El grabado en madera como ilustración.

Se trata la evolución de la técnica inglesa del grabado en madera con motivo de la Exposición El Grabado en Madera en el Libro Inglés Moderno, celebrada por la National Book League en 1949. Los orígenes del grabado de madera se basan en la mera copia de las planchas, hasta que Noel Rooke propuso que el grabado en madera sólo podía considerarse obra de arte original cuando el propio artista lo diseñara, haciendo las incisiones con el buril según las condiciones de la madera. Eric Gill y Robert Gibbings y otros apoyaron esta nueva línea artística y así surgió una nueva escuela de grabado en madera original en el libro ingles de principios del siglo XX, que produjo una gran cantidad de libros de un arte y una belleza indiscutible que se muestran en dicha exposición.

Gu??a de buenas pr??cticas para la participaci??n de las universidades espa??olas en los rankings internacionales

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Rankings internacionales : metodolog??a y posicionamiento de las universidades espa??olas

Se analiza un grupo de rankings internacionales, los denominados League Tables (ARWU, THE, QS); un segundo grupo de rankings centrados en resultados de investigaci??n (CWTS, HEEACT, SCIMAGO Institutions Ranking, URAP); y un tercer grupo de rankings internacionales basados en varios indicadores sin intenci??n de crear tablas ordenadas de instituciones (CHE, UMultirank, U-Ranking).

Alfabetização e educação de adultos : um percurso de 1910 a 1926 : das intenções políticas às medidas concretas

Este trabalho visa contribuir para uma melhor percepção da problemática do analfabetismo, em Portugal, no primeiro quartel do século XX, tendo em conta o ideário educativo republicano e as suas concretizações a nível do ensino primário. Neste sentido, foram traçadas as linhas estruturantes desta problemática: uma, centrada nas ideias educativas sobre o analfabetismo e os debates no quotidiano escolar e jornalístico; e a outra referente às concretizações e realizações educativas republicanas que operacionalizaram o combate ao analfabetismo. O conceito de analfabetismo foi o fio condutor de todo o trabalho, do qual se delinearam as seguintes áreas: (i) Dos finais da Monarquia Constitucional à República: breve perspectiva histórica e educativa; (ii) O analfabetismo e suas causas; (iii) O combate ao analfabetismo; (iv) Escolas móveis e cursos nocturnos na promoção da alfabetização e, (v) Programas escolares: as propostas governamentais. A cada área corresponde um capítulo. A fonte principal deste trabalho foi a Imprensa de Educação e Ensino, consultada na Biblioteca Nacional, pois a mesma oferece uma complexa vastidão de materiais pertinentes para o tema. Entre os vários periódicos compulsados, destacam-se A Federação Escolar, Educação Nacional e O Professor Primário. A pesquisa exploratória e selectiva também conduziu ao semanário Sul da Beira. Muitas obras e estudos da época foram ainda pesquisados, com destaque para as actas dos Congressos da Liga Nacional de Instrução. Igualmente se afigurou significativo perscrutar o Diário da Câmara dos Deputados, o Diário do Senado da República e ainda o Diário do Governo para serem trabalhados, respectivamente, os debates parlamentares e a legislação. Assim, foi objectivo do trabalho configurar um painel revelador do tema que mobilizou personalidades académicas, jornalísticas e políticas, no período compreendido entre 1910 e 1926.

Greening the United Nations' Human Development Index?

The Human Development Index (HDI) introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990 has helped facilitate widespread debate amongst development researchers, practitioners and policy makers. The HDI is an aggregate index, calculated on an annual basis by the UNDP and published in its Human Development Reports, comprising measures of three components deemed by them to be central to development: W income (the gross domestic product per capita), (ii) education (adult literacy rate) and (iii) health (life expectancy at birth). The results of calculating the HDI are typically presented as country/regional league tables, and provide a quick means for policy makers and others to judge performance. Perhaps partly because of the relative simplicity of the index, the HDI has managed to achieve a level of acceptance and use amongst politicians and policy makers that has yet to emerge with any indicator of sustainability. Indeed, despite its existence for 11 years, including nine years after the Rio Earth Summit, the HDI has not even been modified to take on board wider issues of sustainability. This paper will critically examine the potential for 'greening' the HDI so as to include environmental and resource-consumption dimensions. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

For better or for worse, till the human development index do us part?

This paper describes the results of research intended to explore the volatility inherent in the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Human Development Index (HDI). The HDI is intended to be a simple and transparent device for comparing progress in human development, and is an aggregate of life expectancy, education and GDP per capita. Values of the HDI for each country are presented in the Human Development Reports (HDRs), the first being published in 1990. However, while the methodology is consistent for all countries in each year there are notable differences between years that make temporal comparisons of progress difficult. The paper presents the results of recalculating the HDI for a simplified sample of 114 countries using various methodologies employed by the UNDP. The results are a set of deviations of recalculated HDI ranks compared to the original ranks given in the HDRs. The volatility that can result from such recalculation is shown to be substantial (+/-10-15 ranks), yet reports in the popular press are frequently sensitive to movements of only a few ranks. Such movement can easily be accounted for by changes in the HDI methodology rather than genuine progress in human development. While the HDRs often carry warnings about the inadvisability of such year-on-year comparisons, it is argued that the existence of such a high-profile index and the overt presentation within league tables do encourage such comparison. Assuming that the HDI will be retained as a focal point within the HDRs, then it is suggested that greater focus be upon more meaningful and robust categories of human development (e.g. low, medium and high) rather than league tables where shifts of a few places, perhaps as a result of nothing more than a methodological or data artefact, may be highlighted in the press and by policy makers. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

On the use of headline indices to link environmental quality and income at the level of the nation state

This paper deconstructs the relationship between the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) and national income. The ESI attempts to provide a single figure which encapsulates environmental sustainability' for each country included in the analysis, and this allied with a 'league table' format so as to name and shame bad performers, has resulted in widespread reporting within the popular presses of a number of countries. In essence, the higher the value of the ESI then the more 'environmentally sustainable' a country is deemed to be. A logical progression beyond the use of the ESI to publicise environmental sustainability is its use within a more analytical context. Thus an index designed to simplify in order to have an impact on policy is used to try and understand causes of good and bad performance in environmental sustainability. For example the creators of the ESI claim that ESI is related to GDP/capita (adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity) such that the ESI increases linearly with wealth. While this may in a sense be a comforting picture, do the variables within the ESI allow for alternatives to the story, and if they do then what are the repercussions for those producing such indices for broad consumption amongst the policy makers, mangers, the press, etc.? The latter point is especially important given the appetite for such indices amongst non-specialists, and for all their weaknesses the ESI and other such aggregated indices will not go away. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Making 'dirty' nations look clean? The nation state and the problem of selecting and weighting indices as tools for measuring progress towards sustainability

Pressing global environmental problems highlight the need to develop tools to measure progress towards "sustainability." However, some argue that any such attempt inevitably reflects the views of those creating such tools and only produce highly contested notions of "reality." To explore this tension, we critically assesses the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI), a well-publicized product of the World Economic Forum that is designed to measure 'sustainability' by ranking nations on league tables based on extensive databases of environmental indicators. By recreating this index, and then using statistical tools (principal components analysis) to test relations between various components of the index, we challenge ways in which countries are ranked in the ESI. Based on this analysis, we suggest (1) that the approach taken to aggregate, interpret and present the ESI creates a misleading impression that Western countries are more sustainable than the developing world; (2) that unaccounted methodological biases allowed the authors of the ESI to over-generalize the relative 'sustainability' of different countries; and, (3) that this has resulted in simplistic conclusions on the relation between economic growth and environmental sustainability. This criticism should not be interpreted as a call for the abandonment of efforts to create standardized comparable data. Instead, this paper proposes that indicator selection and data collection should draw on a range of voices, including local stakeholders as well as international experts. We also propose that aggregating data into final league ranking tables is too prone to error and creates the illusion of absolute and categorical interpretations. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Truth - the essential dimension of ethics in scholarship, teaching, learning and research

The introduction of metrics, league tables, performance targets, research assessment exercises and a range of other pressures placed by society, funding bodies and employers on scholars, teachers and students have resulted in diminished value being placed on the essential ethical criterion of truth. The impact of reduced valuation for truth has a huge impact on the standing of science and not least horticultural science in the eyes of the general public at a time when this should be a primary concern. This contribution discusses examples of the impact of diminished valuation of truth, the causes of this phenomenon, the results that come from this situation and remedies that are needed.