基于APACK的额济纳天然绿洲景观空间格局分析

基于研究区2001年Landsat7ETM+遥感影像资料,综合运用遥感与GIS技术手段,利用景观格局分析软件APACK分别从景观生态类型面积统计、景观水平指数、斑块类型水平指数及斑块类型间水平指数定量化分析了2001年额济纳天然绿洲景观空间格局特征,并结合研究区1987年和1994年的景观格局指数进一步探讨了关于格局指数间的相关性问题。研究结果表明:①研究区景观具有典型的“基质—廊道—斑块”结构特征;②研究区景观具有较高破碎化、较低多样性及粗糙质地特征,景观稳定性差;③各景观格局指数相互之间并不完全独立,有些指数之间具有明显的相关性。

基于含沙量分段的人类活动对延河水沙变化的影响分析

采用延河甘谷驿水文站控制区1965-2002年降水量、径流量和输沙量资料,分析了人类活动对河流水沙变化的影响。与以往以年代为基准期的分段方法不同,本研究根据河流含沙量距平累计值变化特征,把延河水沙变化过程划分为5个时段,并以含沙量持续较高的时段Ⅰ(1965-1971年)为基期,分析了各时段径流量和输沙量的变化特征。以基期单位降水产沙量和产流量为参数,计算了各时段全年和汛期的计算输沙量和径流量。通过比较计算和实测的输沙量和径流量,分析了各时段人类活动对全年和汛期输沙量和径流量的影响。研究表明,根据含沙量距平累计值划分时段可以更好反映河流水沙变化特征:治理期人类活动平均减少年和汛期输沙量分别约50.3%和40.0%;而减少年和汛期径流量的幅度分别约为19.8%和34.2%。人类活动在时段Ⅱ(1971-1976年)和时段Ⅴ(1997-2001年)对水沙的影响较大,而在时段Ⅳ(1987-1996年)影响较小,且表现复杂。

民勤绿洲地下水开采时空动态模拟

地统计学方法的应用已由最初的地质学领域广泛推广到土壤学、生态学等领域,但在地下水特征的时空模拟方面应用还较少,结合地理信息系统(GIS),运用地统计学方法分析了石羊河下游民勤绿洲近15年来地下水特征的时空变异规律及其与土地利用变化的关系,并对其变化趋势进行了预测．得到了如下结果：(1)地下水埋深的随机变异特征随着开采强度的不断增大,从1987年的26．32％降到了2001年的0．03％,完全被较大尺度上的结构性变异所取代；而矿化度一直是中尺度上的结构性变异高达99．9％．(2)Kriging插值结果表明,民勤绿洲地下水埋深的分布一直是水质较好的绿洲南部最深厚,从南到北随着水质变差,埋深也变浅．地下水矿化度在空间分布上从南到北逐渐增大；在变化趋势上,高矿化度等值线由北向南持续推进．(3)民勤绿洲近15年来耕地面积增加了3．1×10~4hm~2,使得分布于地下水埋深17m以上的耕地面积净增528．3 km~2,分布于地下水埋深11m以下的林地减少200km~2．同样,分布于地下水矿化度3．0g／L以上的耕地面积净增2×10~4hm~2,其中＞4．5g／L的增加了1．072×10~4hm~2．(4)预测至2015年,地下水埋深下降趋势明显,分布于地下水埋深20m以上的绿洲面积将净增1689．88km~2,达整个绿洲面积的68％；至2015年地下水矿化度高于5．0g／L的绿洲面积将达578．15km~2,全部集中在水质较差的绿洲湖区最北部,部分区域甚至高达7．0g／L以上．

石羊河下游民勤绿洲生态安全时空变化分析

以生态安全面临着严重威胁的干旱区民勤绿洲为例,应用GIS、RS技术,从绿洲耕地风蚀潜在危险性、水资源利用与空间分布、作物安全生长格局与绿洲防护体系变化四个方面,对该绿洲近14a间生态安全状况进行了系统分析。研究结果表明:绿洲土壤风蚀潜在危险性逐年增大。地下水埋深持续下降,5～20m的地下水埋深区域面积比例由1987年的39 6%上升到2001年的62 1%。地下水矿化度在绿洲的北部表现为上升的发展趋势。作物安全生长格局变化显示春小麦与棉花的安全生长面积由1987年占绿洲总面积的63 8%和91 5%下降到2001年的56 2%和71 3%。由林地与荒草地组成的绿洲防护体系逐年被破坏。地表水资源的逐年减少是绿洲生态安全状况不断下降的主导因素,而人类不断扩大耕地面积,以及毁林、毁草开荒等行为进一步加剧了生态环境的恶化,使绿洲生态安全水平逐年减低。

Tidal current observation in the southern Yellow Sea in the summers of 2001 and 2003

Direct current observations in the Yellow Sea interior are very scarce due to intense fishing and trawling activities. Most previous studies on tides in the area were based on coastal measurements or satellite altimeter sea levels and have not been rigorously compared with direct measurements. In this paper, tidal currents are studied with current profiles from three bottom-moored Sontek Acoustic Doppler Profilers (ADPs) deployed in the southern Yellow Sea in summer of 2001 and 2003. The measured current series were dominated by tidal currents. Maximum velocities are between 40-80 cm/s at the mooring stations. M-2 current is the most dominant primary tidal constituent, while MS4 and M-4 are the most significant shallow water tides with much smaller amplitudes than the primary tides.

The environment effect on fish assemblage structure in waters adjacent to the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary (1998-2001)

We collected fish abundance data in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary and adjacent waters in November 1998, May 1999, November 2000, and May 2001. Using the data, we evaluated the characteristics of the fish assemblages at each site and investigated the effect of several environmental factors. We used a multivariate analysis, including community ordination methods such as detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN). We analyzed the biological community structure and environmental factors to determine their spatial distributions, temporal dynamics, and seasonal variations. Among the fish species, five exceeded 5% of the total abundance: Harpodon nehereus (42.82%), Benthosema pterotum (13.85%), Setipinna taty (11.64%), Thryssa kammalensis (9.17%) and Apogonichthys lineatus (6.49%). These were separated into four ecological assemblages: hypsithermal-saline, hypsithermal-brackish, hypothermal-brackish, and hypothermal-saline. We evaluated the degree of influence of environmental factors on the fish community. Our analyses suggested that environmental factors including water depth, salinity, turbidity, transparency, nutrient, and suspended matter formed a synthetic spatial gradient between the coastal and pelagic areas. Ecological and environmental factors changed temporally from 1998 to 2001, and drove the fish community succession. The environmental factors driving the fish community structure included bottom temperature, water depth, bottom and surface pH, surface total phosphorous, and bottom dissolved oxygen. This investigation was completed before completion of the Three Gorges Dam; therefore the results of this study provide an important foundation for evaluating the influence of the human activities.

Holosticha hamulata n. sp and Holosticha heterofoissneri Hu and Song, 2001, two urostylid ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from intertidal sediments of the Yellow Sea

Two marine urostylid ciliates, Holosticha hamulata n. sp. and Holosticha heterofoissneri Hu and Song, 2001, were investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation. Both species were isolated from Korean intertidal sediments of the Yellow Sea. Holosticha hamulata measures about 150 x 25 pro in vivo, and is characterized by a tripartite body shape with a narrow head, an inflated trunk, and a tail that distally projects ventrally forming a hook-like structure. It is the characteristic body shape that distinguishes H. hamulata distinctly from congeners. Holosticha hamulata differs from H. heterofoissneri, possibly the nearest relative, also by the location of the contractile vacuole (ahead of mid-body versus near posterior body third) and the configuration of the macronucleus (on average, 33 scattered nodules assuming a Y-shape versus 17 nodules that may form a U shape). The average number of the macronuclear nodules is a pronounced feature showing great consistency in populations of each species. However, their arrangement is variable in H. heterofoissneri where the nodules are basically scattered or connected by fine fibers forming an elongate U-shape. The location of the contractile vacuole as a taxonomic feature is discussed and a dichotomous key to the species of Holosticha sensu stricto is provided.

青藏公路与铁路沿途1981年～2001年植被覆盖变化

在青藏公路与铁路沿途区域,利用1981年至2001年的8km分辨率PathfinderNOAA/NDVI数据,基于每个象元变化的年植被峰值计算进行了像元水平的线性趋势分析,并运用地理信息系统(GIS)软件研究了区域植被覆盖的空间分布和动态变化特征.主要结论:①在研究区内,反映植被覆盖的NDVI值在空间上呈现出两端高中间低的态势,依次是农作区和森林区＞高寒草甸＞高寒草原＞荒漠草原;②20年间,研究区植被覆盖程度变化总体趋于稳定,覆盖程度呈减少趋势的区域明显高于增加的区域,植被覆盖程度增减因区域而异;植被覆盖程度增加和显著减少地区主要分布在农作区和高寒草甸区,轻微减少地区主要分布在高寒草原和荒漠草原区;③植被覆盖变化程度在拉萨河谷地、湟水谷地和黄河流域等人类活动比较频繁的区域增减趋势比较明显;而在可可西里地区等人类活动比较少的区域变化轻微.

自动生产线和柔性制造系统的建模、分析与控制

自动生产线和柔性制造系统是典型的离散事件动态系统,近几年在控制理论界受到极大重视。本文首先对自动生产线的建模与分析的研究概况做了综述,重点放在排队网络模型。然后介绍了柔性制造系统的管理与控制问题。

巴丹吉林沙漠沙丘、植被和湖泊演化

The formation and evolution of magedunes and lakes in Badain Jaran desert is focused by scholars for a long time. In this paper, detailed investigation was made with the Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems, climatological data of research region to study the evolution of magedunes, vegetation and lakes. The main conclusions are presented as follows: (1) The magedunes are mainly located in south and northeast of the desert. The density of magedunes decreases from south to north, east to west, and greatest in southeast of the desert. Most of magedunes strike NE30°~60°, and which are NE-SW and NNE-SSW directions. The distribution of magedunes’ strikes indicates that the paleowind of the desert is northwest and west wind. (2) The vegetation cover is low in the Badain Jaran Desert, but there are some well-vegetated areas in the desert, and the value of NDVI is 0.6107. In southeast of the desert, the vegetation degradated seriously from 1987 to 2000. (3) At about 2000, the total area of permanent lakes was 2231.64 hm2 (±5.9%) in southeast of Badain Jaran Desert. From 1960 to about 2000, the lakes changed as followings: in the early 30 years, the area of lakes increased, but after 1990 it decreased. When lakes were large, the toral area of lakes is 20648 hm2 in Badain Jaran Desert, much larger than that of present lakes. (4) From 1961 to 2001, the mean annual evaporation of lakes was 1039.8mm (±10%) in Badain Jaran Desert, and the difference between years was large. The monthly evaporation of lakes was mainly affected by rainfall, temperature. And it was largest in June, 140.9mm(±10%). (5) Based on water balance calculation of present lakes and old lakes in southeast of Badain Jaran Desert, the total precipitation is more than the total evaporation in this area. So it is probable that the precipitation in the lake area supplies water to the lakes, and also to groundwater in west and north part of the desert.

Monitoramento orbital das queimadas em áreas indígenas e unidades de conservação no Brasil em 2001.

2002

Balanço do monitoramento orbital das queimadas no Brasil em 2001.

Resumo dos resultados obtidos ao longo do ano de 2001, sobre o monitoramento das queimadas no Brasil, enviado para a campanha de controle e redução das queimadas na agricultura brasileira, realizada pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). A campanha pretende estimular o uso de alternativas tecnológicas na agricultura que substituam as queimadas, em especial nas regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste, uma das áreas mais atingidas por essa prática. A dinâmica das queimadas revelou um crescimento significativo em 2001 com relação ao ano anterior e várias surpresas, tanto na sua repartição espacial, detalhadas neste trabalho.

Programa de análise de qualidade de laboratórios de fertilidade (PAQLF) que usam o método Embrapa: resultados de 2001.

2002