Les cellules endothéliales peuvent acquérir un phénotype mésenchymateux associé avec l’expression de la protéine nestine dans un modèle d’hypertrophie cardiaque et de fibrose réactive

L’hypertrophie cardiaque représente la réponse primaire du cœur dans le but d’améliorer la fonction cardiaque qui est compromise suite à un accident ischémique ou une surcharge hémodynamique. Cependant, l’hypertrophie cardiaque a pour conséquence pathologique la fibrose réactive, qui est caractérisée par la synthèse incontrôlée et le dépôt du collagène par les myofibroblastes. Ainsi, l’accumulation accrue du collagène dans le cœur hypertrophié mène à l’augmentation de la rigidité cardiaque et la détérioration progressive de la fonction contractile du cœur. Plusieurs études ont démontré que la protéine nestine, appartenant à la famille des filaments intermédiaires, est ré-exprimée dans les myofibroblastes durant la fibrose réparative et est impliquée dans la prolifération cellulaire. Basée sur ces observations, cette étude teste l’hypothèse selon laquelle nestine est induite dans les myofibroblastes suivant le développement de la fibrose réactive dans le cœur des rats ayant subi une constriction aortique supra-rénale. Deux semaines suivant une constriction aortique supra-rénale chez le rat, un patron d’hypertrophie concentrique cardiaque a été observé et associé avec une réponse de fibrose réactive caractérisée par le dépôt accru de collagène dans le tissu interstitiel et la région péri-vasculaire de nombreux vaisseaux sanguins cardiaques. De plus, les niveaux de la protéine nestine sont augmentés significativement dans les cœurs des rats hypertrophiés, et ce, de façon corrélative avec la pression artérielle moyenne et la pression systolique du ventricule gauche. Les techniques d’immunofluorescences ont révélé une apparition accrue des cellules immunoréactives à nestine, qui présentent un phénotype mésenchymateux caractérisé par la co-expression de collagène dans le tissu interstitiel et la région péri-vasculaire des cœurs hypertrophiés. Ces données suggèrent que les fibroblastes résidents peuvent exprimer la protéine nestine ou que l’expression de nestine est induite en réponse aux facteurs pro-fibrotiques impliqués dans la fibrose réactive. En effet, l’exposition des myofibroblastes normaux et des myofibroblastes isolés des cœurs hypertrophiés à l’AII, TGF-B1 et EGF augmente significativement l’expression de la protéine nestine, tandis que l’expression de l’α-SMA demeure inchangée. De plus, de manière prédominante dans le cœur hypertrophié, des cellules non-vasculaires CD31(+) ont été détectées dans le tissu interstitiel et la région péri-vasculaire. Ces cellules co-expriment nestine et collagène suggérant une transition des cellules endothéliales vers un phénotype mésenchymateux. Finalement, la protéine nestine, sous sa forme filamenteuse, a été détectée dans les cellules endothéliales de l’artère coronaire humaine et leur exposition au TGF-B1, induit l’expression de collagène. En revanche, l’expression de collagène a été détectée dans les cellules microvasculaires de rats CD31(+), alors que l’expression de nestine est absente. En réponse aux traitements de TGF-B1 et EGF, l’expression de nestine, sous sa forme non-filamenteuse, est détectée dans les cellules microvasculaires de rats. Collectivement, ces données supportent la prémisse selon laquelle la réponse de fibrose réactive dans les cœurs hypertrophiés, suite à une constriction aortique supra-rénale, est attribuée en partie à l’augmentation de l’apparition des cellules mésenchymateuses positives à l’expression de nestine qui proviennent des fibroblastes résidents du ventricule. De plus, les données in vivo et in vitro suggèrent que les cellules endothéliales déplacées représentent une source additionnelle des cellules mésenchymateuses nestine(+) dans le cœur hypertrophié et contribuent au développement de la fibrose réactive. Cibler la protéine nestine peut représenter une approche thérapeutique afin d’atténuer la réponse de fibrose réactive indépendamment de l’origine des cellules mésenchymateuses.

Rôle du microenvironnement apoptotique tissulaire et du MFG-E8 dans la modulation de la réponse inflammatoire

L’inflammation fait partie des processus réactionnels de défense dont dispose l’organisme en réponse aux agressions, assurant l’intégrité de l’hôte. En réponse au dommage tissulaire, plusieurs médiateurs inflammatoires interviennent dans le processus de l’inflammation. Lors de ces dommages, des signaux de dangers provenant de cellules endommagées sont relâchés dans l’environnement tissulaire, pouvant causer des dommages cellulaires et tissulaires. Les macrophages, tout comme d’autres cellules, peuvent être activés par ces signaux de danger, menant à la sécrétion de molécules telles que des cytokines et des chimiokines pouvant modifier le microenvironnement tissulaire. Les insultes au tissu sain peuvent entrainer la mort cellulaire telle que l’apoptose. Les molécules pouvant être relâchées lors de celle-ci contribuent au microenvironnement, notamment de par l’influence de celles-ci sur le macrophage. Parmi ces médiateurs, nous avons identifié le Milk Fat Globule-Epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8), un acteur important dans la résolution de l’inflammation, comme étant relâché spécifiquement par les cellules apoptotiques. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que le microenvironnement apoptotique tissulaire, via la relâche de MFG-E8, module le phénotype du macrophage, modifiant le microenvironnement, la réponse inflammatoire ainsi que le devenir de l’insulte tissulaire. Nos objectifs sont 1) de caractériser ce microenvironnement apoptotique tissulaire et la cinétique de relâche du MFG-E8 par les cellules apoptotiques, 2) d’en évaluer son rôle dans la modulation du phénotype du macrophage ainsi que 3) d’en étudier, in vivo, son influence sur l’environnement inflammatoire et le devenir tissulaire. Dans le premier article présenté, nous avons démontré que les cellules endothéliales apoptotiques relâchent le MFG-E8 de façon Caspase-3 dépendante. La stimulation des macrophages par l’environnement conditionné par les cellules endothéliales apoptotiques mène à l’adoption d’un profil macrophagien davantage anti-inflammatoire et moindrement pro-inflammatoire. Ce phénotype est réduit par l’inhibition de la Caspase-3 et il dépend de la présence de MFG-E8. De plus, le potentiel du MFG-E8 à la reprogrammation du macrophage pro-inflammatoire a été démontré via un modèle expérimental de péritonite. Ce changement phénotypique médié par MFG-E8 implique une signalisation STAT3. Ayant démontré que les cellules épithéliales apoptotiques, à l’instar des cellules endothéliales apoptotiques, relâchent elles aussi de façon apoptose-dépendante le MFG-E8, nous avons étudié plus exhaustivement un modèle in vivo riche en apoptose épithéliale, l’obstruction urétérale unilatérale. Dans ce deuxième article présenté, nous rapportons l’implication bénéfique de MFG-E8 dans ce modèle de pathologie rénale obstructive. Nous avons constaté que la présence ou l’administration de MFG-E8 réduit le dommage tissulaire et la fibrose. La protection conférée par MFG-E8 est médiée via la modulation de l’activation de l’inflammasome. De plus, nos résultats illustrent l’importance du phénotype anti-inflammatoire du macrophage médié par le MFG-E8 dans la régulation négative de l’activation de l’inflammasome rénal et du dommage tissulaire. Cette thèse présente la première description de la relâche Caspase-3-dépendante de MFG-E8 par les cellules apoptotiques. Elle démontre également l’importance du MFG-E8 dans le microenvironnement apoptotique inflammatoire dans l’atténuation du phénotype pro-inflammatoire du macrophage. De plus, nous avons démontré son rôle protecteur dans des modèles in vivo de transplantation aortique et de réparation tissulaire, de même que dans un modèle de maladie rénale chronique où nous avons montré que cette protection conférée par MFG-E8 est médiée par la régulation négative de l’inflammasome tissulaire. Nos résultats suggèrent ainsi que le MFG-E8 pourrait être considéré comme un interrupteur inflammatoire et ainsi comme une cible potentielle dans la modulation de maladies inflammatoires.

Sulfation of genistein alters its antioxidant properties and its effect on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function

Soy isoflavones have been extensively studied because of their possible benefits to human health. Genistein, the major isoflavone aglycone, has received most attention; however, it undergoes extensive metabolism (e.g. conjugation with sulfuric acid) in the gut and liver, which may affect its biological proper-ties. This study investigated the antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging properties of genistein, genistein-4'-sulfate and genistein-4'-7-disulfate as well as their effect on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and spin trapping data and other standard antioxidant assays indicated that genistein is a relatively weak antioxidant compared to quercetin and that its sulfated metabolites are even less effective. Furthermore, genistein-4'-sulfate was less potent than genistem, and genistein-4'-7-disulfate even less potent, at inhibiting collagen-induced platelet aggregation, nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages, and secretion by primary human endothelial cells of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). The current data suggest that sulfation of genistein, with the associated loss of hydroxyl groups, decreases its antioxidant activity and its effect on platelet aggregation, inflammation, cell adhesion and chemotaxis. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Effect of genistein and daidzein on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function

There has been much recent interest in the cardiovascular benefits of dietary isoflavones. The aim of the present in vitro studies was to investigate potential anti-thrombogenic and anti-atherogenic effects of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in platelets, macrophages and endothelial cells. Pre-treatment with either isoflavone inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. In a macrophage cell line (RAW 264-7) activated with interferon gamma plus lipopolysaccharide, both isoflavones were found to inhibit NO production and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion dose-dependently, but they did not affect mRNA levels for inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2. Both isoflavones also dose-dependently decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion induced by TNF-alpha in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Compared with daidzein, genistein exerted greater inhibitory effects for all parameters studied. The present data contributes to our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms by which isoflavones may protect against coronary artery disease. Further studies are required to determine whether the effects of isoflavones observed in the current in vitro studies are relevant to the aetiology of coronary artery disease in vivo.

Comparative effects of fatty acids on endothelial inflammatory gene expression

Background: Endothelial dysfunction may be related to adverse effects of some dietary fatty acids (FAs). Although in vitro studies have failed to show consistent findings, this may reflect the diverse experimental protocols employed and the limited range of FAs and end points studied. Aims: To investigate the effect of dietary FA type (saturated, monounsaturated, n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids), concentration, incubation time and cell stimulation state, on a broad spectrum of endothelial inflammatory gene expression. Methods: Using human umbilical vein endothelial cells, with and without stimulation (+/- 10 ng/ml TNF alpha), the effects of arachidonic (AA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), linoleic (LA), oleic (OA) and palmitic acids (PA) (10, 25 and 100 mu M), on the expression of genes encoding a number of inflammatory proteins and transcription factors were assessed by quantitative real time RT-PCR. Results: Individual FAs differentially affect endothelial inflammatory gene expression in a gene-specific manner. EPA, LA and OA significantly up-regulated MCP-1 gene expression compared to AA (p = 0.001, 0.013, 0.008, respectively) and DHA (p < 0.0005, = 0.004, 0.002, respectively). Furthermore, cell stimulation state and FA incubation time significantly influenced reported FA effects on gene expression. Conclusions: The comparative effects of saturated, monounsaturated, n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated FAs on endothelial gene expression depend on the specific FA investigated, its length of incubation, cell stimulation state and the gene investigated. These findings may explain existing disparity in the literature. This work was funded by the EC, Framework Programme 6 via the LIPGENE project (FOOD-CT-2003-505944).

Sulfation of genistein alters its antioxidant properties and its effect on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function

Soy isoflavones have been extensively studied because of their possible benefits to human health. Genistein, the major isoflavone aglycone, has received most attention; however, it undergoes extensive metabolism (e.g. conjugation with sulfuric acid) in the gut and liver, which may affect its biological proper-ties. This study investigated the antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging properties of genistein, genistein-4'-sulfate and genistein-4'-7-disulfate as well as their effect on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and spin trapping data and other standard antioxidant assays indicated that genistein is a relatively weak antioxidant compared to quercetin and that its sulfated metabolites are even less effective. Furthermore, genistein-4'-sulfate was less potent than genistem, and genistein-4'-7-disulfate even less potent, at inhibiting collagen-induced platelet aggregation, nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages, and secretion by primary human endothelial cells of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). The current data suggest that sulfation of genistein, with the associated loss of hydroxyl groups, decreases its antioxidant activity and its effect on platelet aggregation, inflammation, cell adhesion and chemotaxis. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Activation of glutathione peroxidase via Nrf1 mediates genistein's protection against oxidative endothelial cell injury

Cellular actions of isoflavones may mediate the beneficial health effects associated with high soy consumption. We have investigated protection by genistein and daidzein against oxidative stress-induced endothelial injury. Genistein but not daidzein protected endothelial cells from damage induced by oxidative stress. This protection was accompanied by decreases in intracellular glutathione levels that could be explained by the generation of glutathionyl conjugates of the oxidised genistein metabolite, 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyisoflavone. Both isoflavones evoked increased protein expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase-heavy subunit (gamma-GCS-HS) and increased cytosolic accumulation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2. However, only genistein led to increases in the cytosolic accumulation and nuclear translocation of Nrf1 and the increased expression of and activity of glutathione peroxidase. These results suggest that genistein-induced protective effects depend primarily on the activation of glutathione peroxidase mediated by Nrf1 activation, and not on Nrf2 activation or increases in glutathione synthesis. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effect of genistein and daidzein on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function

There has been much recent interest in the cardiovascular benefits of dietary isoflavones. The aim of the present in vitro studies was to investigate potential anti-thrombogenic and anti-atherogenic effects of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in platelets, macrophages and endothelial cells. Pre-treatment with either isoflavone inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. In a macrophage cell line (RAW 264-7) activated with interferon gamma plus lipopolysaccharide, both isoflavones were found to inhibit NO production and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion dose-dependently, but they did not affect mRNA levels for inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2. Both isoflavones also dose-dependently decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion induced by TNF-alpha in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Compared with daidzein, genistein exerted greater inhibitory effects for all parameters studied. The present data contributes to our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms by which isoflavones may protect against coronary artery disease. Further studies are required to determine whether the effects of isoflavones observed in the current in vitro studies are relevant to the aetiology of coronary artery disease in vivo.

Nox2 regulates endothelial cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via p21 (cip1) and p53

Endothelial cells (EC) express constitutively two major isofonns (Nox2 and Nox4) of the catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase, which is a major source of endothelial reactive oxygen species. However, the individual roles of these Noxes in endothelial function remain unclear. We have investigated the role of Nox2 in nutrient deprivation-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In proliferating human dermal microvascular EC, Nox2 mRNA expression was low relative to Nox4 (Nox2:Nox4 similar to 1:13), but was upregulated 24 It after starvation and increased to 8 +/- 3.5-fold at 36 h of starvation. Accompanying the upregulation of Nox2, there was a 2.28 +/- 0.18-fold increase in O-2(-); production, a dramatic induction of p21(cip1) and p53, cell cycle arrest, and the onset of apoptosis (all p < 0.05). All these changes were inhibited significantly by in vitro deletion of Nox2 expression and in coronary microvascular EC isolated from Nox2 knockout mice. In Nox2 knockout cells, although there was a 3.8 +/- 0.5fold increase in Nox4 mRNA expression after 36 h of starvation (p < 0.01), neither production nor the p21(cip1) or p53 expression was increased significantly and only 0.46% of cells were apoptotic. In conclusion, Nox2-derived O-2(-), through the modulation of p21(cip1) and p53 expression, participates in endothelial cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Rhinocetin, a venom-derived integrin-specific antagonist inhibits collagen-induced platelet and endothelial cell functions

Snaclecs are small non-enzymatic proteins present in viper venoms reported to modulate haemostasis of victims through effects on platelets, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. In this study, we have isolated and functionally characterised a snaclec which we named rhinocetin from the venom of West African gaboon viper, Bitis gabonica rhinoceros. Rhinocetin was shown to comprise α and β chains with the molecular masses of 13.5 and 13kDa respectively. Sequence and immunoblot analysis of rhinocetin confirmed this to be a novel snaclec. Rhinocetin inhibited collagen-stimulated activation of human platelets in dose dependent manner, but displayed no inhibitory effects on glycoprotein VI (collagen receptor) selective agonist, CRP-XL-, ADP- or thrombin-induced platelet activation. Rhinocetin antagonised the binding of monoclonal antibodies against the α2 subunit of integrin α2β1 to platelets and coimmunoprecipitation analysis confirmed integrin α2β1 as a target for this venom protein. Rhinocetin inhibited a range of collagen induced platelet functions such as fibrinogen binding, calcium mobilisation, granule secretion, aggregation and thrombus formation. It also inhibited integrin α2β1 dependent functions of human endothelial cells. Together, our data suggest rhinocetin to be a modulator of integrin α2β1 function and thus may provide valuable insights into the role of this integrin in physiological and pathophysiological scenarios including haemostasis, thrombosis and envenomation.

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 signaling inhibits the activation of human platelets

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) is a 130-kd transmembrane glycoprotein and a member of the growing family of receptors with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). PECAM-1 is expressed on platelets, certain T cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and vascular endothelial cells and is involved in a range of cellular processes, though the role of PECAM-1 in platelets is unclear. Cross-linking of PECAM-1 results in phosphorylation of the ITIM allowing the recruitment of signaling proteins that bind by way of Src-homology domain 2 interactions. Proteins that have been implicated in the negative regulation of cellular activation by ITIM-bearing receptors include the tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2. Tyrosine phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activatory motif (ITAM)-bearing receptors such as the collagen receptor GPVI-Fc receptor gamma-chain complex on platelets leads to activation. Increasing evidence suggests that ITIM- and ITAM-containing receptors may act antagonistically when expressed on the same cell. In this study it is demonstrated that cross-linking PECAM-1 inhibits the aggregation and secretion of platelets in response to collagen and the GPVI-selective agonist convulxin. In these experiments thrombin-mediated platelet aggregation and secretion were also reduced, albeit to a lesser degree than for collagen, suggesting that PECAM-1 function may not be restricted to the inhibition of ITAM-containing receptor pathways. PECAM-1 activation also inhibited platelet protein tyrosine phosphorylation stimulated by convulxin and thrombin; this was accompanied by inhibition of the mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores. These data suggest that PECAM-1 may play a role in the regulation of platelet function in vivo.

Ibuprofen inhibits migration and proliferation of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells by inducing a differentiated phenotype: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y

Objectives: The search for agents that are capable of preventing restenosis and reduce the risk of late thrombosis is of utmost importance. In this study we aim to evaluate the in vitro effects of ibuprofen on proliferation and migration of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs) and on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) migration. Methods: Cell proliferation was evaluated by direct cell counting using trypan blue exclusion. Cell migration was assessed by wound healing “scratch” assay and by time lapse video-microscopy. Protein expression was assessed by immunoblotting, and morphological changes were studied by immunocytochemistry. The involvement of the PPARγ pathway was studied with the selective agonist troglitazone, and the use of highly selective antagonists of PPARγ such as PGF2α and GW9662. Results: We demonstrate that ibuprofen inhibits proliferation and migration of HCASMCs and induces a switch in HCASMCs towards a differentiated and contractile phenotype, and that these effects are mediated through the PPARγ pathway. Importantly we also show that the effects of ibuprofen are cell type specific as it does not affect migration and proliferation of endothelial cells. Conclusions: Taken together, our results suggest that ibuprofen could be an effective drug for the development of novel drug eluting stents, which could lead reduced rates of restenosis and potentially other complications of DES stent implantation.

Mycolactone-dependent depletion of endothelial cell thrombomodulin is strongly associated with fibrin deposition in buruli ulcer lesions

A well-known histopathological feature of diseased skin in Buruli ulcer (BU) is coagulative necrosis caused by the Mycobacterium ulcerans macrolide exotoxin mycolactone. Since the underlying mechanism is not known, we have investigated the effect of mycolactone on endothelial cells, focussing on the expression of surface anticoagulant molecules involved in the protein C anticoagulant pathway. Congenital deficiencies in this natural anticoagulant pathway are known to induce thrombotic complications such as purpura fulimans and spontaneous necrosis. Mycolactone profoundly decreased thrombomodulin (TM) expression on the surface of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMVEC) at doses as low as 2ng/ml and as early as 8hrs after exposure. TM activates protein C by altering thrombin’s substrate specificity, and exposure of HDMVEC to mycolactone for 24 hours resulted in an almost complete loss of the cells’ ability to produce activated protein C. Loss of TM was shown to be due to a previously described mechanism involving mycolactone-dependent blockade of Sec61 translocation that results in proteasome-dependent degradation of newly synthesised ER-transiting proteins. Indeed, depletion from cells determined by live-cell imaging of cells stably expressing a recombinant TM-GFP fusion protein occurred at the known turnover rate. In order to determine the relevance of these findings to BU disease, immunohistochemistry of punch biopsies from 40 BU lesions (31 ulcers, nine plaques) was performed. TM abundance was profoundly reduced in the subcutis of 78% of biopsies. Furthermore, it was confirmed that fibrin deposition is a common feature of BU lesions, particularly in the necrotic areas. These findings indicate that there is decreased ability to control thrombin generation in BU skin. Mycolactone’s effects on normal endothelial cell function, including its ability to activate the protein C anticoagulant pathway are strongly associated with this. Fibrin-driven tissue ischemia could contribute to the development of the tissue necrosis seen in BU lesions.

Retinoic Acid and VEGF Delay Smooth Muscle Relative to Endothelial Differentiation to Coordinate Inner and Outer Coronary Vessel Wall Morphogenesis

Rationale: Major coronary vessels derive from the proepicardium, the cellular progenitor of the epicardium, coronary endothelium, and coronary smooth muscle cells (CoSMCs). CoSMCs are delayed in their differentiation relative to coronary endothelial cells (CoEs), such that CoSMCs mature only after CoEs have assembled into tubes. The mechanisms underlying this sequential CoE/CoSMC differentiation are unknown. Retinoic acid (RA) is crucial for vascular development and the main RA-synthesizing enzyme is progressively lost from epicardially derived cells as they differentiate into blood vessel types. In parallel, myocardial vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression also decreases along coronary vessel muscularization. Objective: We hypothesized that RA and VEGF act coordinately as physiological brakes to CoSMC differentiation. Methods and Results: In vitro assays (proepicardial cultures, cocultures, and RALDH2 [retinaldehyde dehydrogenase-2]/VEGF adenoviral overexpression) and in vivo inhibition of RA synthesis show that RA and VEGF act as repressors of CoSMC differentiation, whereas VEGF biases epicardially derived cell differentiation toward the endothelial phenotype. Conclusion: Experiments support a model in which early high levels of RA and VEGF prevent CoSMC differentiation from epicardially derived cells before RA and VEGF levels decline as an extensive endothelial network is established. We suggest this physiological delay guarantees the formation of a complex, hierarchical, tree of coronary vessels. (Circ Res. 2010;107:204-216.)

Immobilized Kidney 28-kDa Endostatin- Related (KES28kDa) Fragment Promotes Endothelial Cell Survival

Background/Objective: Renal ischemia-hypoxia is a leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Ischemia causes extracellular matrix breakdown of the tubular basement membrane. Endostatin (ES) is the C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII generated by proteolytic cleavage. Recent studies have demonstrated that ES expression is upregulated in ischemic kidneys. The present study aimed to characterize ES from ischemic kidneys. Methods: Ischemic renal failure was induced via 45 min of occlusion of the left renal artery and vein. After the ischemic period, blood was collected. Kidneys were harvested and used for immunohistochemical testing and protein extraction. Three-step purification was used. Soluble and immobilized purified ES were tested in cell viability and adhesion assays. Results: The soluble KES28kDa inhibited endothelial cell proliferation: 25 versus 12.5 mu g (p < 0.05); 12.5 versus 3.15 mu g (p < 0.05). Immobilization of KES28kDa supports endothelial cell survival over the control p = 0.021). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells plated on immobilized KES28kDa showed an increase in membrane ruffles and stress fibers. Conclusion: These data demonstrate the local synthesis of a 28-kDa ES-related fragment following AKI and suggest its role in endothelium survival. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel