Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere nach eigenen Forschungen in systematischer Reihenfolge bearb. von Friedrich Stein.

Abt. 1

Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder.

Jahrg. 49, Abt. 1 (1921)

Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder.

Jahrg. 46, Abt. 1 (1918)

General equilibrium with asymmetric information: a dual approach

We study markets where the characteristics or decisions of certain agents are relevant but not known to their trading partners. Assuming exclusive transactions, the environment is described as a continuum economy with indivisible commodities. We characterize incentive efficient allocations as solutions to linear programming problems and appeal to duality theory to demonstrate the generic existence of external effects in these markets. Because under certain conditions such effects may generate non-convexities, randomization emerges as a theoretic possibility. In characterizing market equilibria we show that, consistently with the personalized nature of transactions, prices are generally non-linear in the underlying consumption. On the other hand, external effects may have critical implications for market efficiency. With adverse selection, in fact, cross-subsidization across agents with different private information may be necessary for optimality, and so, the market need not even achieve an incentive efficient allocation. In contrast, for the case of a single commodity, we find that when informational asymmetries arise after the trading period (e.g. moral hazard; ex post hidden types) external effects are fully internalized at a market equilibrium.

Morbidade da doença de Chagas: I - Estudo de casos procedentes de vários estados do Brasil, observados no Rio de Janeiro

Um estudo da morbidade através de exames clínicos, eletrocardiográficos, radiológicos, sorológicos, xenodiagnósticos e outros exames laboratoriais seriados, foi feito em 510 pacientes com sorologia positiva para doença de Chagas, procedentes de vários Estados do Brasil e observados no Rio de Janeiro a partir de 1960. Os pacientes foram classificados, de acordo com a forma clínica, em assintomáticos (forma indeterminada), cardíacos, portadores de "megas" ou com formas clínicas associadas. Foi observada uma prevalência de cardiopatia em 52,1% dos pacientes, de "megas" em 14,3% e de associação entre cardiopatia e "megas" em 10,7% e entre megaesôfago e megacolon em 10,9% dos casos. A forma indeterminada (assintomática) foi observada em 39% dos pacientes. A proporção de casos de cardiopatia aumentou progressivamente da 1ª a 5ª décadas de vida, enquanto a dos "megas" continuou aumentando até a 7ª década. Entretanto, em número de casos o pico de ambas as formas ocorreu na 4ª década. Não houve diferenças significativas de formas clínicas com relação ao sexo, apesar de uma discreta predominância de cardiopatia no sexo masculino e de "megas" no sexo feminino. Com relação à raça, entre os pacientes classificados como brancos, pretos e mestiços, não foi possível determinar a significância entre as diversas formas clínicas, por desconhecimento da constituição do universo da procedência de cada paciente. Embora o reduzido número de casos não possa ser considerado como representativo da prevalência das fomas clínicas nas regiões de origem dos pacientes, tomando-se os quatro Estados representados com maior número de casos, verificou-se que as proporções de cardiopatia e "megas" foram respectivamente de 65,7 e 20,1% nos casos procedentes da Bahia, de 55,7 e 14,7% nos de Minas Gerais, de 50,9 e 15% nos de Pernambuco e de 23,3 e 0% nos procedentes da Paraíba. O reduzido número de casos procedentes dos demais Estados não permitiu qualquer inferência de proporção entre as formas...

Genome-wide association study of metabolic traits reveals novel gene-metabolite-disease links.

Metabolic traits are molecular phenotypes that can drive clinical phenotypes and may predict disease progression. Here, we report results from a metabolome- and genome-wide association study on (1)H-NMR urine metabolic profiles. The study was conducted within an untargeted approach, employing a novel method for compound identification. From our discovery cohort of 835 Caucasian individuals who participated in the CoLaus study, we identified 139 suggestively significant (P<5×10(-8)) and independent associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and metabolome features. Fifty-six of these associations replicated in the TasteSensomics cohort, comprising 601 individuals from São Paulo of vastly diverse ethnic background. They correspond to eleven gene-metabolite associations, six of which had been previously identified in the urine metabolome and three in the serum metabolome. Our key novel findings are the associations of two SNPs with NMR spectral signatures pointing to fucose (rs492602, P = 6.9×10(-44)) and lysine (rs8101881, P = 1.2×10(-33)), respectively. Fine-mapping of the first locus pinpointed the FUT2 gene, which encodes a fucosyltransferase enzyme and has previously been associated with Crohn's disease. This implicates fucose as a potential prognostic disease marker, for which there is already published evidence from a mouse model. The second SNP lies within the SLC7A9 gene, rare mutations of which have been linked to severe kidney damage. The replication of previous associations and our new discoveries demonstrate the potential of untargeted metabolomics GWAS to robustly identify molecular disease markers.

A general construction of internal sheaves in algebraic set theory

We present a solution to the problem of defining a counterpart in Algebraic Set Theory of the construction of internal sheaves in Topos Theory. Our approach is general in that we consider sheaves as determined by Lawvere-Tierney coverages, rather than by Grothen-dieck coverages, and assume only a weakening of the axioms for small maps originally introduced by Joyal and Moerdijk, thus subsuming the existing topos-theoretic results.

The identity type weak factorisation system

We show that the classifying category C(T)of a dependent type theory T with axioms for identity types admits a nontrivial weak factorisation system. After characterising this weak factorisation system explicitly, we relate it to the homotopy theory of groupoids.

SUCLG2 identified as both a determinator of CSF Aβ1-42 levels and an attenuator of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.

Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aβ1-42) and phosphorylated Tau at position 181 (pTau181) are biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We performed an analysis and meta-analysis of genome-wide association study data on Aβ1-42 and pTau181 in AD dementia patients followed by independent replication. An association was found between Aβ1-42 level and a single-nucleotide polymorphism in SUCLG2 (rs62256378) (P = 2.5×10(-12)). An interaction between APOE genotype and rs62256378 was detected (P = 9.5 × 10(-5)), with the strongest effect being observed in APOE-ε4 noncarriers. Clinically, rs62256378 was associated with rate of cognitive decline in AD dementia patients (P = 3.1 × 10(-3)). Functional microglia experiments showed that SUCLG2 was involved in clearance of Aβ1-42.

Identification of C7orf11 (TTDN1) gene mutations and genetic heterogeneity in nonphotosensitive trichothiodystrophy.

We have identified C7orf11, which localizes to the nucleus and is expressed in fetal hair follicles, as the first disease gene for nonphotosensitive trichothiodystrophy (TTD). C7orf11 maps to chromosome 7p14, and the disease locus has been designated "TTDN1" (TTD nonphotosensitive 1). Mutations were found in patients with Amish brittle-hair syndrome and in other nonphotosensititive TTD cases with mental retardation and decreased fertility but not in patients with Sabinas syndrome or Pollitt syndrome. Therefore, genetic heterogeneity in nonphotosensitive TTD is a feature similar to that observed in photosensitive TTD, which is caused by mutations in transcription factor II H (TFIIH) subunit genes. Comparative immunofluorescence analysis, however, suggests that C7orf11 does not influence TFIIH directly. Given the absence of cutaneous photosensitivity in the patients with C7orf11 mutations, together with the protein's nuclear localization, C7orf11 may be involved in transcription but not DNA repair.

Complexity and Bounded Rationality in Individual Decision Problemsing.

I develop a model of endogenous bounded rationality due to search costs, arising implicitly from the problems complexity. The decision maker is not required to know the entire structure of the problem when making choices but can think ahead, through costly search, to reveal more of it. However, the costs of search are not assumed exogenously; they are inferred from revealed preferences through her choices. Thus, bounded rationality and its extent emerge endogenously: as problems become simpler or as the benefits of deeper search become larger relative to its costs, the choices more closely resemble those of a rational agent. For a fixed decision problem, the costs of search will vary across agents. For a given decision maker, they will vary across problems. The model explains, therefore, why the disparity, between observed choices and those prescribed under rationality, varies across agents and problems. It also suggests, under reasonable assumptions, an identifying prediction: a relation between the benefits of deeper search and the depth of the search. As long as calibration of the search costs is possible, this can be tested on any agent-problem pair. My approach provides a common framework for depicting the underlying limitations that force departures from rationality in different and unrelated decision-making situations. Specifically, I show that it is consistent with violations of timing independence in temporal framing problems, dynamic inconsistency and diversification bias in sequential versus simultaneous choice problems, and with plausible but contrasting risk attitudes across small- and large-stakes gambles.

On the number of higher order Delaunay triangulations

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Mean-payoff games and propositional proofs

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Monads in double categories

We extend the basic concepts of Street's formal theory of monads from the setting of 2-categories to that of double categories. In particular, we introduce the double category Mnd(C) of monads in a double category C and dene what it means for a double category to admit the construction of free monads. Our main theorem shows that, under some mild conditions, a double category that is a framed bicategory admits the construction of free monads if its horizontal 2-category does. We apply this result to obtain double adjunctions which extend the adjunction between graphs and categories and the adjunction between polynomial endofunctors and polynomial monads.

Amalgamation, absoluteness, and categoricity

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