths. Deployments of actual drifters (with 1-m drogues) from a previous multiyear study provided measurements originating near Platform Irene from May through August. All but a few of the drifters moved offshore, as was also shown with the HF radar-derived trajectories. These results indicate that most juvenile bocaccio settling on the platform would otherwise have been transported offshore and perished in the absence of a platform. However, these results do not account for the swimming behavior of juvenile bocaccio, about which little is known.

Aquaculture of a high-value freshwater fish in [Malaysia] : the marble or sand goby (Oxyeleotris marmoratus, Bleeker)

The article highlights the aquaculture of marble or sand goby (Oxyeleotris marmoratus) in Malaysia. Topics discussed are: breeding, hatchery and nursery techiques, nutrition, growout techniques, and diseases.

A low-level geographic information system for coastal zone management with applications to Brunei Darussalam: Part III:: simulation and tracking oil spills

B:RUN is a low-level GIS software designed to help formulate options for the management of the coastal zone of Brunei Darussalam. This contribution presents the oil spill simulation module of B:RUN. This simple module, based largely on wind and sea surface current vector parameters, may be helpful in formulating relevant oil spill contingency plans. It can be easily adapted to other areas, as can the B:RUN software itself.