Gestão dos recursos hídricos no processo de desenvolvimento sustentável de Cabo Verde: uma proposta

A água é vital para a sobrevivência, saúde e dignidade do ser humano e uma fonte fundamental para o seu desenvolvimento. As reservas de água potável no mundo estão sob pressão constante embora muitos ainda não tenham acesso a esse precioso líquido para atender ás necessidades básicas. A água é um recurso natural com valor económico, estratégico e social. A percepção da escassez tem levado governos, a reorganizar o ambiente institucional e definir novos direitos de propriedade por meio de um sistema de gestão participativo e descentralizado que estimule a utilização do recurso de forma racional. A investigação está direccionada à gestão e à implementação da Lei n.º 41/II/84 de 18 de Junho, que Aprova o Código de Águas que estabelece as bases gerais do regime jurídico de propriedade, protecção, conservação, desenvolvimento, administração e uso dos recursos. O enfoque da pesquisa é as Instituições Governamentais que lidam com a água e as Associações de Bacias hidrográficas que, com os seus olhares e saberes, contribuem com informações para que se construa uma Proposta de Modelo de Gestão numa perspectiva de sustentabilidade. A proposta de modelo pretende contribuir para uma gestão sustentada. A pesquisa é do tipo qualitativa e usa como metodologia o Estudo de Caso. Foi constatada a complexidade da gestão das águas em Cabo Verde, na qual existem ainda muitos entraves e desafios. A Bacia Hidrográfica é a unidade básica de gestão, onde as Associações, as Câmaras Municipais, os Serviços Autónomos de Água e Saneamento, o Instituto Nacional de Gestão dos recursos Hidricos desempenham o papel de gerí-la e preservá-la. Foram identificados como dificuldades: a posse da água não está bem clara, o que dificulta a gestão da Bacia; os conflitos sociais são frequentes quanto ao uso da água no que tange à poluição; a população rural não está devidamente contemplada na gestão dos recursos hídricos. Por fim, constatou-se que Cabo Verde possui as ferramentas para a evolução da Gestão dos Recursos Hídricos, que é o Código de Água. Water is vital for the survival, health and dignity of the human being and a basic source for development. The drinking waters reserves in the world are under constant pressure. The water can be considered a natural resource with economic, strategically and social values. The perception of the scarcity has taken governments, to reorganize the institutional environment and to define new rights of property by means of participation and decentralized system of management that stimulates the use of the resource in rational form. This investigation addressed the Administration of Water Resources in Cabo Verde and the implementation of Law n.º 41/II/84 of 18 of June, which established the National Policy of Water Resources and the National System of Management. The approach of the research is the Governmental Institutions that deal with the water and the Associations that, at a glance, contribute with information that builds the proposal of water resources management in a sustainability perspective. The proposal has as objective to provide subsidies to advance more and more the research regarding sustainability in the administration of waters. The research was qualitative and it used as methodology the Study Case. We identified as difficulties: the ownership of the water is not well clear; the social conflicts are frequent concerning how to use the water. Finally, it was evidenced that Cape Verde has the tools for the evolution of water resources management, which is the Water Code.

Does Direct Democracy Matters for Political Parties : An Empirical Test in the Swiss Cantons

According to most political scientists and commentators, direct democracy seems to weaken political parties. Our empirical analysis in the 26 Swiss cantons shows that this thesis in its general form cannot be maintained. Political parties in cantons with extensive use of referendums and initiatives are not in all respects weaker than parties in cantons with little use of direct democratic means of participation. On the contrary, direct democracy goes together with more professional and formalized party organizations. Use of direct democracy is associated with more fragmented and volatile party systems, and with greater support for small parties, but causal interpretations of these relationships are difficult.

International Standardisation and Local Participatory Dynamics : The INTERNORM Project

This paper presents a pilot project (INTERNORM) funded by the University of Lausanne (2010 - 2013) to support the involvement of civil society organisations (CSO) in international standard setting bodies such as the ISO. It analyses how a distinct participatory mechanism can influence the institutional environment of technical diplomacy in which standards are shaped. The project is an attempt to respond to the democratic deficit attested in the field of international standardisation, formally open to civil society participation, but still largely dominated by expert knowledge and market players. Many international standards have direct implications on society as a whole, but CSOs (consumers and environmental associations, trade unions) are largely under-represented in negotiation arenas. The paper draws upon international relations literature on new institutional forms in global governance and studies of participation in science and technology. It argues that there are significant limitations to the rise of civil society participation in such global governance mechanisms. The INTERNORM project has been designed as a platform of knowledge exchange between CSO and academic experts, with earmarked funding and official membership to a national standardisation body. But INTERNORM cannot substitute for a long- established lack of resources in time, money and expertise of CSOs. Despite high entry costs into technical diplomacy, participation thus appears as less a matter of upstream engagement, or of procedure only, than of dedicated means to shift the geometry of actors and the framing of socio-technical change.

Political Emotions: Civil Religion and Melodrama in Spielberg's Lincoln

This essay focuses on how Spielberg's film engages with and contributes to the myth of Lincoln as a super-natural figure, a saint more than a hero or great statesman, while anchoring his moral authority in the sentimental rhetoric of the domestic sphere. It is this use of the melodramatic mode, linking the familial space with the national through the trope of the victim-hero, which is the essay's main concern. With Tony Kushner, author of Angels in America, as scriptwriter, it is perhaps not surprising that melodrama is the operative mode in the film. One of the issues that emerge from this analysis is how the film updates melodrama for a contemporary audience in order to minimize what could be perceived as manipulative sentimental devices, observing for most of the film an aesthetic of relative sobriety and realism. In the last hour, and especially the final minutes of the film, melodramatic conventions are deployed in full force and infused with hagiographic iconography to produce a series of emotionally charged moments that create a perfect union of American Civil Religion and classical melodrama. The cornerstone of both cultural paradigms, as deployed in this film, is death: Lincoln's at the hands of an assassin, and the Civil War soldiers', poignantly depicted at key moments of the film. Finally, the essay shows how film melodrama as a genre weaves together the private and the public, the domestic with the national, the familial with the military, and links pathos to politics in a carefully choreographed narrative of sentimentalized mythopoesis.

Retaining Wall - Modular Unit Reinforced Earth Tensar Geogrid Reinforcement, HR-549, 1998

This research, initiated in October 1992, was located at the intersection of Blairs Ferry Road and Lindale Drive in the City of Marion. The wall is located on the southeast corner of the intersection. Reinforced retaining wall construction started with a five inch base of roadstone with one inch of sand for leveling purposes. One and one-half to two feet of one inch clean stone was placed behind the blocks. A four inch perforated plastic pipe was placed approximately nine inches from the bottom of the one inch clean stone. The Tenswal, tensar geogrid was placed at every third layer. Openings in the Tenswal are hooked over plastic dowels in the blocks. The tenswal reaches from the face of the wall back 5' to 8'. The cost for constructing this wall was $124,400. The wall has performed well for the past five years. The wall improves the aesthetics of a high traffic volume intersection of an urban area. Many positive comments have been received by the city regarding its appearance. The City of Marion has been pleased with the wall and has used this type of wall on subsequent projects.

Eficàcia de la teràpia amb aigua de mar isitònica nebulitzada en pacients amb MPOC. Beneficis respecte a l'ús del sèrum fisiològic convencional

Objectius: Establir l’eficàcia del tractament, en quant a la millora de la qualitat de vida relacionada amb la salut (CVRS) que podem obtenir, efectuant nebulitzacions amb aigua de mar isotònica versus el sèrum fisiològic, en pacients crònics respiratoris amb MPOC. Secundàriament vol determinar si hi ha una millora subjectiva de la tolerància a l’exercici físic, una reducció significativa dels símptomes, de les aguditzacions amb els conseqüents ingressos hospitalaris i una reducció de la despesa farmacèutica. - Metodologia: Assaig clínic aleatoritzat a doble cec sobre 3 grups (aigua de mar, sèrum fisiològic i placebo) de 60 pacients d’atenció primària diagnosticats de MPOC moderada segons els criteris GOLD que hagin superat els criteris d’inclusió i exclusió. Les teràpies s’autoadministraran al propi domicili. Els resultats seran avaluats mitjançant els següents instruments: el CRQ (Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire), l’escala de dispnea del British Medical Research Council (MRC), la prova de la marxa de 6 minuts, espirometria, analítica, gasometria arterial i pulsioximetria. - Limitacions de l’estudi: Manca de participació, incompliment terapèutic, abandonament de l’hàbit tabàquic durant el tractament i pèrdues per temporalitat.

Anàlisi i quantificació de les accions i el temps de joc en l'hoquei sobre patins en equips de l'OK Lliga

Quantificar les variables temporal, les accions tècniques i els desplaçaments dels jugador al llarg de la competició proporciona una informació excel·lent per deduir les càrregues físiques i fisiològiques a les que estan sotmesos. Per aquest estudi es van visualitzar 4 partits de la Copa del Rei 2012. Es va enregistrà sistemàticament les dades en fulls de registre. Les principals dades analitzades van ser: temps total, temps real, temps de pausa, temps d’acció i relació entre el temps d’acció i el temps de pausa (densitat de treball). També es va analitzar: les incidències reglamentaries, les accions tècniques del jugador i els desplaçaments del jugador. El 45% de les accions es van produir entre 0 i 30s, i el promig d’interval de participació va ser 19:29s ±2:09. Més del 50% de les pauses es van produir entre 11s i 30s, i el promig d’interval de pausa va ser de 24:57s. Aquest va determinar que la densitat de treball era 1:1.3. Aproximadament el 70% de les incidències reglamentàries van ser faltes d’equip I tècniques. Van haver-hi 56 conduccions, 10 driblins, 12 remats, (3 xuts, 2 punxades/escopides, 5 remats de primeres i 2 arrossegades) i 80 passades. Finalment, en un partit el 42,23% dels desplaçaments van ser a baixa intensitat, el 27,02% van ser a intensitat mitjana i el 30,75% van ser a alta intensitat. A més a més, el 81,90% dels desplaçaments a alta intensitat van durar de 0s a 5s, el 54,56% a intensitat mitjana van durar de 6 a 10 s. I el 49,32% a intensitat baixa també van durar 6s a 10s. L’hoquei sobre patins és un esport en el que hi predominen els esforços intermitents a gran intensitat i de curta durada amb una important sol·licitació de la via anaeròbica alàctica. Analitzar la dimensió temporal, les accions tècniques i els desplaçaments dels jugador durant la competició permet estimar les exigències físiques i requeriments energètics, i aquest faciliten l’elaboració d’entrenaments més específics.

Carnatic music: Svara, Gamaka, Motif and Raga identity

Over the last century in Karnatik music, the method ofunderstanding raga has been to break it down into its variouscomponents, svara, scale, gamaka, and phrases. In this paper, an attempt is made to define the abstract concept of raga in its entirety within the aesthetics of Karnatik music considering the various components and their symbiotic relationship. This paper also attempts to prove that theidentity of a raga exists as a whole. Section 2 explains theconcept of a fundamental musical note or svara. Section 3 illustrates the concept of gamaka or inflections. Section 4 delves into the concept of raga in detail and then flows into Section 5 which enunciates the identity of a raga in terms of svara, gamaka, and phraseology. The paper concludes in Section 6, and Section 7 gives the references.

07031-011 Brushy Creek Watershed Final Report

Brushy Creek is a tributary of the Raccoon River, which is a regular source of drinking water for over 400,000 Iowans. Regular monitoring by Des Moines Water Works (DMWW) and Agriculture’s Clean Water Alliance (ACWA) over the last eight years has shown the stream to be highly impaired for coliform bacteria and nitrate. Both Brushy Creek and the Raccoon River are on the 303(d) impaired waterbody list. A December 2005 fish kill in Brushy Creek resulted in administrative actions against seven livestock producers. Several open feed lots exist in the watershed. The community of Roselle (in the Brushy Creek watershed) has been identified by IDNR as unsewered, and many dwellings throughout the watershed discharge untreated human waste. No Watershed Improvement Association (WIA) exists in this sparsely-populated area. This outcome-based project will: • Enhance nutrient and manure management to reduce agricultural inputs to the stream. • Assess the amount of human waste reaching the stream from Roselle. • Engage and inform local residents so a WIA can be formed. • Monitor performance through a rigorous water and soil testing program. This project embraces a concept of participation from all levels of government, commodity organizations, and the private sector. The largest drinking water utility in the state will lead and administer this effort. The participating parties will work to establish a functioning WIA so that progress achieved through this project will be robust and long-lasting. The participants believe this will be the most effective approach to correct the situation, and will serve as a model for other problem watersheds throughout the state.

La fantasia il·lustrada : la fantasia lliure en la segona meitat del segle XVIII

La Fantasia Il·lustrada és un treball d’investigació entorn la fantasia lliure, gènere compositiu de la segona meitat del segle XVIII. Aprofundeix, a partir d’un extens buidatge bibliogràfic, en els coneixements sobre aquest gènere oblidat, ubicant-lo en el seu entorn musical i social, i reconeix l’empremta que va deixar en l’estètica d’aquells anys, la qual justifica la seva vàlua i el clam per reivindicar el reconeixement que es mereix. Per tal d’aconseguir aquest fi, aquest treball elabora sobre les diferents realitats estètiques de meitat de segle, sobre l’art de la jardineria, sobre Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, i sobre la pràctica improvisativa.

Civil society organisations participating in ISO TC 228 and ISO TC 229: the INTERNORM project and its future

This paper presents the first results of the INTERNORM pilot project funded by the University of Lausanne (2010 - 2014) to support the involvement of civil society organisations (CSO) in two ISO technical committees (TC), the ISO TC 228 on "tourism and related services" and the ISO TC 229 on "nanotechnologies". It analyses how a distinct participatory mechanism can influence the institutional environment of technical diplomacy in which standards are shaped. The project is an attempt to respond to the democratic deficit attested in the field of international standardisation, formally open to civil society participation, but still largely dominated by expert knowledge and market players. Many international standards have direct implications on society as a whole, but CSOs (consumers and environmental associations, trade unions) are largely under-represented in negotiation arenas. The paper draws upon international relations literature on new institutional forms in global governance and studies of participation in science and technology to address three questions: to which extent do CSOs identify participation in standardisation as worth of their mobilisation? How is the pluralisation of knowledge and expertise supporting CSO position during the deliberation? To which extent can CSO access and influence standardisation beyond their consultative role? It argues that there are significant limitations to the rise of civil society participation in such global governance mechanisms. Despite high entry costs into technical diplomacy, participation is not so much a matter of upstream engagement, or of procedure and resources only, than of opportunistic CSOs mobilization, of distinct thematic incentives and concrete outcomes to be expected in standardisation arenas or in the broader use of international standards.

Vapaaehtoiset ympäristönhallintajärjestelmät Euroopan Unionissa ja Yhdysvalloissa

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää minkälaisia ovat Euroopan Unionin Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) ja yhdysvaltalainen Performance track -ympäristönhallintajärjestelmät. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan näihin vapaaehtoisiin ympäristönhallintajärjestelmiin osallistuvien yritysten hyötyjä, kokemuksia sekä tyytyväisyyttä ohjelman antiin ja sitä ylläpitäviin viranomaisiin. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen osa on tehty kirjallisuuskatsauksen perusteellaja empiirinen aineisto kerättiin sähköpostikyselynä. EMAS -asetus otettiin käyttöön vuonna 1993. Asetuksessa määritellään ympäristöhallintajärjestelmän osa-alueet yksityiskohtaisesti. Mukana olevien yritysten mielestä järjestelmä on helppo ottaa käyttöön ja suurin osa EMAS -yrityksistä kokee hyötyvänsä osallistumisestaan järjestelmään. Tärkeimmäksi hyödyksi koettiin ympäristöhyödyt sekä parantunut yrityskuva. Yritykset kokivat järjestelmän heikkoutena viranomaisten tuen puutteen. Yhdysvaltain Environmental Protection Agency:n Performance Track -järjestelmä esiteltiin vuonna 2000. Järjestelmän osallistumiskriteerit ovat haastavia. Mukana olevat yritykset kokevat hyötyvänsäjärjestelmästä. Eniten mukana olevat yritykset arvostavat julkisuuskuvan parantumista, ympäristöhyötyjä sekä taloudellisia hyötyjä. Yhdysvalloissa pidettiin myös tärkeänä hyvää suhdetta ympäristöviranomaisiin. Heikkoutena koettiin järjestelmän vähäinen tunnettuus. Euroopassa vapaaehtoisia ympäristönhallintajärjestelmiä käyttävien yritysten tulisi viranomaisten avulla verkostoitua. Yhdysvalloissa tulisi kehittää ympäristöraportin todentamista.

Identifying Pertinent Variables for Nonresponse Follow-Up Surveys : Lessons Learned from 4 Cases in Switzerland

All social surveys suffer from different types of errors, of which one of the most studied is non-response bias. Non-response bias is a systematic error that occurs because individuals differ in their accessibility and propensity to participate in a survey according to their own characteristics as well as those from the survey itself. The extent of the problem heavily depends on the correlation between response mechanisms and key survey variables. However, non-response bias is difficult to measure or to correct for due to the lack of relevant data about the whole target population or sample. In this paper, non-response follow-up surveys are considered as a possible source of information about non-respondents. Non-response follow-ups, however, suffer from two methodological issues: they themselves operate through a response mechanism that can cause potential non-response bias, and they pose a problem of comparability of measure, mostly because the survey design differs between main survey and non-response follow-up. In order to detect possible bias, the survey variables included in non-response surveys have to be related to the mechanism of participation, but not be sensitive to measurement effects due to the different designs. Based on accumulated experience of four similar non-response follow-ups, we studied the survey variables that fulfill these conditions. We differentiated socio-demographic variables that are measurement-invariant but have a lower correlation with non-response and variables that measure attitudes, such as trust, social participation, or integration in the public sphere, which are more sensitive to measurement effects but potentially more appropriate to account for the non-response mechanism. Our results show that education level, work status, and living alone, as well as political interest, satisfaction with democracy, and trust in institutions are pertinent variables to include in non-response follow-ups of general social surveys. - See more at: https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/srm/article/view/6138#sthash.u87EeaNG.dpuf

Análisis de los comentarios de los usuarios en la prensa española en el debate de ‘Ley Wert’

La opinión de muchos lectores de prensa digital española se expresa en los comentarios. El artículo es un estudio de las reacciones emitidas por los lectores a propósito de la propuesta de la Ley Wert (durante el mes de mayo de 2013). Las principales conclusiones que se extraen del análisis es que la participación (1) es escasamente complementaria o nula a la información profesional y, en consecuencia, (2) no contribuye, en el ejemplo analizado, al llamado periodismo participativo. El estudio ha permitido radiografiar el tipo de participación y debatir sobre su pertinencia en las principales cabeceras de la prensa digital española

Trencant espais fixes: programa de prevenció contra l'homo / trans fòbia a l'escola

“Trencant espais fixes: Programa de prevenció contra l’(homo/trans)fòbia a l’escola” és un programa finançat per l’Ajuntament de Barcelona que pren per objectiu prevenir i suprimir l’opressió que reben gais, lesbianes, transsexuals i bisexuals (LGTB) dins del centre educatiu, així com també d’aquells nens i nenes que transgredeixin les normes socials hegemòniques de gènere (establertes dins d’un sistema catalogat com a sexista, patriarcal i heteronormatiu), a través de la formació i apoderament dels docents dels centres educatius públics i concertats dels diferents districtes de Barcelona –fent ús de la prevenció primària, secundària i terciària-. Es pretén fer incís a l’educació de la diversitat afectivo-sexual, a les manifestacions sexistes, al sistema sexe-gènere-desig, als estereotips i prejudicis establerts en la societat i a les diverses dinàmiques de violència, desigualtat i relacions de poder, a fi de sensibilitzar, conscienciar i proporcionar eines als docents per prevenir i poder fer front a les diferents manifestacions discriminatòries a raó d’orientació sexual o identitat de gènere. S’utilitza una metodologia dinàmica i participativa, estructurada en tres sessions de 2,5h en cadascun dels centres educatius inscrits en el programa (a demanda del centre), el qual pren com a principis rectors la perspectiva integral del gènere, la intervenció preventiva, la transversalitat educativa, el procés participatiu i, finalment, l’interseccionalitat de factors identitaris d’una persona. Es pren consideració al Codi Ètic i Deontològic de la professió de Treball Social, ja que el present programa es caracteritza pel seu caràcter sensible i influent en la vida de les persones. Aquets fet suposa certes limitacions pels dinamitzadors dels tallers/sessions, ja sigui per la pròpia sensibilitat o per la manca de participació o de cohesió del grup destinatari.