Business Cycles of Non-mono-cultural Developing Economies: The Case of ASEAN Countries

Based on analyses of actual data, we reveal that many Asian developing economies own economic structural features of "non-mono-cultural economy" and the "large primary good sector", which have not been discussed in developing economies RBC literature. We also examine the input-output tables to develop a model reflecting actual developing economies' structures. Referring to the analyses, we construct RBC models of ASEAN countries. Based on the model, we find that approximately half of GDP volatility is attributable to domestic productivity shocks, and the remaining half is attributable to price shocks.

A method to incorporate the effect of taxonomic uncertainty on multivariate analyses of ecological data

Researchers in ecology commonly use multivariate analyses (e.g. redundancy analysis, canonical correspondence analysis, Mantel correlation, multivariate analysis of variance) to interpret patterns in biological data and relate these patterns to environmental predictors. There has been, however, little recognition of the errors associated with biological data and the influence that these may have on predictions derived from ecological hypotheses. We present a permutational method that assesses the effects of taxonomic uncertainty on the multivariate analyses typically used in the analysis of ecological data. The procedure is based on iterative randomizations that randomly re-assign non identified species in each site to any of the other species found in the remaining sites. After each re-assignment of species identities, the multivariate method at stake is run and a parameter of interest is calculated. Consequently, one can estimate a range of plausible values for the parameter of interest under different scenarios of re-assigned species identities. We demonstrate the use of our approach in the calculation of two parameters with an example involving tropical tree species from western Amazonia: 1) the Mantel correlation between compositional similarity and environmental distances between pairs of sites, and; 2) the variance explained by environmental predictors in redundancy analysis (RDA). We also investigated the effects of increasing taxonomic uncertainty (i.e. number of unidentified species), and the taxonomic resolution at which morphospecies are determined (genus-resolution, family-resolution, or fully undetermined species) on the uncertainty range of these parameters. To achieve this, we performed simulations on a tree dataset from southern Mexico by randomly selecting a portion of the species contained in the dataset and classifying them as unidentified at each level of decreasing taxonomic resolution. An analysis of covariance showed that both taxonomic uncertainty and resolution significantly influence the uncertainty range of the resulting parameters. Increasing taxonomic uncertainty expands our uncertainty of the parameters estimated both in the Mantel test and RDA. The effects of increasing taxonomic resolution, however, are not as evident. The method presented in this study improves the traditional approaches to study compositional change in ecological communities by accounting for some of the uncertainty inherent to biological data. We hope that this approach can be routinely used to estimate any parameter of interest obtained from compositional data tables when faced with taxonomic uncertainty.

Multivariant non-failure analysis via standard abstract interpretation

Non-failure analysis aims at inferring that predicate calis in a program will never fail. This type of information has many applications in functional/logic programming. It is essential for determining lower bounds on the computational cost of calis, useful in the context of program parallelization, instrumental in partial evaluation and other program transformations, and has also been used in query optimization. In this paper, we re-cast the non-failure analysis proposed by Debray et al. as an abstract interpretation, which not only allows to investígate it from a standard and well understood theoretical framework, but has also several practical advantages. It allows us to incorpórate non-failure analysis into a standard, generic abstract interpretation engine. The analysis thus benefits from the fixpoint propagation algorithm, which leads to improved information propagation. Also, the analysis takes advantage of the multi-variance of the generic engine, so that it is now able to infer sepárate non-failure information for different cali patterns. Moreover, the implementation is simpler, and allows to perform non-failure and covering analyses alongside other analyses, such as those for modes and types, in the same framework. Finally, besides the precisión improvements and the additional simplicity, our implementation (in the Ciao/CiaoPP multiparadigm programming system) also shows better efRciency.

Genomic analyses of flowering transition and inflorescence development in grapevine = Análisis genómicos de la transición floral y del desarrollo de la inflorescencia en la vid

The general objective of this work is to analyze the regulatory processes underlying flowering transition and inflorescence and flower development in grapevine. Most of these crucial developmental events take place within buds growing during two seasons in two consecutive years. During the first season, the shoot apical meristem within the bud differentiates all the basic elements of the shoot including flowering transition in lateral primordia and development of inflorescence primordia. These events practically end with bud dormancy. The second season, buds resume shoot growth associated to flower formation and development. In grapevine, the lateral meristems can give rise either to tendril or inflorescence primordia that are homologous organs. With this purpose, we performed global transcriptome analyses along the bud annual cycle and during inflorescence and tendril development. In addition, we approach the genomic analysis of the MIKC type MADS-box gene family in grapevine to identify all its members and assign them putative biological functions. Regarding buds developmental cycle, the results indicate that the main factors explaining the global gene expression differences were the processes of bud dormancy and active growth as well as stress responses. Non dormant buds exhibited up-regulation in functional categories typical of actively proliferating and growing cells (photosynthesis, cell cycle regulation, chromatin assembly) whereas in dormant ones the main functional categories up-regulated were associated to stress response pathways together with transcripts related to starch catabolism. Major transcriptional changes during the dormancy period were associated to the para/endodormancy, endo/ecodormancy and ecodormancy/bud break transitions. Global transcriptional analyses along tendril and inflorescence development suggested that these two homologous organs share a common transcriptional program related to cell proliferation functions. Both structures showed a progressive decrease in the expression of categories such as cell-cycle, auxin metabolism/signaling, DNA metabolism, chromatin assembly and a cluster of five transcripts belonging to the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) transcription factor family, that are known to control cell proliferation in other species and determine the size of lateral organs. However, they also showed organ specific transcriptional programs that can be related to their differential organ structure and function. Tendrils showed higher transcription of genes related to photosynthesis, hormone signaling and secondary metabolism than inflorescences, while inflorescences have higher transcriptional activity for genes encoding transcription factors (especially those belonging to the MADS-box gene family). Further analysis along inflorescence development evidenced the relevance of additional functions likely related to processes of flower development such as fatty acid and lipid metabolism, jasmonate signaling and oxylipin biosynthesis. The transcriptional analyses performed highlighted the relevance of several groups of transcriptional regulators in the developmental processes studied. The expression profiles along bud development revealed significant differences for some MADS-box subfamilies in relation to other plant species, like the members of the FLC and SVP subfamilies suggesting new roles for these groups in grapevine. In this way, it was found that VvFLC2 and VvAGL15.1 could participate, together with some members of the SPL-L family, in dormancy regulation, as was shown for some of them in other woody plants. Similarly, the expression patterns of the VvFLC1, VvFUL, VvSOC1.1 (together with VvFT, VvMFT1 and VFL) genes could indicate that they play a role in flowering transition in grapevine, in parallel to their roles in other plant systems. The expression levels of VFL, the grapevine LEAFY homolog, could be crucial to specify the development of inflorescence and flower meristems instead of tendril meristems. MADS-box genes VvAP3.1 and 2, VvPI, VvAG1 and 3, VvSEP1-4, as well as VvBS1 and 2 are likely associated with the events of flower meristems and flower organs differentiation, while VvAP1 and VvFUL-L (together with VvSOC1.1, VvAGL6.2) could be involved on tendril development given their expression patterns. In addition, the biological function ofVvAP1 and VvTFL1A was analyzed using a gene silencing approach in transgenic grapevine plants. Our preliminary results suggested a possible role for both genes in the initiation and differentiation of tendrils. Finally, the genomic analysis of the MADS-box gene family in grapevine revealed differential features regarding number and expression pattern of genes putatively involved in the flowering transition process as compared to those involved in the specification of flower and fruit organ identity. Altogether, the results obtained allow identifying putative candidate genes and pathways regulating grapevine reproductive developmental processes paving the way to future experiments demonstrating specific gene biological functions. RESUMEN El objetivo general de este trabajo es analizar los procesos regulatorios subyacentes a la inducción floral así como al desarrollo de la inflorescencia y la flor en la vid. La mayor parte de estos eventos cruciales tienen lugar en las yemas a lo largo de dos estaciones de crecimiento consecutivas. Durante la primera estación, el meristemo apical contenido en la yema diferencia los elementos básicos del pámpano, lo cual incluye la inducción de la floración en los meristemos laterales y el subsiguiente desarrollo de primordios de inflorescencia. Estos procesos prácticamente cesan con la entrada en dormición de la yema. En la segunda estación, se reanuda el crecimiento del pámpano acompañado por la formación y desarrollo de las flores. En la vid, los meristemos laterales pueden dar lugar a primordios de inflorescencia o de zarcillo que son considerados órganos homólogos. Con este objetivo llevamos a cabo un estudio a nivel del transcriptoma de la yema a lo largo de su ciclo anual, así como a lo largo del desarrollo de la inflorescencia y del zarcillo. Además realizamos un análisis genómico de la familia MADS de factores transcripcionales (concretamente aquellos del tipo MIKC) para identificar todos sus miembros y tratar de asignarles posibles funciones biológicas. En cuanto al ciclo de desarrollo de la yema, los resultados indican que los principales factores que explican las diferencias globales en la expresión génica fueron los procesos de dormición de la yema y el crecimiento activo junto con las respuestas a diversos tipos de estrés. Las yemas no durmientes mostraron un incremento en la expresión de genes contenidos en categorías funcionales típicas de células en proliferación y crecimiento activo (como fotosíntesis, regulación del ciclo celular, ensamblaje de cromatina), mientras que en las yemas durmientes, las principales categorías funcionales activadas estaban asociadas a respuestas a estrés, así como con el catabolismo de almidón. Los mayores cambios observados a nivel de transcriptoma en la yema coincidieron con las transiciones de para/endodormición, endo/ecodormición y ecodormición/brotación. Los análisis transcripcionales globales a lo largo del desarrollo del zarcillo y de la inflorescencia sugirieron que estos dos órganos homólogos comparten un programa transcripcional común, relacionado con funciones de proliferación celular. Ambas estructuras mostraron un descenso progresivo en la expresión de genes pertenecientes a categorías funcionales como regulación del ciclo celular, metabolismo/señalización por auxinas, metabolismo de ADN, ensamblaje de cromatina y un grupo de cinco tránscritos pertenecientes a la familia de factores transcripcionales GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF), que han sido asociados con el control de la proliferación celular y en determinar el tamaño de los órganos laterales en otras especies. Sin embargo, también pusieron de manifiesto programas transcripcionales que podrían estar relacionados con la diferente estructura y función de dichos órganos. Los zarcillos mostraron mayor actividad transcripcional de genes relacionados con fotosíntesis, señalización hormonal y metabolismo secundario que las inflorescencias, mientras que éstas presentaron mayor actividad transcripcional de genes codificantes de factores de transcripción (especialmente los pertenecientes a la familia MADS-box). Análisis adicionales a lo largo del desarrollo de la inflorescencia evidenciaron la relevancia de otras funciones posiblemente relacionadas con el desarrollo floral, como el metabolismo de lípidos y ácidos grasos, la señalización mediada por jasmonato y la biosíntesis de oxilipinas. Los análisis transcripcionales llevados a cabo pusieron de manifiesto la relevancia de varios grupos de factores transcripcionales en los procesos estudiados. Los perfiles de expresión estudiados a lo largo del desarrollo de la yema mostraron diferencias significativas en algunas de las subfamilias de genes MADS con respecto a otras especies vegetales, como las observadas en los miembros de las subfamilias FLC y SVP, lo cual sugiere que podrían desempeñar nuevas funciones en la vid. En este sentido, se encontró que los genes VvFLC2 y VvAGL15.1 podrían participar, junto con algunos miembros de la familia SPL-L, en la regulación de la dormición. De un modo similar, los patrones de expresión de los genes VvFLC1, VvFUL, VvSOC1.1 (junto con VvFT, VvMFT1 y VFL) podría indicar que desempeñan un papel en la regulación de la inducción de la floración en la vid, como se ha observado en otros sistemas vegetales. Los niveles de expresión de VFL, el homólogo en vid del gen LEAFY de A. thaliana podrían ser cruciales para la especificación del desarrollo de meristemos de inflorescencia y flor en lugar de meristemos de zarcillo. Los genes VvAP3.1 y 2, VvPI, VvAG1 y 3, VvSEP1-4, así como VvBS1 y 2 parecen estar asociados con los eventos de diferenciación de meristemos y órganos florales, mientras que VvAP1 y VvFUL-L (junto con VvSOC1.1 y VvAGL6.2) podrían estar implicados en el desarrollo del zarcillo dados sus patrones de expresión. Adicionalmente, se analizó la función biológica de los genes VvAP1 y VvTFL1A por medio de una estrategia de silenciamiento génico. Los datos preliminares sugieren un posible papel para ambos genes en la iniciación y diferenciación de los zarcillos. Finalmente, el análisis genómico de la familia MADS en vid evidenció diferencias con respecto a otras especies vegetales en cuanto a número de miembros y patrón de expresión en genes supuestamente implicados en la inducción de la floración, en comparación con aquellos relacionados con la especificación de identidad de órganos florales y desarrollo del fruto. En conjunto, los resultados obtenidos han permitido identificar posibles rutas y genes candidatos a participar en la regulación de los procesos de desarrollo reproductivo de la vid, sentando las bases de futuros experimentos encaminados a conocer la funciones biológicas de genes específicos.

Hexagons and spiral defect chaos in non-Boussinesq convection at low Prandtl numbers

We study the stability and dynamics of non-Boussinesq convection in pure gases ?CO2 and SF6? with Prandtl numbers near Pr? 1 and in a H2-Xe mixture with Pr= 0.17. Focusing on the strongly nonlinear regime we employ Galerkin stability analyses and direct numerical simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations. For Pr ? 1 and intermediate non-Boussinesq effects we find reentrance of stable hexagons as the Rayleigh number is increased. For stronger non-Boussinesq effects the usual, transverse side-band instability is superseded by a longitudinal side-band instability. Moreover, the hexagons do not exhibit any amplitude instability to rolls. Seemingly, this result contradicts the experimentally observed transition from hexagons to rolls. We resolve this discrepancy by including the effect of the lateral walls. Non-Boussinesq effects modify the spiral defect chaos observed for larger Rayleigh numbers. For convection in SF6 we find that non-Boussinesq effects strongly increase the number of small, compact convection cells and with it enhance the cellular character of the patterns. In H2-Xe, closer to threshold, we find instead an enhanced tendency toward roll-like structures. In both cases the number of spirals and of targetlike components is reduced. We quantify these effects using recently developed diagnostics of the geometric properties of the patterns.

Reentrant hexagons in non-Boussinesq convection.

While non-Boussinesq hexagonal convection patterns are known to be stable close to threshold (i.e. for Rayleigh numbers R ? Rc ), it has often been assumed that they are always unstable to rolls for slightly higher Rayleigh numbers. Using the incompressible Navier?Stokes equations for parameters corresponding to water as the working fluid, we perform full numerical stability analyses of hexagons in the strongly nonlinear regime ( ? (R ? Rc )/Rc = O(1)). We find ?re-entrant? behaviour of the hexagons, i.e. as is increased they can lose and regain stability. This can occur for values of as low as = 0.2. We identify two factors contributing to the re-entrance: (i) far above threshold there exists a hexagon attractor even in Boussinesq convection as has been shown recently and (ii) the non-Boussinesq effects increase with . Using direct simulations for circular containers we show that the re-entrant hexagons can prevail even for sidewall conditions that favour convection in the form of competing stable rolls. For sufficiently strong non-Boussinesq effects hexagons even become stable over the whole -range considered, 0 6 6 1.5.

Assessment of expected damage on buildings subjected to Lorca earthquake through an energy-based seismic index method and nonlinear dynamic response analyses

The city of Lorca (Spain) was hit on May 11th, 2011, by two consecutive earth-quakes of magnitudes 4.6 and 5.2 Mw, causing casualties and important damage in buildings. Many of the damaged structures were reinforced concrete frames with wide beams. This study quantifies the expected level of damage on this structural type in the case of the Lorca earth-quake by means of a seismic index Iv that compares the energy input by the earthquake with the energy absorption/dissipation capacity of the structure. The prototype frames investigated represent structures designed in two time periods (1994–2002 and 2003–2008), in which the applicable codes were different. The influence of the masonry infill walls and the proneness of the frames to concentrate damage in a given story were further investigated through nonlinear dynamic response analyses. It is found that (1) the seismic index method predicts levels of damage that range from moderate/severe to complete collapse; this prediction is consistent with the observed damage; (2) the presence of masonry infill walls makes the structure very prone to damage concentration and reduces the overall seismic capacity of the building; and (3) a proper hierarchy of strength between beams and columns that guarantees the formation of a strong column-weak beam mechanism (as prescribed by seismic codes), as well as the adoption of counter-measures to avoid the negative interaction between non-structural infill walls and the main frame, would have reduced the level of damage from Iv=1 (collapse) to about Iv=0.5 (moderate/severe damage)

Real-Time Dynamic PGD Calculation of Non-Linear Soil Behavior

El estudio sísmico en los últimos 50 años y el análisis del comportamiento dinámico del suelo revelan que el comportamiento del suelo es altamente no lineal e histéretico incluso para pequeñas deformaciones. El comportamiento no lineal del suelo durante un evento sísmico tiene un papel predominante en el análisis de la respuesta de sitio. Los análisis unidimensionales de la respuesta sísmica del suelo son a menudo realizados utilizando procedimientos lineales equivalentes, que requieren generalmente pocos parámetros conocidos. Los análisis de respuesta de sitio no lineal tienen el potencial para simular con mayor precisión el comportamiento del suelo, pero su aplicación en la práctica se ha visto limitada debido a la selección de parámetros poco documentadas y poco claras, así como una inadecuada documentación de los beneficios del modelado no lineal en relación al modelado lineal equivalente. En el análisis del suelo, el comportamiento del suelo es aproximado como un sólido Kelvin-Voigt con un módulo de corte elástico y amortiguamiento viscoso. En el análisis lineal y no lineal del suelo se están considerando geometrías y modelos reológicos más complejos. El primero está siendo dirigido por considerar parametrizaciones más ricas del comportamiento linealizado y el segundo mediante el uso de multi-modo de los elementos de resorte-amortiguador con un eventual amortiguador fraccional. El uso del cálculo fraccional está motivado en gran parte por el hecho de que se requieren menos parámetros para lograr la aproximación exacta a los datos experimentales. Basándose en el modelo de Kelvin-Voigt, la viscoelasticidad es revisada desde su formulación más estándar a algunas descripciones más avanzada que implica la amortiguación dependiente de la frecuencia (o viscosidad), analizando los efectos de considerar derivados fraccionarios para representar esas contribuciones viscosas. Vamos a demostrar que tal elección se traduce en modelos más ricos que pueden adaptarse a diferentes limitaciones relacionadas con la potencia disipada, amplitud de la respuesta y el ángulo de fase. Por otra parte, el uso de derivados fraccionarios permite acomodar en paralelo, dentro de un análogo de Kelvin-Voigt generalizado, muchos amortiguadores que contribuyen a aumentar la flexibilidad del modelado para la descripción de los resultados experimentales. Obviamente estos modelos ricos implican muchos parámetros, los asociados con el comportamiento y los relacionados con los derivados fraccionarios. El análisis paramétrico de estos modelos requiere técnicas numéricas eficientemente capaces de simular comportamientos complejos. El método de la Descomposición Propia Generalizada (PGD) es el candidato perfecto para la construcción de este tipo de soluciones paramétricas. Podemos calcular off-line la solución paramétrica para el depósito de suelo, para todos los parámetros del modelo, tan pronto como tales soluciones paramétricas están disponibles, el problema puede ser resuelto en tiempo real, porque no se necesita ningún nuevo cálculo, el solucionador sólo necesita particularizar on-line la solución paramétrica calculada off-line, que aliviará significativamente el procedimiento de solución. En el marco de la PGD, parámetros de los materiales y los diferentes poderes de derivación podrían introducirse como extra-coordenadas en el procedimiento de solución. El cálculo fraccional y el nuevo método de reducción modelo llamado Descomposición Propia Generalizada han sido aplicado en esta tesis tanto al análisis lineal como al análisis no lineal de la respuesta del suelo utilizando un método lineal equivalente. ABSTRACT Studies of earthquakes over the last 50 years and the examination of dynamic soil behavior reveal that soil behavior is highly nonlinear and hysteretic even at small strains. Nonlinear behavior of soils during a seismic event has a predominant role in current site response analysis. One-dimensional seismic ground response analysis are often performed using equivalent-linear procedures, which require few, generally well-known parameters. Nonlinear analyses have the potential to more accurately simulate soil behavior, but their implementation in practice has been limited because of poorly documented and unclear parameter selection, as well as inadequate documentation of the benefits of nonlinear modeling relative to equivalent linear modeling. In soil analysis, soil behaviour is approximated as a Kelvin-Voigt solid with a elastic shear modulus and viscous damping. In linear and nonlinear analysis more complex geometries and more complex rheological models are being considered. The first is being addressed by considering richer parametrizations of the linearized behavior and the second by using multi-mode spring-dashpot elements with eventual fractional damping. The use of fractional calculus is motivated in large part by the fact that fewer parameters are required to achieve accurate approximation of experimental data. Based in Kelvin-Voigt model the viscoelastodynamics is revisited from its most standard formulation to some more advanced description involving frequency-dependent damping (or viscosity), analyzing the effects of considering fractional derivatives for representing such viscous contributions. We will prove that such a choice results in richer models that can accommodate different constraints related to the dissipated power, response amplitude and phase angle. Moreover, the use of fractional derivatives allows to accommodate in parallel, within a generalized Kelvin-Voigt analog, many dashpots that contribute to increase the modeling flexibility for describing experimental findings. Obviously these rich models involve many parameters, the ones associated with the behavior and the ones related to the fractional derivatives. The parametric analysis of all these models require efficient numerical techniques able to simulate complex behaviors. The Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD) is the perfect candidate for producing such kind of parametric solutions. We can compute off-line the parametric solution for the soil deposit, for all parameter of the model, as soon as such parametric solutions are available, the problem can be solved in real time because no new calculation is needed, the solver only needs particularize on-line the parametric solution calculated off-line, which will alleviate significantly the solution procedure. Within the PGD framework material parameters and the different derivation powers could be introduced as extra-coordinates in the solution procedure. Fractional calculus and the new model reduction method called Proper Generalized Decomposition has been applied in this thesis to the linear analysis and nonlinear soil response analysis using a equivalent linear method.

The role of the social environment in non-suicidal self-injury among LGBTQ youth: A mixed methods study

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), such as cutting and burning, is a widespread social problem among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth. Extant research indicates that this population is more than twice as likely to engage in NSSI than heterosexual and cisgender (non-transgender) youth. Despite the scope of this social problem, it remains relatively unexamined in the literature. Research on other risk behaviors among LGBTQ youth indicates that experiencing homophobia and transphobia in key social contexts such as families, schools, and peer relationships contributes to health disparities among this group. Consequently, the aims of this study were to examine: (1) the relationship between LGBTQ youth's social environments and their NSSI behavior, and (2) whether/how specific aspects of the social environment contribute to an understanding of NSSI among LGBTQ youth. This study was conducted using an exploratory, sequential mixed methods design with two phases. The first phase of the study involved analysis of transcripts from interviews conducted with 44 LGBTQ youth recruited from a community-based organization. In this phase, five qualitative themes were identified: (1) Violence; (2) Misconceptions, Stigma, and Shame; (3) Negotiating LGBTQ Identity; (4) Invisibility and Isolation; and (5) Peer Relationships. Results from the qualitative phase were used to identify key variables and specify statistical models in the second, quantitative, phase of the study, using secondary data from a survey of 252 LGBTQ youth. The qualitative phase revealed how LGBTQ youth, themselves, described the role of the social environment in their NSSI behavior, while the quantitative phase was used to determine whether the qualitative findings could be used to predict engagement in NSSI among a larger sample of LGBTQ youth. The quantitative analyses found that certain social-environmental factors such as experiencing physical abuse at home, feeling unsafe at school, and greater openness about sexual orientation significantly predicted the likelihood of engaging in NSSI among LGBTQ youth. Furthermore, depression partially mediated the relationships between family physical abuse and NSSI and feeling unsafe at school and NSSI. The qualitative and quantitative results were compared in the interpretation phase to explore areas of convergence and incongruence. Overall, this study's findings indicate that social-environmental factors are salient to understanding NSSI among LGBTQ youth. The particular social contexts in which LGBTQ youth live significantly influence their engagement in this risk behavior. These findings can inform the development of culturally relevant NSSI interventions that address the social realities of LGBTQ youth's lives.

Vegetation Changes to the Okavango Delta, Botswana; A Comparison Between Managed and Non-Managed Areas

This capstone explores vegetation changes in the Okavango Delta area of Botswana. Spatial analyses were conducted using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Normalized Difference Vegetation Index satellite imagery and Geographic Information System land management data to compare vegetation changes within managed areas to determine whether management practices have had beneficial or adverse impacts. Rainfall, logging, and livestock data were utilized to attempt to find a link to precipitation, logging, or overgrazing. After analysis the livestock data were the only one that showed a correlation to the vegetation changes observed. Of the vegetation cover types analyzed, forest showed the most change, a significant decrease. Little difference in vegetation changes was found in the managed areas, indicating that land management techniques are ineffective.

Contribution à la validation du modèle cognitif du trouble obsessionnel- compulsif : le rôle des expériences de l’enfance et des états affectifs

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, le modèle cognitif basé sur les interprétations (Groupe de recherche sur la cognition dans le trouble obsessionnel compulsif [OCCWG], 1997, 2001, 2003, 2005) représente le modèle psychologique de l’étiologie et du maintien du TOC le plus étudié au plan empirique. Cependant, peu de recherches ont porté sur les deux postulats importants du modèle touchant respectivement le développement des croyances liées à l’obsessionnalité et la contribution des états affectifs au maintien des interprétations et des croyances (réactivité cognitive). L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à la validation empirique de ces postulats. Fondé sur un devis corrélationnel dans un échantillon de participants mixte (participants troubles obsessionnels-compulsifs et participants non cliniques), le premier article étudie les liens entre les expériences de l’enfance et la présence de croyances obsessionnelles chez l’adulte. Deux modèles alternatifs sont comparés qui représentent d’une part un lien spécifique, et d’autre part un lien non spécifique entre les expériences de l’enfance et les croyances obsessionnelles adultes. Les résultats suggèrent la présence à la fois de relations spécifiques et non spécifiques entre les expériences de l’enfance et les croyances adultes. Les expériences de l’enfance et les domaines de croyance obsessionnels qui montrent des liens spécifiques sont ceux relatifs à la responsabilité, à la perception du danger, et au perfectionnisme. En contrepartie, les expériences de l’enfance relatives à la perception de danger et dans une moindre mesure la sociotropie, apparaissent étroitement liés à la plupart des domaines de croyances adultes (intolérance à l’incertitude, surestimation du danger, importance et contrôle des pensées). Dans la seconde étude, nous nous intéressons à la mesure et l’analyse longitudinales de la réactivité cognitive telle qu’elle s’exprime dans l’environnement naturel de huit participants troubles obsessionnels-compulsifs de type ruminateur. Par le biais de huit protocoles à cas uniques intensifs, l’analyse de contingence entre les scores quotidiens d’humeur (4 états émotionnels cotés par participant) et d’interprétations (une interprétation idiographique des intrusions par participant) permet d’établir une mesure de l’importance de la réactivité cognitive chez chaque participant. Ces résultats sont ensuite analysés du point de vue des postulats principaux de deux modèles spécifiques de la réactivité cognitive (modèle de l’Infusion de l’affect [Forgas, 2008] et modèle de l’Humeur comme intrant [Meeten & Davey, 2011]. Ainsi, les analyses intra-individuelles répétées trans-comportements) et interindividuelles (trans-participants) permettent d’illustrer le rôle proximal déterminant des stratégies de traitement de l’information (traitement systématique; traitement superficiel; traitement altéré) employées par les participants. En résumé, les résultats obtenus dans ces deux études fournissent des données utiles à la poursuite de la validation du modèle des interprétations du TOC. Dans la première étude, l’identification de liens spécifiques entre les EE et les croyances obsessionnelles soutient la séquence étiologique postulée, alors que l’identification de liens non spécifiques suggère que d’autres trajectoires étiologiques peuvent être pertinentes. Dans la seconde étude, l’analyse longitudinale et naturaliste des covariations humeur – interprétations se révèle d’abord féconde à identifier les phénomènes de réactivité cognitive postulés dans le modèle des interprétations. Ensuite, en conformité aux modèles intégrés de la réactivité cognitive, l’analyse des liens entre cette réactivité et les stratégies privilégiées de neutralisation des participants permet d’identifier le rôle clé des différentes stratégies de traitement de l’information dans la réactivité cognitive.

Quantifying Non-Tariff Measures for TTIP. Paper No. 12 in the CEPS-CTR project ‘TTIP in the Balance’ and CEPS Special Report No. 116/July 2015

This paper provides an overview of methods employed to quantify non-tariff measures (NTMs) and then analyses their differences and looks at what these mean for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) negotiations. The authors find several similarities in the approaches taken. Because all studies conclude that NTMs matter, they argue that policy-makers are right to focus on ‘regulatory cooperation’ in TTIP. Given the significant differences in NTMs across sectors, policy-makers are urged to dive deep into sector-specific elements of NTMs and focus on those sectors where the largest potential gains can be made (i.e. where NTMs are highest, such as in agriculture, automobiles, steel, textiles and insurance services). An area identified for further research is the fact that unlike trade taxes (i.e. tariffs), regulatory barriers to trade are not generally targeted as the primary policy objective, but rather stem from other strategic policy concerns such as consumer safety and/or social and environmental protection. This element should be further investigated.

An intergenic non-coding RNA targets and regulates the ribosome in H. volcanii.

As translation is the final step in gene expression it is particularly important to understand the processes involved in translation regulation. It was shown in the last years that a class of RNA, the nonprotein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), is involved in regulation of gene expression via various mechanisms (e.g. gene silencing by microRNAs). Almost all of these ncRNA discovered so far target the mRNA in order to modulate protein biosynthesis, this is rather unexpected considering the crucial role of the ribosome during gene expression. However, recent data from our laboratory showed that there is a new class of ncRNAs, which target the ribosome itself [Gebetsberger et al., 2012/ Pircher et al, 2014]. These so called ribosome-associated ncRNAs (rancRNAs) have an impact on translation regulation, mainly by interfering / modulating the rate of protein biosynthesis. The main goal of this project is to identify and describe novel potential regulatory rancRNAs in H. volcanii with the focus on intergenic candidates. Northern blot analyses already revealed interactions with the ribosome and showed differential expression of rancRNAs during different growth phases or under specific stress conditions. To investigate the biological relevance of these rancRNAs, knock-outs were generated in H. volcanii which were used for phenotypic characterization studies. The rancRNA s194 showed association with the 50S ribosomal subunit in vitro and in vivo and was capable of inhibiting peptide bond formation. These preliminary data for the rancRNA s194 make it an interesting candidate for further functional studies to identify the molecular mechanisms by which rancRNAs can modulate protein biosynthesis. Characterization of further rancRNA candidates are also underway.

Contribution à la validation du modèle cognitif du trouble obsessionnel- compulsif : le rôle des expériences de l’enfance et des états affectifs

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, le modèle cognitif basé sur les interprétations (Groupe de recherche sur la cognition dans le trouble obsessionnel compulsif [OCCWG], 1997, 2001, 2003, 2005) représente le modèle psychologique de l’étiologie et du maintien du TOC le plus étudié au plan empirique. Cependant, peu de recherches ont porté sur les deux postulats importants du modèle touchant respectivement le développement des croyances liées à l’obsessionnalité et la contribution des états affectifs au maintien des interprétations et des croyances (réactivité cognitive). L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à la validation empirique de ces postulats. Fondé sur un devis corrélationnel dans un échantillon de participants mixte (participants troubles obsessionnels-compulsifs et participants non cliniques), le premier article étudie les liens entre les expériences de l’enfance et la présence de croyances obsessionnelles chez l’adulte. Deux modèles alternatifs sont comparés qui représentent d’une part un lien spécifique, et d’autre part un lien non spécifique entre les expériences de l’enfance et les croyances obsessionnelles adultes. Les résultats suggèrent la présence à la fois de relations spécifiques et non spécifiques entre les expériences de l’enfance et les croyances adultes. Les expériences de l’enfance et les domaines de croyance obsessionnels qui montrent des liens spécifiques sont ceux relatifs à la responsabilité, à la perception du danger, et au perfectionnisme. En contrepartie, les expériences de l’enfance relatives à la perception de danger et dans une moindre mesure la sociotropie, apparaissent étroitement liés à la plupart des domaines de croyances adultes (intolérance à l’incertitude, surestimation du danger, importance et contrôle des pensées). Dans la seconde étude, nous nous intéressons à la mesure et l’analyse longitudinales de la réactivité cognitive telle qu’elle s’exprime dans l’environnement naturel de huit participants troubles obsessionnels-compulsifs de type ruminateur. Par le biais de huit protocoles à cas uniques intensifs, l’analyse de contingence entre les scores quotidiens d’humeur (4 états émotionnels cotés par participant) et d’interprétations (une interprétation idiographique des intrusions par participant) permet d’établir une mesure de l’importance de la réactivité cognitive chez chaque participant. Ces résultats sont ensuite analysés du point de vue des postulats principaux de deux modèles spécifiques de la réactivité cognitive (modèle de l’Infusion de l’affect [Forgas, 2008] et modèle de l’Humeur comme intrant [Meeten & Davey, 2011]. Ainsi, les analyses intra-individuelles répétées trans-comportements) et interindividuelles (trans-participants) permettent d’illustrer le rôle proximal déterminant des stratégies de traitement de l’information (traitement systématique; traitement superficiel; traitement altéré) employées par les participants. En résumé, les résultats obtenus dans ces deux études fournissent des données utiles à la poursuite de la validation du modèle des interprétations du TOC. Dans la première étude, l’identification de liens spécifiques entre les EE et les croyances obsessionnelles soutient la séquence étiologique postulée, alors que l’identification de liens non spécifiques suggère que d’autres trajectoires étiologiques peuvent être pertinentes. Dans la seconde étude, l’analyse longitudinale et naturaliste des covariations humeur – interprétations se révèle d’abord féconde à identifier les phénomènes de réactivité cognitive postulés dans le modèle des interprétations. Ensuite, en conformité aux modèles intégrés de la réactivité cognitive, l’analyse des liens entre cette réactivité et les stratégies privilégiées de neutralisation des participants permet d’identifier le rôle clé des différentes stratégies de traitement de l’information dans la réactivité cognitive.

Results of a sediment profile and water analyses from Lake Hancza in northeastern Poland

We investigated the sedimentary record of Lake Hancza (northeastern Poland) using a multi-proxy approach, focusing on early to mid-Holocene climatic and environmental changes. AMS 14C dating of terrestrial macrofossils and sedimentation rate estimates from occasional varve thickness measurements were used to establish a chronology. The onset of the Holocene at c. 11600 cal. a BP is marked by the decline of Lateglacial shrub vegetation and a shift from clastic-detrital deposition to an autochthonous sedimentation dominated by biochemical calcite precipitation. Between 10000 and 9000 cal. a BP, a further environmental and climatic improvement is indicated by the spread of deciduous forests, an increase in lake organic matter and a 1.7% rise in the oxygen isotope ratios of both endogenic calcite and ostracod valves. Rising d18O values were probably caused by a combination of hydrological and climatic factors. The persistence of relatively cold and dry climate conditions in northeastern Poland during the first one and a half millennia of the Holocene could be related to a regional eastern European atmospheric circulation pattern. Prevailing anticyclonic circulation linked to a high-pressure cell above the retreating Scandinavian Ice Sheet might have blocked the influence of warm and moist Westerlies and attenuated the early Holocene climatic amelioration in the Lake Hancza region until the final decay of the ice sheet.