Abbandono del territorio e dissesto idrogeologico in Appennino bolognese: analisi delle dinamiche e degli interventi di gestione idraulico-forestale

The abandonment of less productive fields and agro-forest activities has occured in the last decades, interesting large mountain areas in all mediterranean basin. Until the fifties, agricultural practices dealt mainly with soil surface and surface runoff control systems. However, the apparent sustainability of soil use results often in contrast with historical documents, witnessing heavy hydrogeological instability, in naturally fragile areas. The research focused on the dynamics and effects of post-coltural land abandonment in a critical mountain area of the Reno River. The Reno River rappresents a typical Tuscan-Emilian Apennines Watershed where soil erosion occurs under very different conditions depending on interactions between land use, climate, geomorphology and lithology. Landslides are largely rappresented, due to the diffusion of clay hill slopes. Recent researches suggest that climatic variability will increase as a consequence of global climate change, resulting in greater frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, which could increase rates of erosion, landslides reactivations and diffusion of calanchive basins. As far as hill slopes are concerned, instability is today basically due to intrinsic factors, as the Apennine range is a rather young formation, in geological terms, and is mainly formed by sedimentary rocks with high occurrence of clays. Therefore landslides and rockfalls are very frequent, while surface soil erosion is generally low and anyway concentrated in the low Apennine, where intensive farming is still economically worth. The study, supported by GIS use, analyses the main fisical characteristics of the area and the historical changes of land use, and focalizes the dynamics of spontaneous reafforestation. Futhermore, the research studies the results of soil bioengineering and surface water control solutions for the restablishment of landslides occured in the last period. Infact soil bioengineering has been recently used in different situations in order to consolidate slopes and hillsides and prevent erosion; when applied, it gave good results, both in terms of engineering efficiency and vegetational development, expecially if combined with a good hydraulic control, thus proving to be an actual alternative to other techniques with heavier environmental impacts. Research into the specific site features and the use of proper plant species is vital to the success of bioengineering works.

Sviluppo di tecniche di analisi ifenate per la quantificazione di biomarcatori di esposizione a tossici ambientali: gli acidi mercapturici

Human biomonitoring (HBM) is an ideal tool for evaluating toxicant exposure in health risk assessment. Chemical substances or their metabolites related to environmental pollutants can be detected as biomarkers of exposure using a wide variety of biological fluids. Individual exposure to aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (benzene, toluene, and o-xylene –“BTX”) were analysed with a liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (μHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantitative detection of the BTX exposure biomarker SPMA, SBMA and o-MBMA in human urine. Urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) is a biomarker proposed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) for assessing occupational exposure to benzene (Biological Exposure Index of 25 microg/g creatinine). Urinary S-benzylmercapturic (SBMA) and o-methyl S-benzyl mercapturic acid (o-MBMA) are specific toluene and o-xylene metabolites of glutathione detoxicant pathways, proposed as reliable biomarkers of exposure. To this aim a pre-treatment of the urine with solid phase extraction (SPE) and an evaporation step were necessary to concentrate the mercapturic acids before instrumental analysis. A liquid chromatography separation was carried out with a reversed phase capillary column (Synergi 4u Max-RP) using a binary gradient composed of an acquous solution of formic acid 0.07% v/v and methanol. The mercapturic acids were determinated by negative-ion-mass spectrometry and the data were corrected using isotope-labelled analogs as internal standards. The analytical method follows U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidance and was applied to assess exposure to BTX in a group of 396 traffic wardens. The association between biomarker results and individual factors, such as age, sex and tobacco smoke were also investigated. The present work also included improvements in the methods used by modifying various chromatographic parameters and experimental procedures. A partial validation was conducted to evaluate LOD, precision, accuracy, recovery as well as matrix effects. Higher sensitivity will be possible in future biological monitoring programmes, allowing evaluation of very low level of BTX human exposure. Keywords: Human biomonitoring, aromatic hydrocarbons, biomarker of exposure, HPLC-MS/MS.

Programmazione funzionale in spazio logaritmico: una libreria di funzione aritmetiche

In questa Tesi forniamo una libreria di funzioni aritmetiche che operano in spazio logaritmico rispetto all'input. Partiamo con un'analisi dei campi in cui è necessario o conveniente porre dei limiti, in termini di spazio utilizzato, alla computazione di un determinato software. Vista la larga diffusione del Web, si ha a che fare con collezioni di dati enormi e che magari risiedono su server remoti: c'è quindi la necessità di scrivere programmi che operino su questi dati, pur non potendo questi dati entrare tutti insieme nella memoria di lavoro del programma stesso. In seguito studiamo le nozioni teoriche di Complessità, in particolare quelle legate allo spazio di calcolo, utilizzando un modello alternativo di Macchina di Turing: la Offline Turing Machine. Presentiamo quindi un nuovo “modello” di programmazione: la computazione bidirezionale, che riteniamo essere un buon modo di strutturare la computazione limitata in spazio. Forniamo poi una “guida al programmatore” per un linguaggio di recente introduzione, IntML, che permettere la realizzazione di programmi logspace mantenendo però il tradizionale stile di programmazione funzionale. Infine, per mostrare come IntML permetta concretamente di scrivere programmi limitati in spazio, realizziamo una libreria di funzioni aritmetiche che operano in spazio logaritmico. In particolare, mostriamo funzioni per calcolare divisione intera e resto sui naturali, e funzioni per confrontare, sommare e moltiplicare numeri espressi come parole binarie.

Analisi sperimentale e verifica di fattibilità di elementi strtturali rinforzati con fibre naturali

Campagna sperimentale e ricerca bibliografica su elementi rinforzati con fibre naturali, in particolare fibre di canapa. Definizione delle caratteristiche meccaniche e comportamento a trazione.