Effects of IFRS adoption on the financial statements of Nigerian listed entities: the case of oil and gas companies

On 28 July 2010, the Nigerian Federal Executive Council approved January 1, 2012 as the effective date for the convergence of Nigerian Statement of Accounting Standards (SAS) or Nigerian GAAP (NG-GAAP) with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). By this pronouncement, all publicly listed companies and significant public interest entities in Nigeria were statutorily required to issue IFRS based financial statements for the year ended December, 2012. This study investigates the impact of the adoption of IFRS on the financial statements of Nigerian listed Oil and Gas entities using six years of data which covers three years before and three years after IFRS adoption in Nigeria and other African countries. First, the study evaluates the impact of IFRS adoption on the Exploration and Evaluation (E&E) expenditures of listed Oil and Gas companies. Second, it examines the impact of IFRS adoption on the provision for decommissioning of Oil and Gas installations and environmental rehabilitation expenditures. Third, the study analyses the impact of the adoption of IFRS on the average daily Crude Oil production cost per Barrel. Fourth, it examines the extent to which the adoption and implementation of IFRS affects the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of listed Oil and Gas companies. The study further explores the impact of IFRS adoption on the contractual relationships between Nigerian Government and Oil and Gas companies in terms of Joint Ventures (JVs) and Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs) as it relates to taxes, royalties, bonuses and Profit Oil Split. A Paired Samples t-test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and Gray’s (Gray, 1980) Index of Conservatism analyses were conducted simultaneously where the accounting numbers, financial ratios and industry specific performance measures of GAAP and IFRS were computed and analysed and the significance of the differences of the mean, median and Conservatism Index values were compared before and after IFRS adoption. Questionnaires were then administered to the key stakeholders in the adoption and implementation of IFRS and the responses collated and analysed. The results of the analyses reveal that most of the accounting numbers, financial ratios and industry specific performance measures examined changed significantly as a result of the transition from GAAP to IFRS. The E&E expenditures and the mean cost of Crude Oil production per barrel of Oil and Gas companies increased significantly. The GAAP values of inventories, GPM, ROA, Equity and TA were also significantly different from the IFRS values. However, the differences in the provision for decommissioning expenditures were not statistically significant. Gray’s (Gray, 1980) Conservatism Index shows that Oil and Gas companies were more conservative under GAAP when compared to the IFRS regime. The Questionnaire analyses reveal that IFRS based financial statements are of higher quality, easier to prepare and present to management and easier to compare among competitors across the Oil and Gas sector but slightly more difficult to audit compared to GAAP based financial statements. To my knowledge, this is the first empirical research to investigate the impact of IFRS adoption on the financial statements of listed Oil and Gas companies. The study will therefore make an enormous contribution to academic literature and body of knowledge and void the existing knowledge gap regarding the impact and implications of IFRS adoption on the financial statements of Oil and Gas companies.

A potencialidade do PROEJA: histórias dos estudantes evadidos do IFRS Câmpus Rio Grande

A presente investigação situa-se na área da integração da Educação Profissional com Educação Básica na Modalidade de Jovens e Adultos (PROEJA) e busca a compreensão das vivências dos estudantes do curso no Câmpus Rio Grande que integra o Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS-RG). Faz parte também dos objetivos identificar as contribuições do curso para a socialização desses estudantes e os significados atribuídos ao curso. Em função da elevada taxa de evasão, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida com estudantes que não concluíram o curso. A hermenêutica filosófica constitui-se na epistemologia que ancora teoricamente a abordagem metodológica. A Análise Textual Discursiva foi a metodologia qualitativa adotada para a análise do material empírico constituído centralmente pelas histórias contadas pelos estudantes. Eles contam sua passagem pelo PROEJA, desde o ingresso até a sua evasão. Foram produzidos dados quantitativos além de levantamentos para conhecer o contexto da trajetória escolar dos estudantes. Esses elementos subsidiaram a análise qualitativa das informações. Como resultados foram encontradas: uma taxa de evasão geral da ordem de 57%. Nos dois primeiros módulos ocorreu 87 % de toda a evasão do curso. Em todo o período de oferecimento do curso, ou seja sete anos, apenas três estudantes concluíram o mesmo. Pela análise qualitativa, emergiram cinco categorias que tratam: a) do ingresso no PROEJA e dos desencontros nesse processo; b) do estudante com suas peculiaridades, dificuldades e significados; c) do ser professor no PROEJA; d) do curso pelo viés da formação integrada; e) dos componentes constituintes da evasão. Como conclusões a pesquisa aponta para a inadequação do curso em seus diversos aspectos. Reforça que a construção curricular adaptada de um curso existente foi um equívoco. A formação dos professores e gestores promoveu a proposta de um curso repleto de contradições. Mesmo com todos os distanciamentos, o curso promoveu um ensino de qualidade na formação humana e por isso os estudantes desenvolveram sentimentos positivos quanto ao curso. Promoveu os estudantes a novas oportunidades na sua vida social, inclusive com ingresso na universidade. A tese geral aponta para a potencialidade do PROEJA do Câmpus Rio Grande, na transformação da realidade do sujeito, apesar do alto índice de evasão e da inadequação do curso.

IFRS 9 ‘Financial instruments’: Anticipated effects of the standard change at Kesko Group

IFRS 9 Financial instruments presents the classification and measurement, the impairment and the hedge accounting requirements for accounting of financial instruments. The standard was set by the International Accounting Standards Board to replace IAS 39 Financial instruments: Recognition and Measurement on 1 January 2018. Hence, the long-criticized and complexly experienced requirements for accounting of financial instruments will undergo the most significant reform. This thesis addresses anticipated effects of IFRS 9, focusing on the challenges the new classification and measurement requirements bring forth in the case organization Kesko. This thesis was conducted as an action research, in which, a case study method was applied. The thesis was conducted with a twofold manner, which involved general analysis of IFRS 9 and further covered distinct ambitions related to the case organization. For the general part, empirical data was gathered by interviewing two IFRS experts from KPMG and PwC, while the interviews within the case organization constituted for the case study. Further, the literature on the IFRS 9 was such scant that the theoretical examination was merged with the IFRS experts’ quotations that also strived to contribute to the overall objective of reinforcing the body of research related to the subject. This thesis indicates that IFRS 9 will most fundamentally reform the impairment and the hedge accounting requirements of financial instruments. Regard to impairment, the changes are anticipated to increase the amount of loan-loss provisions, whereas the relaxed hedge accounting requirements are expected to encourage more companies to commence the application of hedge accounting. The thesis provides empirical support on that the term business model for managing financial assets, introduced in IFRS 9, is ably hard to comprehend and remains ambiguous. It goes on to argue that the most prominent issue in defining the business model for managing financial assets is the limits set in IFRS 9 for selling financial assets. In consideration of Kesko, this thesis finds that the key effects of IFRS 9 are anticipated to be the reshaping of the organization’s treasury policy and further examination of the possibility to apply hedge accounting for foreign exchange derivatives. What is more, the thesis presumes that complying the requirements of IFRS 9 Kesko will apply the hold to collect and sell model for managing financial assets in future.

Johdon harkinnanvaraisuus tuloksenjärjestelyn mahdollistajana IFRS-kontekstissa – Tilintarkastajan näkökulma

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan johdon harkinnanvaraisuutta tuloksenjärjestelyn mahdollistajana IFRS-kontekstissa tilintarkastajan näkökulmasta. Tuloksenjärjestely ilmenee silloin, kun johto käyttää harkinnanvaraisuutta taloudellisessa raportoinnissa ja muuttaa raportointia sellaiseksi, joka ei vastaa yrityksen sen hetkistä taloudellista suoriutumista. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on saada selville, miten harkinnanvaraisuuden oikeellisuudesta voidaan varmentua IFRS-raportointia noudattavissa, suomalaisissa yhtiöissä. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tarjota uutta tietoa IFRS:n sisältämästä harkinnanvaraisuudesta nojautumalla tilintarkastajan näkökulmaan. Tämän tavoitteena on lisätä informaatiota puutteellisesta näkökulmasta, millä avataan myös aikaisempien tutkimustuloksien ristiriitaa liittyen tuloksenjärjestelyn harjoittamisen mahdollisuuksiin IFRS-kontekstissa. Lisäksi tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on saada selville, miten johdon harkinnanvaran asianmukaisuutta voidaan kyseenalaistaa. Tuloksenjärjestelyä käsittävä tutkimus on lähes poikkeuksetta kvantitatiivista keskittyen tilinpäätöksistä johdettuihin, yleistettäviin tilastollisiin analyyseihin. Tuloksenjärjestelyn on kuitenkin todettu olevan aiempaa tiedettyä monimuotoisempi ilmiö, joka edellyttää kvantitatiivisten menetelmien sijaan kvalitatiivista lähestymistapaa. Tämä tutkielma keskittyykin tutkimaan tuloksenjärjestelyä laadullisin menetelmin käyttämällä toiminta-analyyttista tutkimusotetta. Tutkimuksen empiirinen aineisto muodostuu puolestaan neljästä puolistrukturoidusta yksilöhaastattelusta. Kaikki haastateltavat työskentelevät KHT-tilintarkastajina yhdessä Suomen suurimmassa tilintarkastusorganisaatiossa. Tämä tutkimus vahvistaa aikaisempia tutkimustuloksia, joiden mukaan IFRS-standardit edellyttävät runsaasti johdon harkintaa. Lisäksi tässä tutkielmassa todetaan, että arvionvaraisten erien tarkastamiseen on useita eri tapoja. Mikään näistä ei kuitenkaan tarjoa tilintarkastajille absoluuttista vastausta siitä, onko harkintaa käytetty asianmukaisella tavalla. Tämän vuoksi tilintarkastajat joutuvatkin usein tasapainottelemaan johdon harkinnanvaran asianmukaisuuden suhteen. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa havaitaan, että tilintarkastajien kynnys lähteä kyseenalaistamaan johdon harkinnanvaran asianmukaisuutta on korkea. Ensimmäiseksi tämä tutkimus lisää ymmärrystä tilintarkastajien merkityksestä harkinnanvaraisten erien tarkastamisessa. Tutkielman mukaan harkinnanvaraiset erät eivät nimittäin ole aiemman tietämyksen tapaan pelkästään alttiita johdon subjektiivisille näkemyksille, vaan niiden tarkastaminen edellyttää myös tilintarkastajilta subjektiivista tulkintaa. Toiseksi tämä tutkimus tuo uutuusarvoa aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin nostamalla esiin tilintarkastajien kokeman riskin asiakasmenetyksistä osana harkinnanvaraisten erien tarkastamista ja kyseenalaistamista.

IFRS-raportoinnin erityispiirteet Venäjällä

Talouden globalisaation seurauksena yhä useammat yritykset hakevat kansainvälistä rahoitusta toiminnalleen, mistä johtuen kasvava joukko rahoittajia sijoittaa kotimaansa ulkopuolella toimiviin yrityksiin. Tällaisten sijoittajien on kyettävä luotettavasti vertailemaan eri maissa toimivia yrityksiä ja niiden taloudellista informaatiota keskenään. IFRS-standardien tarkoituksena on synnyttää kansainvälisesti vertailukelpoisia tilinpäätöksiä yrityksen kotimaasta riippumatta. Aiemmissa tutkimuksissa on esitetty, että IFRS-standardeihin siirtymisen jälkeenkin yrityksen kotimaan taloudellisen raportoinnin kulttuuri ja käytännöt näkyvät kyseisen yrityksen IFRS-tilinpäätöksissä, mikä johtaa tilinpäätösten vertailukelpoisuuden heikentymiseen. Tutkimuksissa on tunnistettu erilaisia tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat kansallisten erityispiirteiden säilymiseen eri maiden IFRS-tilinpäätöksissä. Tutkielman tavoitteena on tutkia venäläisen IFRS-raportoinnin erityispiirteitä sekä laatia teoreettinen viitekehys venäläisen IFRS-raportoinnin erityispiirteiden muodostumisesta. Tässä tutkielmassa käytetään käsiteanalyyttista tutkimusotetta. Tarkoituksena on aikaisemman tutkimuksen pohjalta laatia IFRS-raportoinnin kansallisten erityispiirteiden muodostumisen yleinen viitekehys, jonka avulla tarkastellaan venäläistä IFRS-raportointia ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tarkastelun pohjalta laaditaan hypoteeseja, joita käytetään avauksena asiantuntijahaastattelussa. Tarkastelun ja tehdyn asiantuntijahaastattelun pohjalta esitetään lopullinen jalostunut viitekehys venäläisen IFRS-raportoinnin erityispiirteiden muodostumisesta. Tutkielman tuloksena esitetyssä viitekehyksessä tunnistetaan kahden tasoisia tekijöitä venäläisen IFRS-raportoinnin erityispiirteiden muodostumisessa: motiiveja ja mahdollisuuksia. Erityispiirteiden muodostumiseen liittyviä motiiveja löytyy esimerkiksi Venäjän talousjärjestelmästä ja verotusjärjestelmästä. Tunnistettuja motiiveja ovat valtiojohtoinen markkinatalous, laillisen toimintaympäristön epävarmuus, verotuksen ja kirjanpidon yhteys sekä konservatismi ja salailu kirjanpidon arvoina. Venäläisen IFRS-raportoinnin erityispiirteitä mahdollistavia tekijöitä ovat väärinymmärrykset standardien tulkinnoissa, eri versioiden käyttäminen IFRS-standardeista sekä IFRS-standardien mahdollistama raportoijan oman harkinnan käyttö. Viimeisenä mainittu tekijä tunnistettiin erityisen merkittävänä erityispiirteiden muodostumisessa. Sen kautta venäläisen taloudellisen raportoinnin kulttuuriin liittyvät tekijät kuten verotuksen vaikutus kirjanpitoon voi näkyä myös yritysten lopullisissa IFRS-tilinpäätöksissä.

Pk-IFRS:n soveltamisen vaikutukset tilinpäätösinformaation tuottajille ja käyttäjille Euroopassa

Pk-yritykset ovat nousseet merkittäväksi puheenaiheeksi viime vuosina niiden työllistävän vaikutuksen vuoksi. Iso osa uusista työpaikoista on syntynyt pk-yrityksiin eikä suuriin yrityksiin. Samalla kansainvälistymiskehitys on ollut aikamme suurimpia muutosvoimia, jotka vaikuttavat talouselämään. Kansainvälistymällä yritykset ovat saaneet uusia väyliä hankkia rahoitusta, laajentaneet ja monipuolistaneet asiakaskuntaansa ja hankkineet skaalaetuja. Kansainvälisyys aiheuttaa haasteita yritysten taloudelliselle raportoinnille, joten pk-yrityksille luotiin pk-IFRS –standardisto. Sen tarkoituksena on parantaa vertailukelpoisuutta eri maista tulevien yritysten välillä ja keventää raportoinnin raskautta. Tässä tutkielmassa selvitettiin, miten pk-IFRS:n soveltaminen vaikuttaa tilinpäätösten tekijöihin ja käyttäjiin. Tutkielma alkaa teoria-osuudesta, jossa käytiin läpi tuoreita tutkimuksia, minkä pohjalta esiin nousseita kysymyksiä käyttäen tehtiin empiria-osuudessa analysoitava haastattelu. Tutkimuksessa saatiin selville, että tutkijoiden ja haastateltavan näkemykset pk-IFRS:tä ovat pääosin samanlaiset. Pk-IFRS:n ongelmia on sen lyhyys, mikä aiheuttaa tulkintaongelmia ja monimutkaisuus, joka kuormittaa raportoijan resursseja. Pk-yritykset toimivat useimmin vain kotimaassa, jolloin hyödyt jäävät rajallisiksi. Pienemmissä pk-yrityksissä tilinpäätöksiä käyttäviä sidosryhmiä on vähän, jolloin käyttäjien saamat hyödyt ovat pienet. Kuitenkin käypään arvoon arvostus ja tiedon annon vaatimukset voivat helpottaa rahoituksen saantia joillekin yrityksille, jos pk-IFRS:ää aletaan soveltaa samalla tavalla joka maassa ja yrityksessä.

FATORES QUE IMPACTAM NA ADOÇÃO E IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DO SPED NA AVALIAÇÃO DOS GESTORES DAS EMPRESAS BRASILEIRAS

Esta pesquisa procurou identificar os fatores que impactam a adoção e implementação do SPED segundo avaliação de gestores de empresas brasileiras, contemplando fatores estabelecidos pelo Modelo TOE, passando pelas dimensões tecnológica, organizacional e ambiental do referido modelo. Através do tratamento estatístico dos dados oriundos da aplicação de uma survey, buscou-se resposta aos objetivos de pesquisa. Detectou-se que, embora existam outros fatores influenciando decisões sobre adoção e implementação do SPED, a obrigatoriedade governamental, enquanto componente do contexto ambiental, demonstrou ser o principal vetor de impacto, isto é, de influência, sobre tais decisões. Isto pareceu decorrer do fato de que o governo ser um dos principais, se não o principal ator do ambiente regulatório.

Um modelo para aferir o nível de maturidade na adoção de SOA

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2015.

Impactos da adoção de sistemas de informação no judiciário: pesquisa com usuários do sistema processual virtual em um juizado especial federal

The Information Technology (IT) is increasing his applicability to business, both private and public companies. It is necessary the adequate use of the new technologies and get cooperation and technology acceptance of the system. People tend to resist to the changes, contributing so that the technology is rejected or even it is not recognized as promoting of the changes. This study is relevant and aim to evaluate the impacts of new technologies, considering their users as fundamental factors in the change process. The survey analyzed the advantages and the barriers of the system use in three federal special judicial of Rio Grande do Norte, with data collected in May of 2007, through the application of questionnaires to thirty eight users of the virtual system CRETA. The users' perception was evaluated, under the optics of five variables: efficiency, image, agility, ease of use and quality. Starting from the obtained results, it was evidenced that the implementation of the system felt accordingly the expected and it reached the objectives intended that were: the velocity and efficiency in the path of the lawsuits, larger productivity, resulting in a better quality of the final work introduced to the citizen and proportionate an improvement in the organizational image of the judiciary power

A dinâmica do campo organizacional e a adoção de estratégias na carcinicultura do RN

This study aimed to understand the relations inside the organizational Structuring of the shrimp Field - the shrimp agribusiness placed in Rio Grande do Norte State and the strategies adopted by its players. In order to achieve that, semi-structured interviews were conducted with samples of various organizations that act in the field, like cooperatives, associations, enterprises of different links in the chain, universities and state agencies. The interviews built up a large collection of secondary data. As expected, it was found that Field and strategies are related in a recursive way: the configuration of the field, a result from his own biography, has decisively influenced the strategies adopted by its actors, who, as evolved, eventually caused further changes in the Field and outlines the plot of this area of interaction. It was found, for example, that after thirty-five years of its genesis, the Field of shrimp RN still has a low level of institutionalization, which helps to understand the difficulty of its actors in establish strategies based on partnerships and cooperation; Those actions are so necessary to alleviate the effects of the crisis that devastated the industry since 2004. It was noticed, however, that this level of institutionalization is a result, beside other factors, the very strategies that field actors are embracing along its trajectory. Thus, this study hopes to have contributed both to the necessary revival of the agency to institutional phenomenon, cited by Oliver (1991), and to meet the need for more contextualized approaches to organizational strategies (MINTZBERG, 1987; CLEGG, 2004; WHITTINGTON, 2004; 2006; SARAIVA and CARRIERI, 2007). It is an exploratory study that needs further investigation in order to get deep in this research. In this sense, others methodologies and theoretical perspectives need to be used, especially those relating to the seizure of the disputes and discursive aspects of power, as salient in the field investigated. Moreover, in terms of "practical actions", it is suggested that, as soon as possible, the main actors of the field (cooperatives, companies, and state entities in class) can be able of agglutinate efforts to support the shrimp field in RN State and make sustainable actions, which can promote the development of activity in a global view. On the apse of shrimp activities everybody wanted to be the "father of the child," Now, someone has to "stay in the goal."

Crenças normativas e comportamentais e suas influências na intenção de adoção de um sistema de informação: um estudo na área de compras da UFPA

The study aims to identify the factors that influence the behavior intention to adopt an academic Information System (SIE), in an environment of mandatory use, applied in the procurement process at the Federal University of Pará (UFPA). For this, it was used a model of innovation adoption and technology acceptance (TAM), focused in attitudes and intentions regarding the behavior intention. The research was conducted a quantitative survey, through survey in a sample of 96 administrative staff of the researched institution. For data analysis, it was used structural equation modeling (SEM), using the partial least squares method (Partial Least Square PLS-PM). As to results, the constructs attitude and subjective norms were confirmed as strong predictors of behavioral intention in a pre-adoption stage. Despite the use of SIE is required, the perceived voluntariness also predicts the behavior intention. Regarding attitude, classical variables of TAM, like as ease of use and perceived usefulness, appear as the main influence of attitude towards the system. It is hoped that the results of this study may provide subsidies for more efficient management of the process of implementing systems and information technologies, particularly in public universities

Fatores inibidores à adoção de tecnologias de informação em micro e pequenas empresas fornecedoras da vale no estado do Pará

Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Norte

O papel das construtoras e incorporadoras na adoção da tecnologia BIM na indústria da construção no Brasil : um estudo prospectivo

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, 2015.

Worldwide convergence of IFRS: Evidence from the global automotive industry

Worldwide convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), ongoing since 2002, is a requirement if international comparability between publicly listed companies is to be ensured. Convergence is examined from the point of view of regulators, accountants, and users of financial information. For this purpose, data on 534 companies from the global automotive industry is used. This paper concludes that worldwide convergence is mostly being effective. Its triumph, however, varies depending on the set of accounting standards being compared to IFRS. Options within IFRS, national tax regulation, cultural differences, different company strategies and country resistance are found to hinder convergence.

Evolução da capacidade preditiva da informação contábil : um estudo a partir dos disclosures das Companhias listadas na BM&FBovespa após a adoção das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade no Brasil

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa de Pós-Graduação Multiinstitucional e Inter-Regional de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Contábeis, 2016.