La formación profesional en Francia y en España : guía para la movilidad.

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L'educació en el lleure a Girona. Les iniciatives de l'administració, l'església i la societat civil (1900-1981)

La tesi presenta una descripció i reflexió històrica de les diferents iniciatives que en educació en el temps lliure s'han donat a la ciutat de Girona des de començament de segle XX fins a l'any 1981 quan té lloc el traspàs de competències en matèria de lleure i joventut a la Generalitat de Catalunya i des d'aquesta instància es realitza la primera normativa pel que fa a la constitució d'Escoles d'Educadors en el Lleure i es legisla també respecte a la formació de monitors i directors d'activitats de lleure infantil i juvenil. Les iniciatives son presentades a traves de tres grans capítols segons la instància promotora de cada activitat: L' administració (entenent per aquesta les diferents instancies de l'aparell administratiu públic a nivell municipal, provincial autonòmic o republicà i central), l'església (reduint-se en aquest cas a les iniciatives promogudes per l'església catòlica, majoritàriament a nivell diocesà, i en alguns casos a nivell parroquial) i finalment, la societat civil (entenent en aquest sector les iniciatives que han estat promogudes des del sector privat i de l'associacionisme). Des de cada un d'aquest grans sectors s'estudien les intervencions que amb una intencionalitat educativa clarament explícita s'han portat a la pràctica durant el temps lliure dels infants i joves gironins a través d'activitats i moviments coneguts com les colònies, els casals d'estiu, els campaments, l'escoltisme, etc. En cada una d'aquestes experiències analitzem les finalitats, la proposta metodològica, la formació dels responsables i els infants i joves que hi participen. A través d'aquesta recerca es pretén aportar un material que ajudi a configurar una petita part de la historia de l'educació no formal tot recuperant també un material vàlid per a la reflexió i teorització sobre l'educació en el temps lliure. Pel que fa a les iniciatives de l'administració sobresurten les obres que es promouen a nivell de l'Ajuntament de Girona: les colònies escolars municipals i les guarderies-casals municipals d'abans del franquisme, les colònies organitzades des de serveis socials durant la transició democràtica i la constitució i els primers passos de l'Àrea de Joventut. Es presenten també les iniciatives realitzades a la ciutat de Girona des d'altres instàncies: a nivell de la Diputació de Girona les colònies de la Llar Infantil a nivell provincial les colònies promogudes per la Delegación Pronvincial de Enseñanza Primaria de Gerona i pel que fa a l'administració central es presenta l'impacte de l'actuació que el moviment feixista del regim franquista va tenir a Girona a través del Frente de Juventudes, la Sección Femenina i la Organització Juvenil Espanyola. També en aquest capítol de l'administració es comenten les primeres actuacions de la Generalitat de Catalunya a Girona a partir de l'any 1981. En el capítol de l'església les obres que s'estudien són fonamentalment de caire diocesà. Hi trobem els Casals d'Estiu -obra genuïnament gironina-, l'Escoltisme Catòlic Català, la Federació de Joves Cristians i els Avantguardistes gironins, la Joventut d'Acció Catòlica, la Joventut Obrera Catòlica, el Moviment Infantil i Juvenil d'Acció Catòlica, Hora-3 i el Servei de Colònies de Vacances. Hi ha també l'estudi d'altres moviments al marge de la pastoral del bisbat. En aquest cas parlem de l'Oratori Festiu dels Salesians, la Congregació Mariana de Girona -amb els Lluïsos, els Estanislaus, eIs Montañeros de Santa Maria i l'Acolliment Centre de Joves- i els Exploradores de España de "La Salle". Tot plegat fa que la iniciativa de l'església sigui la mes àmplia i la protagonista de bona part del moviment d'educació en el lleure de la ciutat de Girona. Pel que fa a la iniciativa pròpia de la Societat Civil es molt més minsa i amb una incidència reduïda fonamentalment en dos períodes concrets: la II República i la transició i etapa democràtica. Amb tot, en el primer terç de segle trobem l'obra dels Exploradores de España, les Padrines de Girona i els Pomells de Joventut. També a finals dels anys vint cal parlar de la iniciativa de les Colònies Escolars a través del diari EI Autonomista. Durant la II Republica podem parlar Palestra i dels Minyons de Muntanya. En el trist període franquista sols cal parlar de dues iniciatives que malgrat no ser autènticament promogudes des de la societat civil, les hem presentat en aquest apartat. Es tracta dels casals de l'associació Amigos de los Niños i de les colònies del Patronato Escolar de Suburbios de Gerona. A partir de la transició democràtica neixen iniciatives esporàdiques amb voluntat de fer una tasca educativa en el temps lliure i és també en aquesta època quan s'estructura el moviment de Rialles a nivell dels Països Catalans. A través de la recerca es detecta una manca de propostes d'educació en el lleure per part de la societat civil. Sobresurt l'acció de l'església que ha sabut adaptar-se als diferents períodes socio-educatius exercint a través d'aquest àmbit diferents funcions: compensatòria, d'adoctrinament i control o de suplència. S'evidencia també com el temps lliure passa a ser considerat un àmbit plenament educatiu quan el carrer deixa de ser considerat un entorn negatiu a evitar i passa a ser entès com un espai educatiu a aprofitar. Pel que fa als participants, no es pot concretar a nivell general quina de les tres iniciatives és la mes popular o elitista. Hi ha experiències de tot tant per part de l'Administració, com de l'Església i també de la Societat Civil. Val a dir però, que les iniciatives promogudes des de l'administració municipal han estat majoritàriament properes a la població gironina més necessitada. També en aquest sentit cal ressaltar el treball realitzat des del bisbat a partir dels anys seixanta a través dels casals d'estiu i de les colònies de vacances.

The Pedagogical Congresses of Portuguese Secondary Teaching : the participation of female teachers (1927-1928)

This paper was written within the context of the research project “The development of teacher’ associative organizations and unionism (1889-1990)” funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Foundation for Science and Technology). Five important congresses about secondary education were organized in Portugal between 1927 and 1931. These congresses served to claim the rights of teachers and the consolidation of the class, as well as to promote the discussion of scientific and pedagogical problems. In these congresses, the presence of female teachers was residual. However, the few teachers who participated had a significant contribution to the definition of secondary education during the following decades. Among other issues, it contributed to the discussion of female education and to analyze the importance of Biology and Physical Education in high schools. This paper presents the analysis of the minutes of the 1927s and 1928s Congresses. This analysis allowed the assessment of the important role played by a group of teachers to define, at the end of the first third of the 20th century, the future guidelines of Portuguese secondary education. It also reported that these teachers were pioneers who opened the way for the increasing number of teachers in secondary education during the 20th century.

Criação de um Microtesauro na área da Dança

Este trabalho de Investigação teve como objetivo a construção de um microtesauro na área da Dança. Face à inexistência de um Tesauro especializado na área da Dança, quer a nível nacional, quer internacional, e para dar resposta às necessidades de uma recuperação mais eficaz de informação nas Unidades Documentaisi Especializadas em Dança. Neste caso, em particular, no Centro de Informação e Documentação (CDI) da Escola Superior de Dança (ESD). Percebeu-se que a construção deste microtesauro, tendo em conta as normas nacionais e internacionais para o efeito. No âmbito das funções desempenhadas no CDI foi identificada a necessidade de existir um instrumento de Linguagem Documental adequado, que permitisse nas Pesquisas bibliográficas, recuperar por Assunto os documentos existentes na Base de Dados. A Pesquisa Bibliográfica, apenas disponível por Título e por Autor, veio a revelar-se insuficiente, e a impossibilidade de pesquiasr os documentos por Assunto traduzia-se numa carência crescente dos utilizadores e do próprio Serviço. A Metodologia seguida para a construção deste Microtesauro, teve como base uma lista de Termos de Indexação construída a partir da análise de uma amostra de 125 monografias e a consulta de várias fontes de informção (monografias e obras de referência, linguagens documentais, e entrevistas informais a docentes da ESD). A análise, quantificação e qualificação dos termos que constituem este microtesauro teve o acompanhamento, avaliação e adequação contínua por parte de alguns docentes da ESD, investigadores e especialistas em Dança. A Dança, enquanto objeto de exploração teórica, revela-se uma disciplina transversal a várias áreas do conhecimento que, agrupadas em classes, correspondem a 8 áreas do saber, relacionadas com a Dança, tendo em consideração as temáticas do espólio documental do CDI e as matérias lecionadas nas Unidades Curriculares dos cursos de Licenciatura e Mestrados da ESD. O microtesauro na área da Dança, que resulta do nosso trabalho de investigação, é constituído por Descritores, Não-Descritores, e suas relações de equivalência hierárquicas e associativas, apresentando-se no final deste trabalho, em apêndice, devido à sua dimensão. O mesmo resulta de um processos de construção individual, inicialmente elaborado de forma manual e posteriormente transposto para um Software Documental CDS/ISIS para Windows, que veio agilizar a estruturação do microtesauro. Este microtesauro na área da Dança, em Língua Portuguesa, constitui um importante contributo para as Bibliotecas e Centros de Documentação que detêm documentação nesta área específica, dado colmatar uma lacuna existente neste domínio do conhecimento.

The informal museology

No matter how elementary the level of attention that is paid to contemporary Museology in Portugal, its multifaceted character should nevertheless be acknowledged. It is a site where concepts, attitudes and aims cross, translating not only museology’s general guidelines, but the role and the place that the different actors in the most diverse processes seek to occupy in society, in the affirmation of the shared right to a full citizenship. The different forms of museology that has developed throughout the country, in particular post April 25, vouchsafes the statement that, in parallel with State museums, there came to light hundreds of museological processes by initiative of the cultural and ecological associative movements, in addition to those of the reinvigorated autonomous power. There are tens of thousands of people who, in various ways - more or less elaborated or theorised - find in museology the privileged expression means on issues concerning so many heritages – historical, architectural, linguistic, archaeological or anthropological - within the context of the valorisation and identification of local specificities and competences.

Le musee local de la nouvelle generation au Portugal, un pas en avant dans la gestion communautaire qualitative : essai d'interprétation épistémologique

Le musée local, au Portugal, tel qu’il apparaît dans la perspective de la révolution socio-cultureile de 74, puis projeté à l’avant-scène de la muséologie portugaise renaissante, lors du IIe Atelier international de Nouvelle muséologie (Lisbonne/Seixal/Monte Redondo — Musées locaux/Nouvelle musólogie, novembre 85), se perpétue jusqu’à nos jours, tout au moins dans le discours de ses promoteurs, préoccupé par le rapport aux pouvoirs et aux populations. Fortement enraciné dans la structure municipale et associative, utilisé à ses débuts, à des degrés divers, comme un outil de militance communautaire, le musée local présente un modèle muséographique de type ethnographique diffusé à travers le pays. Celui-ci est fondé sur la participation de donateurs d’objets utiles de la vie courante, mis à contribution dans le programme, de même que sur l’apport des savoir-faire populaires et artisanaux, évitant de tomber dans le folklorisme par une réflexion alimentée par les universitaires. Ce mouvement naissant correspond à la mode de l’écomusée dont il épouse certains contours, tout en demeurant enraciné dans la tradition ethnographique du pays.

Texte de présentation sur les concepts muséologiques dans leurs rapports avec les systèmes muséologiques actuels responsables de bouleversements: une double hystérie ?

Les concepts, les notions, les langages qui en découlent, sont intimement lies aux systèmes et aux contextes qui alimentent la forme et la vie du musée. Depuis que la question se pose, où va la muséologie qui a emprunté la voie du changement dans les années 70, 80 et 90, une réflexion sur les principaux vecteurs de transformation de l’institution dex fois séculaire s’impose. Bien que la plupart des musées et de ses dérivatifs (60%) possédant une crédibilité dans le monde occidental , malgré les réformes de modernisation introduites ( attention aux publics, presentation améliorée ) demeurent attachés à la tradition qui en determine l’image, on peut affirmer, sans se tromper, qu’un pan considerable de la muséologie de la période post-moderne (20% en terme de volume d’activité ) est à peine reconnaissable, si on se réfère à la periode antérieure à la deuxième moitié du 20ème siècle. Le concept de MUSEE, dans deux champs antagonistes ou complémentaires, selon l’angle d’analyse, soit la muséologie entrée de plein pied dans les industries culturelles de l ‘ère des communications, et la muséologie (ou l’anti-musée) ayant adopté le parti-pris de l’intervention sociale, véhicules de systèmes idéologiques et organisationnels rompant radicalement avec un passé recent, se partageant entre la mondialisation globalisante et les aspirations du mouvement alter-mondialiste puissant dans la tradition associative. Tributaires d’une part des luttes libératrices (60/70), de la contestation des valeurs, d’autre part des technologies (80/90), de la globalisation (90. ), ces musólogies ( systéme binaire ) prennent la vedette à l’aide de changements irréversibles dans l’ordre des functions du musée.

Regional response differences across the human amygdaloid complex during social conditioning

The amygdala is consistently implicated in biologically relevant learning tasks such as Pavlovian conditioning. In humans, the ability to identify individual faces based on the social outcomes they have predicted in the past constitutes a critical form of associative learning that can be likened to “social conditioning.” To capture such learning in a laboratory setting, participants learned about faces that predicted negative, positive, or neutral social outcomes. Participants reported liking or disliking the faces in accordance with their learned social value. During acquisition, we observed differential functional magnetic resonance imaging activation across the human amygdaloid complex consistent with previous lesion, electrophysiological, and functional neuroimaging data. A region of the medial ventral amygdala and a region of the dorsal amygdala/substantia innominata showed signal increases to both Negative and Positive faces, whereas a lateral ventral region displayed a linear representation of the valence of faces such that Negative > Positive > Neutral. This lateral ventral locus also differed from the dorsal and medial loci in that the magnitude of these responses was more resistant to habituation. These findings document a role for the human amygdala in social learning and reveal coarse regional dissociations in amygdala activity that are consistent with previous human and nonhuman animal data.

Apparent digestibility and nitrogen utilisation of diets based on maize and grass silage fed to beef steers

Substituting grass silage with maize silage in forage mixtures may result in one forage influencing the nutritive value of another in terms of whole tract nutrient digestibility and N utilisation. This experiment investigated effects of four forage combinations being, grass silage (G); 67 g/100 g grass silage + 33 g/100 g maize silage (GGM); 67 g/100 g maize silage + 33 g/100 g grass silage (MMG); maize silage (M). All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (22.4 g N/kg dry matter [DM]) using a concentrate mixture. Ration digestibility and N balance was determined using 7 Holstein Friesian steers (mean body weight 411.0 +/- 120.9 kg) in a cross-over design. Inclusion of maize silage in the diet had a positive linear effect on forage and total DM intake (P = 0.001), and on apparent DM and organic matter digestibility (both P = 0.048). Regardless of the silage ratio used, the metabolisable energy concentration of maize silage was calculated to be higher than that of grass silage (P = 0.058), and linearly related to the relative proportions of the two silages in the forage mixture. Inclusion of maize silage in the diet resulted in a linear decline in the apparent digestibility of starch (P = 0.022), neutral detergent fibre (P < 0.001) and acid detergent fibre (P = 0.003). Nitrogen retention, expressed as amount retained per day or in terms of body weight (g/100 kg) increased linearly with maize inclusion (P = 0.047 and 0.046, respectively). Replacing grass silage with maize silage caused linear responses according to the proportions of each forage in the diet, and that there were no associative effects of combining forages. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The cognitive neurochemistry of nicotine

The rational for this review is to provide a coherent formulation of the cognitive neurochemistry of nicotine, with the aim of suggesting research and clinical applications. The first part is a comprehensive review of the empirical studies of the enhancing effects of nicotine on information processing, especially those on attentional and mnemonic processing. Then, these studies are put in the context of recent studies on the neurochemistry of nicotine and cholinergic drugs, in general. They suggest a positive effect of nicotine on processes acting on encoded material during the post acquisition phase, the process of consolidation. Thus, the involvement of nicotinic receptors in mnemonic processing is modulation of the excitability of neurons in the hippocampal formation to enable associative processing.

The role of perirhinal cortex in visual discrimination learning for visual secondary reinforcement in rats

Perirhinal cortex in monkeys has been thought to be involved in visual associative learning. The authors examined rats' ability to make associations between visual stimuli in a visual secondary reinforcement task. Rats learned 2-choice visual discriminations for secondary visual reinforcement. They showed significant learning of discriminations before any primary reinforcement. Following bilateral perirhinal cortex lesions, rats continued to learn visual discriminations for visual secondary reinforcement at the same rate as before surgery. Thus, this study does not support a critical role of perirhinal cortex in learning for visual secondary reinforcement. Contrasting this result with other positive results, the authors suggest that the role of perirhinal cortex is in "within-object" associations and that it plays a much lesser role in stimulus-stimulus associations between objects.

Subspace and wavelet-packet algorithms for de-noising and classifying broadband THz transients

The results from a range of different signal processing schemes used for the further processing of THz transients are contrasted. The performance of different classifiers after adopting these schemes are also discussed.

Fully complex-valued radial basis function networks: orthogonal least squares regression and classification

We consider a fully complex-valued radial basis function (RBF) network for regression and classification applications. For regression problems, the locally regularised orthogonal least squares (LROLS) algorithm aided with the D-optimality experimental design, originally derived for constructing parsimonious real-valued RBF models, is extended to the fully complex-valued RBF (CVRBF) network. Like its real-valued counterpart, the proposed algorithm aims to achieve maximised model robustness and sparsity by combining two effective and complementary approaches. The LROLS algorithm alone is capable of producing a very parsimonious model with excellent generalisation performance while the D-optimality design criterion further enhances the model efficiency and robustness. By specifying an appropriate weighting for the D-optimality cost in the combined model selecting criterion, the entire model construction procedure becomes automatic. An example of identifying a complex-valued nonlinear channel is used to illustrate the regression application of the proposed fully CVRBF network. The proposed fully CVRBF network is also applied to four-class classification problems that are typically encountered in communication systems. A complex-valued orthogonal forward selection algorithm based on the multi-class Fisher ratio of class separability measure is derived for constructing sparse CVRBF classifiers that generalise well. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated using the example of nonlinear beamforming for multiple-antenna aided communication systems that employ complex-valued quadrature phase shift keying modulation scheme. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Kernel classifier construction using orthogonal forward selection and boosting with Fisher ratio class separability measure

A greedy technique is proposed to construct parsimonious kernel classifiers using the orthogonal forward selection method and boosting based on Fisher ratio for class separability measure. Unlike most kernel classification methods, which restrict kernel means to the training input data and use a fixed common variance for all the kernel terms, the proposed technique can tune both the mean vector and diagonal covariance matrix of individual kernel by incrementally maximizing Fisher ratio for class separability measure. An efficient weighted optimization method is developed based on boosting to append kernels one by one in an orthogonal forward selection procedure. Experimental results obtained using this construction technique demonstrate that it offers a viable alternative to the existing state-of-the-art kernel modeling methods for constructing sparse Gaussian radial basis function network classifiers. that generalize well.

Fast kernel classifier construction using orthogonal forward selection to minimise leave-one-out misclassification rate

We propose a simple yet computationally efficient construction algorithm for two-class kernel classifiers. In order to optimise classifier's generalisation capability, an orthogonal forward selection procedure is used to select kernels one by one by minimising the leave-one-out (LOO) misclassification rate directly. It is shown that the computation of the LOO misclassification rate is very efficient owing to orthogonalisation. Examples are used to demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is a viable alternative to construct sparse two-class kernel classifiers in terms of performance and computational efficiency.