969 resultados para second 12 principles


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We analyze the choice between the origin and destination principles of taxation when there is product differentiation and Bertrand competition. If taxes are redistributed to consumers and demand is linear the origin principle dominates the destination principle whatever the degree of product differentiation and extent of economic integration. With nonlinear demand the origin principle dominates if there is sufficient economic integration. When the social value assigned to tax revenue is higher than the private value, the destination principle dominates for intermediate values of product differentiation and economic integration. The same results are also shown to hold with Cournot competition.

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The SuperDARN chain of oblique HF radars has provided an opportunity to generate a unique climatology of horizontal winds near the mesopause at a number of high latitude locations, via the Doppler shifted echoes from sources of ionisation in the D-region. Ablating meteor trails form the bulk of these targets, but other phenomena also contribute to the observations. Due to the poor vertical resolution of the radars, care must be taken to reduce possible biases from sporadic-E layers and Polar Mesospheric Summer echoes that can affect the effective altitude of the geophysical parameters being observed. Second, there is strong theoretical and observational evidence to suggest that the radars are picking up echoes from the backward looking direction that will tend to reduce the measured wind strengths. The effect is strongly frequency dependent, resulting in a 20% reduction at 12 MHz and a 50% reduction at 10 MHz. A comparison of the climatologies observed by the Super-DARN Finland radar between September 1999 and September 2000 and that obtained from the adjacent VHF meteor radar located at Kiruna is also presented. The agreement between the two instruments was very good. Extending the analysis to the SuperDARN Iceland East radar indicated that the principles outlined above could be applied successfully to the rest of the SuperDARN network.

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According to dual-system accounts of English past-tense processing, regular forms are decomposed into their stem and affix (played=play+ed) based on an implicit linguistic rule, whereas irregular forms (kept) are retrieved directly from the mental lexicon. In second language (L2) processing research, it has been suggested that L2 learners do not have rule-based decomposing abilities, so they process regular past-tense forms similarly to irregular ones (Silva & Clahsen 2008), without applying the morphological rule. The present study investigates morphological processing of regular and irregular verbs in Greek-English L2 learners and native English speakers. In a masked-priming experiment with regular and irregular prime-target verb pairs (playedplay/kept-keep), native speakers showed priming effects for regular pairs, compared to unrelated pairs, indicating decomposition; conversely, L2 learners showed inhibitory effects. At the same time, both groups revealed priming effects for irregular pairs. We discuss these findings in the light of available theories on L2 morphological processing.

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This paper reports the results of a study comparing the interactional dynamics of face-to-face and on-line peer-tutoring in writing by university students in Hong Kong. Transcripts of face-to-face tutoring sessions, as well as logs of on-line sessions conducted by the same peer-tutors, were coded for speech functions using a system based on Halliday's functional-semantic view of dialogue. Results show considerable differences between the interactional dynamics in on-line and face-to-face tutoring sessions. In particular, face-to-face interactions involved more hierarchal encounters in which tutors took control of the discourse, whereas on-line interactions were more egalitarian, with clients controlling the discourse more. Differences were also found in the topics participants chose to focus on in the two modes, with issues of grammar, vocabulary, and style taking precedence in face-to-face sessions and more “global” writing concerns like content and process being discussed more in on-line sessions.

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The P2Y(12) receptor antagonist clopidogrel blocks platelet aggregation, improves systemic endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability and has anti-inflammatory effects. Since P2Y(12) receptors have been identified in the vasculature, we hypothesized that clopidogrel ameliorates Angll (angiotensin II)-induced vascular functional changes by blockade of P2Y(12) receptors in the vasculature. Male Sprague Dawley rats were infused with Angll (60 ng/min) or vehicle for 14 days. The animals were treated with clopidogrel (10 mg . kg(-1) of body weight . day(-1)) or vehicle. Vascular reactivity was evaluated in second-order mesenteric arteries. Clopidogrel treatment did not change systolic blood pressure [(mmHg) control-vehicle, 117 +/- 7.1 versus control-clopidogrel, 125 +/- 4.2; Angll vehicle, 197 +/- 10.7 versus Angll clopidogrel, 198 +/- 5.2], but it normalized increased phenylephrine-induced vascular contractions [(%KCI) vehicle-treated, 182.2 +/- 18% versus clopidogrel, 133 +/- 14%), as well as impaired vasodilation to acetylcholine [(%) vehicle-treated, 71.7 +/- 2.2 versus clopidogrel, 85.3 +/- 2.8) in Angll-treated animals. Vascular expression of P2Y(12) receptor was determined by Western blot. Pharmacological characterization of vascular P2Y(12) was performed with the P2Y(12) agonist 2-MeS-ADP [2-(methylthio) adenosine 5`-trihydrogen diphosphate trisodium]. Although 2-MeS-ADP induced endothelium-dependent relaxation [(Emax %) = 71 +/- 12%) as well as contractile vascular responses (Emax % = 83 +/- 12%), these actions are not mediated by P2Y(12) receptor activation. 2-MeS-ADP produced similar vascular responses in control and Angll rats. These results indicate potential effects of clopidogrel, such as improvement of hypertension-related vascular functional changes that are not associated with direct actions of clopidogrel in the vasculature, supporting the concept that activated platelets contribute to endothelial dysfunction, possibly via impaired nitric oxide bioavailability.

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The electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of a manifold of states of a new molecular species, BeAs, have been investigated theoretically at the complete active space self-consistent field/multireference single and double excitations configuration interaction (CASSCF/MRSDCI) approach, using the aug-cc-pV5Z-PP basis set for arsenic, which includes a relativistic effective core potential, and the cc-pV5Z set for beryllium. Potential energy curves of five quartet and eight doublet (I > + S) states correlating with the five lowest-lying dissociation limit are constructed. The effect of spin-orbit coupling is also included in the description of the ground state, and of the doublet states correlating with the second dissociation channel. Dipole moment functions and vibrationally averaged dipole moments are also evaluated. The similarities and differences between BeAs, BeP, and BeN are analyzed. Spin-orbit effects are small for the ground state close to the equilibrium distance, but avoided crossings between Omega = 1/2 states, and between Omega = 3/2 states changes significantly the I > + S curves for the lowest-lying doublets.

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Speech perception runs smoothly and automatically when there is silence in the background, but when the speech signal is degraded by background noise or by reverberation, effortful cognitive processing is needed to compensate for the signal distortion. Previous research has typically investigated the effects of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and reverberation time in isolation, whilst few have looked at their interaction. In this study, we probed how reverberation time and SNR influence recall of words presented in participants' first- (L1) and second-language (L2). A total of 72 children (10 years old) participated in this study. The to-be-recalled wordlists were played back with two different reverberation times (0.3 and 1.2 s) crossed with two different SNRs (+3 dBA and +12 dBA). Children recalled fewer words when the spoken words were presented in L2 in comparison with recall of spoken words presented in L1. Words that were presented with a high SNR (+12 dBA) improved recall compared to a low SNR (+3 dBA). Reverberation time interacted with SNR to the effect that at +12 dB the shorter reverberation time improved recall, but at +3 dB it impaired recall. The effects of the physical sound variables (SNR and reverberation time) did not interact with language. © 2016 Hurtig, Keus van de Poll, Pekkola, Hygge, Ljung and Sörqvist.

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We define personalisation as the set of capabilities that enables a user or an organisation to customise their working environment to suit their specific needs, preferences and circumstances. In the context of service discovery on the Grid, the demand for personalisation comes from individual users, who want their preferences to be taken into account during the search and selection of suitable services. These preferences can express, for example, the reliability of a service, quality of results, functionality, and so on. In this paper, we identify the problems related to personalising service discovery and present our solution: a personalised service registry or View. We describe scenarios in which personsalised service discovery would be useful and describe how our technology achieves them.

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We make three contributions to the theory of contracting under asymmetric information. First, we establish a competitive analog to the revelation principIe which we call the implementation principIe. This principIe provides a complete characterization of all incentive compatible, indirect contracting mechanisms in terms of contract catalogs (or menus), and allows us to conclude that in competi tive contracting situations, firms in choosing their contracting strategies can restrict attention, without loss of generality, to contract catalogs. Second, we establish a competi tive taxation principIe. This principIe, a refinement of the implementation principIe, provides a complete characterization of all implementable nonlinear pricing schedules in terms of product-price catalogs and allows us to reduce any game played over nonlinear pricing schedules to a strategically equivalent game played over product-price catalogs. Third, using the competitive taxation principIe and a recent result due to Reny (1999) on the existence of Nash equilibria in discontinuous games, we demonstrate the existence of a N ash equilibrium for the mixed extension of the nonlinear pricing game.

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Incrementar o conhecimento sobre o que contribui efetivamente para que ocorram interações bem sucedidas entre websites e os consumidores online, mais especificamente no mercado crescente dos mundos virtuais, é um assunto relevante para os pesquisadores e profissionais de administração de empresas. Vivemos em uma nova etapa da cultura do consumo, onde a experiência de consumo ganha relevância. Os jogos online, ambientados em mundos virtuais, são ilustrações muito apropriadas para representar a emergência do Marketing de Experiência, característico desta etapa. Os mundos virtuais, como o Second Life, podem ser classificados como “mundos de experiência”, e uma das suas principais características é a existência de comunidades virtuais. A interação entre usuários e o relacionamento social é fundamental para o enriquecimento da experiência de consumo nos mundos virtuais. A teoria da fluidez é um dos constructos mais utilizados para entender o comportamento do consumidor na internet e uma das formas de definir a natureza de experiências de consumo na internet. A utilização deste modelo (que vem sendo utilizado e aprimorado nos últimos 14 anos) é aconselhada para definir e medir a experiência de consumo na internet. A participação em comunidades virtuais pode ser um dos fatores que enriquecem a experiência de consumo nos mundos virtuais, percebida pela fluidez. O objetivo desta dissertação é entender se a participação em comunidades virtuais potencializa a experiência de consumo em mundos virtuais sociais, em especial no Second Life, tomando como base o conceito da fluidez. O objeto de estudo foram as comunidades virtuais do Second Life, durante o período da pesquisa que ocorreu entre o final de julho e o início de novembro de 2010. Para fazer a pesquisa de campo, empírica e exploratória, foi utilizada a metodologia da netnografia (etnografia virtual), descritiva por definição, como forma de atingir o objetivo proposto. Netnografia é a rigorosa e sistemática adaptação da etnografia especificamente alterada para as contingências do comportamento e interação online, isto é, ao estudo das comunidades virtuais. As atividades de pesquisa foram realizadas com observação participativa, isto é, com a participação, pelo pesquisador, no cotidiano do mundo virtual Second Life, que vivenciou, como um novato, a experiência de consumo em si. A dissertação aqui apresentada é o resultado do engajamento do pesquisador em uma imersão nas comunidades virtuais do Second Life. Foi concluído que experiência de consumo nos mundos virtuais é enriquecida pela participação em comunidades virtuais. A fluidez – percebida pela telepresença (imersão), perda de noção de tempo, envolvimento, prazer e diversão – é uma sensação que pode ser considerada típica e freqüente dos mundos virtuais e potencializada pela participação em comunidades virtuais. A participação em comunidades virtuais permite que os usuários vivenciem uma experiência rica, que seja ativa, responsiva, interativa e participativa, o que potencializa a experiência de consumo nos mundos virtuais.

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Foreign capital and institutional investors play a key role in the Brazilian capital and financial markets. Internationally promoted regulatory patterns, especially IOSCO principles, have been increasingly influencing administrative rule making by the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM) as well as the adoption of transnational rules in Brazil by means of self-regulatory activity. Even though there is a certain level of convergence of market regulatory standards at the transnational level, implementation and enforcement of rules remains essentially domestic. We analyze two case studies regarding the transposition of international standards into the Brazilian legal system, which illustrate this tension between the transnational and domestic dimensions of financial markets regulation. The first case concerns a CVM rule on disclosure of executive compensation and the its interpretation by local courts. The second case refers to the adoption of suitability rules.

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Esta monografia analisa três das principais alterações ao instituto do ágio trazidas pela Lei nº 12.973, de 2014. Estudou-se neste trabalho, especialmente: (i) a alteração na contabilização do ágio; (ii) a obrigatoriedade de elaboração de laudo de avaliação para validade do ágio por perspectiva de rentabilidade futura; e (iii) a necessidade de “não dependência” entre as partes envolvidas na operação. Para elaboração deste estudo foi realizada uma resumida análise histórica do instituto do ágio no Brasil, atentando para os conceitos, critérios e requisitos para o surgimento deste instituto no plano do direito tributário e das ciências contábeis. Concluiu-se que as modificações na contabilização do ágio implementadas pela Lei nº 12.973, de 2014, tendem a diminuir o valor do ágio gerado nas operações de fusões e aquisições e de reorganização societária, reduzindo os incentivos tributários para realização destas operações. Além disso, no tocante à elaboração de laudo de avaliação concluiu-se que a medida garante aos contribuintes maior segurança jurídica, apesar de tornar a operação mais custosa. Por fim, em relação à obrigatoriedade de “não dependência” entre as partes envolvidas na operação, entendeu-se que esta regra extingue a ágio decorrente de operações entre sociedades pertencentes ao mesmo grupo econômico ou entre partes relacionadas. Diante da importância das alterações trazidas com a Lei nº 12.973, de 2014, recomenda-se que a doutrina e a jurisprudência aprofundem os estudos sobre o tema.

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The research topic of this paper is focused on the analysis of how trade associations perceive lobbying in Brussels and in Brasília. The analysis will be centered on business associations located in Brasília and Brussels as the two core centers of decision-making and as an attraction for the lobbying practice. The underlying principles behind the comparison between Brussels and Brasilia are two. Firstof all because the European Union and Brazil have maintained diplomatic relations since 1960. Through these relations they have built up close historical, cultural, economic and political ties. Their bilateral political relations culminated in 2007 with the establishment of a Strategic Partnership (EEAS website,n.d.). Over the years, Brazil has become a key interlocutor for the EU and it is the most important market for the EU in Latin America (European Commission, 2007). Taking into account the relations between EU and Brazil, this research could contribute to the reciprocal knowledge about the perception of lobby in the respective systems and the importance of the non-market strategy when conducting business. Second both EU and Brazilian systems have a multi-level governance structure: 28 Member States in the EU and 26 Member States in Brazil; in both systems there are three main institutions targeted by lobbying practice. The objective is to compare how differences in the institutional environments affect the perception and practice of lobbying, where institutions are defined as ‘‘regulative, normative, and cognitive structures and activities that provide stability and meaning to social behavior’’ (Peng et al., 2009). Brussels, the self-proclaimed "Capital of Europe”, is the headquarters of the European Union and has one of the highest concentrations of political power in the world. Four of the seven Institutions of the European Union are based in Brussels: the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council and the European Commission (EU website, n.d.). As the power of the EU institutions has grown, Brussels has become a magnet for lobbyists, with the latest estimates ranging from between 15,000 and 30,000 professionals representing companies, industry sectors, farmers, civil society groups, unions etc. (Burson Marsteller, 2013). Brasília is the capital of Brazil and the seat of government of the Federal District and the three branches of the federal government of Brazilian legislative, executive and judiciary. The 4 city also hosts 124 foreign embassies. The presence of the formal representations of companies and trade associations in Brasília is very limited, but the governmental interests remain there and the professionals dealing with government affairs commute there. In the European Union, Brussels has established a Transparency Register that allows the interactions between the European institutions and citizen’s associations, NGOs, businesses, trade and professional organizations, trade unions and think tanks. The register provides citizens with a direct and single access to information about who is engaged in This process is important for the quality of democracy, and for its capacity to deliver adequate policies, matching activities aimed at influencing the EU decision-making process, which interests are being pursued and what level of resources are invested in these activities (Celgene, n.d). It offers a single code of conduct, binding all organizations and self-employed individuals who accept to “play by the rules” in full respect of ethical principles (EC website, n.d). A complaints and sanctions mechanism ensures the enforcement of the rules and addresses suspected breaches of the code. In Brazil, there is no specific legislation regulating lobbying. The National Congress is currently discussing dozens of bills that address regulation of lobbying and the action of interest groups (De Aragão, 2012), but none of them has been enacted for the moment. This work will focus on class lobbying (Oliveira, 2004), which refers to the performance of the federation of national labour or industrial unions, like CNI (National Industry Confederation) in Brazil and the European Banking Federation (EBF) in Brussels. Their performance aims to influence the Executive and Legislative branches in order to defend the interests of their affiliates. When representing unions and federations, class entities cover a wide range of different and, more often than not, conflicting interests. That is why they are limited to defending the consensual and majority interest of their affiliates (Oliveira, 2004). The basic assumption of this work is that institutions matter (Peng et al, 2009) and that the trade associations and their affiliates, when doing business, have to take into account the institutional and regulatory framework where they do business.